Nhanho yakanangana nanotechnology

Zviuru zvemakore zvakapfuura, vanhu vaishamisika kuti mitumbi yakapoteredza yakaitwa nei. Mhinduro dzacho dzaisiyana. MuGreece yekare, masayendisiti akaratidza pfungwa yokuti miviri yose ine zvinhu zviduku zvisingaparadzanisiki, izvo zvavanodana kuti maatomu. Zvishoma zvavakatadza kuratidza. Kwemazana emakore akawanda, maonero evaGiriki akaramba achingofungidzira. Vakadzoserwa kwavari muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, pakaitwa kuyedza kufungidzira hukuru hwemamorekuru nemaatomu.

Imwe yekuongorora kwakakosha munhoroondo, iyo yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuverenga particle size, yakaitwa Musayendisiti wechiRungu Lord Rayleigh. Sezvo zviri nyore kuita uye panguva imwe chete zvinogutsa, ngatiedze kuzvidzokorora kumba. Tichazotendeukira kune zvimwe zviedzo zviviri zvinozotitendera kudzidza zvimwe zvezvinhu zvemamorekuru.

Ndeapi masaizi ezvidimbu?

Mupunga. 1. Nzira yekugadzira sirinji yekuisa mushonga wemafuta mupeturu yakabviswa mairi; p - poxylina,

c - sirinji

Ngatiedzei kupindura mubvunzo uyu nekuita chiedzo chinotevera. Kubva sirinji 2 cm³ bvisa plunger uye uname pekubuda napo nePoxiline kuitira kuti izadze zvachose chubhu yekubuda inogadzirirwa kuiswa tsono (Fig. 1). Tinomirira maminetsi mashomanana kusvikira Poxilina yakaoma. Kana izvi zvaitika, dururira anenge 0,2 cm musirinji³ mafuta anodyika uye nyora kukosha uku. Iri ndiro huwandu hwemafuta B anoshandiswa._o. Zadza vhoriyamu yasara yesirinji nepeturu. Sanganisa zvese zvinwiwa newaya kusvika mhinduro ine homogeneous yawanikwa uye chengetedza sirinji yakamira mune chero inobata.

Zvadaro udira mvura inodziya mubheseni kuitira kuti kudzika kwayo kuve 0,5-1 cm.Shandisa mvura inodziya, asi kwete kupisa, kuitira kuti mhepo inokwira isingaoneki. Isu tinokweva bepa pepa padivi pemvura tangentially kwairi kakawanda kuti tibvise pevhu rakarasika.

Tinoisa musanganiswa muduku wemafuta uye peturu mudonho uye fambisa dropper nechepakati pemudziyo nemvura. Kudzvanya zvinyoronyoro eraser, donhedza kadonhwe diki sezvinobvira pamusoro pemvura. Donhwe remusanganiswa wemafuta uye peturu richapararira zvakanyanya kumativi ese pamusoro pemvura uye kuita danda rakatetepa nehupamhi, pasi pemamiriro akanyanya kunaka, akaenzana nechidimbu chechidimbu - icho chinonzi. monomolecular layer. Mushure mechinguva, kazhinji maminetsi mashomanana, peturu inoputika (iyo inowedzera nekuwedzera kutonhora kwemvura), uye monomolecular layer yemafuta icharamba iri pamusoro (Fig. 2). Iyo inokonzeresa layer kazhinji ine chimiro chedenderedzwa ine dhayamita yemasentimita akati wandei kana kupfuura.

