Chessmen

Zvidimbu uye zvimedu zvinowanzoshandiswa mumakwikwi uye chess mechi ndezvimedu zveStaunton. Iwo akagadzirwa naNathaniel Cook uye akatumidzwa zita raHoward Staunton, mutambi wekutanga chess wepakati pezana 1849, akasaina nekuverenga mazana mashanu ekutanga seti akagadzirwa muXNUMX nekambani yemhuri Jaques yekuLondon. Izvi zvidimbu zvakakurumidza kuve chiyero chezvimedu zvemakwikwi uye zvidimbu zvinoshandiswa pasirese.

Zvekubereka chess, yakatanga kupihwa zita Chaturangainoonekwa seIndia. Muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX AD, Chaturanga akaunzwa kuPersia uye akashandurwa kuita chatrang. Mushure mekukundwa kwePersia nemaArab muzana ramakore rechinomwe, chatrang yakava nedzimwe shanduko uye yakazozivikanwa se. chatranj. Muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, chess yakasvika kuEurope. Maseti mashoma chete akapona kusvika nhasi. medieval chess zvidimbu. Anonyanya kuzivikanwa ndiSandomierz chess uye Lewis chess..

Sandomierz chess

Sandomierz chess set ine zvidimbu zvidiki makumi maviri nepfumbamwe (zvitatu chete zvakashaikwa) kubva muzana ramakore rechi 29, zvakambovigwa pasi peuriri hweimba ine mwero paSt. James Street. Zvimedu haapfuuri 2 cm kureba, zvichiratidza kuti aishandiswa pakufamba. Iwo akagadzirwa nedeer antler mumutauro wechiArabic (1). Vakawanikwa muna 1962 muSandomierz panguva yekutsvakurudza kwekuchera matongo kwakatungamirirwa naJerzy naEliga Gonsowski. Ndiwo chiyeuchidzo chakanyanya kukosha muunganidzwa wekuchera matongo weRegional Museum muSandomierz.

Chess yakauya kuPoland muna 1154, panguva yekutonga kwaBolesław Wrymouth. Maererano neimwe fungidziro, vangadai vakaunzwa kuPoland kubva kuMiddle East naPrince Henryk weSandomierz. Muna XNUMX, akatora chikamu muhondo yekuenda kuNyika Tsvene kuti adzivirire Jerusarema kubva kumaSaracens.

Chess naLewis

2. Chess zvidimbu kubva kuIsle of Lewis

Muna 1831, paScottish Isle of Lewis muUig Bay, zvidimbu 93 zvakawanikwa zvakavezwa zvakavezwa nemazino emazino ewhale (2). Zviumbwa zvese zvivezwa zviri muchimiro chemunhu, uye anosimuka akafanana nematombo emakuva. Ingangove yese yakagadzirwa muNorway muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX (panguva iyoyo zvitsuwa zveScotland zvaive zveNorway). Vakavigwa kana kurasika pavaitakurwa kubva kuNorway vachiendeswa kunzvimbo dzakapfuma dziri kumhenderekedzo yegungwa yekumabvazuva kweIreland.

Parizvino, 82 zviratidzo zviri muBritish Museum muLondon, uye gumi neimwe yasara iri muNational Museum yeScotland muEdinburgh. Mufirimu ra11 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Harry naRon vanotamba wizard chess nezvidimbu zvakagadzirwa sezvimedu nezvimedu kubva kuIsle of Lewis.

Chess zvidimbu zvezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.

Kuwedzera kufarira chess mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX kwakakoshera kusikwa kwemuenzaniso wepasirese wezvimedu. Munguva dzekare, nzira dzakasiyana dzakashandiswa. Mafonti eChirungu anonyanya kushandiswa bhari zviyo (3) - nezita renzeve dzebhari dzakashongedza mifananidzo yamambo neyemuheti, kana St. George (4) - kubva kune yakakurumbira chess kirabhu muLondon.

MuGermany, zvigadzirwa zvemhando iyi zvakashandiswa zvakanyanya. Selenium (5) - yakatumidzwa zita raGustav Selen. Yaive pseudonym yaAugustus Mudiki, Duke weBrunswick, munyori weChess, kana Mutambo waMambo ("), yakaburitswa muna 1616. Iyi inoyevedza classic modhi zvakare dzimwe nguva inodaidzwa sebindu kana tulip chimiro. MuFrance, zvakare, zvidimbu uye pawn zvaive zvakakurumbira, izvo zvairidzwa mune yakakurumbira Cafe Regency muParis (6 ne7).