Mupunga. 2. Monomolecular layer yemafuta pamusoro pemvura

m - pelvis, c - mvura, o - mafuta, D - kuumbwa kwedhayamita, g - kuumbwa kwakasimba

(saizi yemafuta)

Isu tinovhenekera pamusoro pemvura nekutungamira mwenje wechiedza kubva kune tochi diagonally pairi. Izvi zvinoita kuti miganhu ye layer ionekwe. Tinogona kuona zviri nyore dhayamita yaro D nekushandisa mutongi wakabatwa pamusoro pemvura. Kuziva iyi dhayamita, tinogona kuverenga nzvimbo yeiyo S tichishandisa fomula yenzvimbo yedenderedzwa:

Dai taiziva kuti huwandu hwemafuta V chii₁ iri mudonhwe rakadonhedzwa, ipapo dhayamita yemorekuru weoiri d inogona kuverengerwa zviri nyore, tichifunga kuti mafuta akanyunguduka ndokugadzira dhiri nepamusoro S, kureva:

Mushure mekuenzanisa mafomula (1) uye (2) uye neshanduko iri nyore, tinowana fomula inotibvumira kuverenga saizi yechikamu chemafuta:

Iyo yakapfava, asi isiri iyo yakanyanya kunaka nzira yekuona vhoriyamu V₁ ndeyekutarisa kuti madonhwe mangani anogona kuwanikwa kubva muhuwandu hwese hwemusanganiswa uri musirinji uye kupatsanura huwandu hwemafuta eVo anoshandiswa nenhamba iyi. Kuti tiite izvi, tinotora musanganiswa mupipette uye tinogadzira madonhwe, tichiedza kuchengeta iwo hukuru hwakafanana kana uchidonha pamusoro pemvura. Tinoita izvi kusvikira musanganiswa wose wapera.

Imwe nzira yakanyatsojeka asi yakawanda yekushanda inobatanidza kudonhedza donhwe remafuta kakawanda pamusoro pemvura, kuwana monomolecular layer yemafuta uye kuyera dhayamita rayo. Zvechokwadi, chikamu chimwe nechimwe chisati chaitwa, mvura yakashandiswa kare nemafuta zvinofanira kudururwa kunze kwebheseni uye kuzadzwazve neakachena. Iyo arithmetic zvinoreva inoverengerwa kubva pazviyero zvakawanikwa.

Kutsiva hunhu hwakawanikwa kuita fomula (3), usakanganwe kushandura mauniti uye kuratidza chirevo mumamita (m) uye V.₁ mu cubic metres (m³) Isu tinowana particle size mumamita. Saizi iyi ichaenderana nerudzi rwemafuta anoshandiswa. Mhedzisiro yacho inogona kunge isiriyo nekuda kwekurerutsa fungidziro dzakaitwa, kunyanya kuti iyo layer yanga isiri monomolecular uye kuti saizi yemadonhwe aisagara akafanana. Zviri nyore kuona kuti kushomeka kwemonomolecularity ye layer inotungamira kune overestimation ye d value.^-8-10^-9 m. Block 10^-9 m inonzi nanometer uye inowanzoshandiswa mumunda unokurumidza kukurumidza unozivikanwa se nanotechnology.

"Kunyangarika" vhoriyamu yemvura

Mupunga. 3. Mudziyo dhizaini yekuyedza mvura yekuderera;

g - pachena epurasitiki chubhu, p - polyoxylin, l - mutongi,

t – pachena tepi

Zviyedzo zviviri zvinotevera zvichatibvumira kugumisa kuti mamorekuru emitumbi yakasiyana ane maumbirwo nehukuru hwakasiyana. Kuti uite yekutanga, cheka zvidimbu zviviri zvepurasitiki yakajeka, zvose nehupamhi hwemukati we 1-2 cm uye kureba kwemasendimita makumi matatu. chiyero (Fig. 30). Vhara migumo yepasi pemahosi nemapoxylin plugs. Chengetedza vatongi vese vane glued hoses munzvimbo yakatwasuka. Dururira mvura yakakwana mune imwe hose kuti ugadzire mbiru inenge hafu yehurefu hwepaipi, semuenzaniso masendimita 3. Dururira huwandu hwakafanana hweethyl doro muchubhu chechipiri chekuyedza.

Zvino ngatibvunzei, hurefu hwekoromo yemusanganiswa wezvinwiwa zvose zvichavei? Ngatiedze kuvapindura tichiedza. Dururira doro mupombi yemvura uye pakarepo uyera chikamu chepamusoro chemvura. Tinomaka nhanho iyi nechiratidzo chisina mvura pahosi. Zvadaro sanganisa zvose zvinwiwa newaya uye tarisa chiyero zvakare. Chii chatinoona? Zvinoitika kuti iyi nhanho yakaderera, i.e. huwandu hwemusanganiswa hushoma pane huwandu hwehuwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswa kuigadzira. Chiitiko ichi chinonzi fluid volume contraction. Kuderedzwa kwevhoriyamu kunowanzova akati wandei muzana.

Muenzaniso tsananguro

Kuti titsanangure iyo compression maitiro, isu tichaita bvunzo yemuenzaniso. Mamorekuru edoro muchiyedzo ichi achamiririrwa nepea zviyo, uye mamorekuru emvura achava mhodzi dzepoppy. Dururirai pizi dzakakora dzinenge 0,4 m mugaba rekutanga, nhete, rinoonekera, semuenzaniso chirongo chakareba Dururira mhodzi dzepoppy mumudziyo wechipiri wehurefu hwakafanana (mufananidzo 1a). Zvadaro tinodurura mbeu dzepoppy mumudziyo nemaperesi uye, tichishandisa mutongi, tinoyera kureba iyo iyo yepamusoro yezviyo inosvika. Isu tinomaka iyi nhanho neimaka kana apothecary eraser pamudziyo (mufananidzo 1b). Vhara mudziyo uye zunza kakawanda. Tinovaisa vertically uye tarisa kune hurefu hupi huwandu hwepamusoro hwemusanganiswa wezviyo zvino hwasvika. Zvinoitika kuti yakaderera pane isati yasanganiswa (mufananidzo 1c).

Kuedza kwakaratidza kuti mushure mekusanganiswa, mhodzi diki dzepoppy dzakazadza nzvimbo dzisina chinhu pakati pepizi, zvichikonzera kuderera kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwakatorwa nemusanganiswa. Mamiriro akafanana anoitika pakusanganisa mvura nedoro uye zvimwe zvinwiwa. Mamorekuru avo anouya muhukuru hwose uye maumbirwo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvidimbu zvidiki zvinozadza mikaha pakati pezvimedu zvakakura uye huwandu hwemvura hunodzikira.

Mufananidzo 1. Matanho anotevera ekudzidza iyo compression modhi:

a) bhinzi nemhodzi dzepoppy mumidziyo yakasiyana;

b) zviyo mushure mekudururwa, c) kuderedzwa kwehuwandu hwezviyo mushure mekusanganiswa

Migumisiro yemazuva ano

Nhasi zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti mitumbi yese yakatitenderedza ine mamorekuru, uye iwowo anoumbwa nemaatomu. Ose mamorekuru nemaatomu ari kufamba zvisina tsarukano, kumhanya kwaro kunoenderana netembiricha. Nekuda kwemaikorosikopu emazuva ano, kunyanya iyo scanning tunneling microscope (STM), maatomu ega ega anogona kuonekwa. Kune zvakare nzira dzinoshandisa atomic force microscope (AFM), iyo inoita kuti zvikwanise kunyatsofambisa maatomu ega ega nekuabatanidza kuita masisitimu anonzi nanostructures. Iyo compression athari ine zvakare inoshanda kukosha. Tinofanira kurangarira izvi pakusarudza huwandu hwezvimwe zvinwiwa zvinodiwa kuti tiwane musanganiswa wevhoriyamu inodiwa. Iwe unofanirwa kuzvifunga, kusanganisira. mukugadzirwa kwevodkas, iyo, sezvinozivikanwa, musanganiswa weinonyanya ethyl doro (doro) nemvura, sezvo huwandu hwechinwiwa chinoguma huchave hushoma pane huwandu hwehuwandu hwezvigadzirwa.