6. French Régence chess zvimedu.

7. Seti yemabasa neFrench Regent.

Cafe Regency

Yakanga iri yengano chess cafe padyo neLouvre muParis, yakavambwa muna 1718, yaigaro gara neregent, Prince Philippe d'Orléans. Akatamba mairi pakati pevamwe Legal de Kermeer (munyori weimwe chess madiki ane mukurumbira anonzi "Legal checkmate"), aionekwa semutambi akasimba muFrance kusvika akundwa muna 1755 nemudzidzi wake wechess. François Philidora. Muna 1798 akatamba chess pano. Napoleon Bonaparte.

Muna 1858, Paul Morphy akatamba mutambo une mukurumbira paCafé de la Régence, asingatarise bhodhi, achipesana nevatambi vakasimba vasere, akahwina mitambo mitanhatu nekudhirowa miviri. Pamusoro pevatambi ve chess, vanyori, vatori venhau uye vezvematongerwo enyika vaivewo vashanyi venguva zhinji kucafe. - iyi chess capital yenyika muhafu yechipiri ye12 uye yekutanga yezana ramakore re2015 - yaive nyaya yechinyorwa cheNo. XNUMX/XNUMX chemagazini yeYoung Technician.

Mumakore ekuma30, maBritish akatanga kukwikwidza nevatambi vechess vakanyanya pasi rose kutenderera Café de la Régence. Muna 1834, mutambo wevasipo wakatanga pakati peanomiririra cafe neWestminster Chess Club, yakavambwa makore matatu apfuura. Muna 1843, mutambo wakaitwa mucafe, wakagumisa kutonga kwenguva refu kwevatambi veFrench chess. Pierre Saint-Aman akarasikirwa nemurungu Howard Staunton (+6-11=4).

Mufeki weFrance Jean-Henri Marlet, shamwari yepedyo yaSaint-Amand, akapenda Mutambo weChess muna 1843, umo Staunton anotamba chess naSaint-Amand muCafé Régence (8).

8. Mutambo weChess wakatambwa muna 1843 muCafé de la Régence - Howard Staunton (kuruboshwe) naPierre Charles Fourrier Saint-Aman.

Staunton chess zvimedu

Kuvepo kwemhando dzakawanda dzemaseti echess uye kufanana kwakangoitika kwezvidimbu zvakasiyana mumaseti akasiyana zvinogona kuita kuti zviome kune anopikisa asina kujairana nemafomu avo kutamba uye kukanganisa mhedzisiro yemutambo. Naizvozvo, zvakave zvakafanira kugadzira chess seti ine zvimedu zvinoonekwa zviri nyore nevatambi ve chess vemazinga akasiyana ekutamba.

Howard Staunton

(1810-1874) - Chirungu chess mutambi, anoonekwa seakanakisa munyika kubva 1843 kusvika 1851. Akagadzira "Staunton zvimedu", iyo yakava chiyero chemitambo uye chess match. Akaronga mutambo wekutanga wechess muLondon muna 1851 uye ndiye akatanga kuedza kugadzira sangano repasi rose che chess. Kusvikira pakati pezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, mitambo ye chess dzimwe nguva yakatora nguva yakareba, kunyange mazuva akawanda, nokuti vadzivisi vaiva nenguva isingagumi yekufunga. Muna 1852, Staunton akakurudzira kushandiswa kwehourglass (hourglass) kuyera nguva inoshandiswa nevakwikwidzi. Vakatanga kushandiswa zviri pamutemo muna 1861 mumutambo pakati paAdolf Andersen naIgnak von Kolisch. Staunton ndiye aive murongi wechess life, aizivikanwa theorist wechess game, mupepeti wemagazini chess, munyori wezvinyorwa, mugadziri wemitemo yemutambo wacho uye maitiro ekuita makwikwi nemitambo. Akashanda nedzidziso yekuvhura uye akaunza, kunyanya, gambit 1.d4 f5 2.e4, yakatumidzwa zita rake Staunton Gambit.

Muna 1849, kambani yemhuri yeJaques yekuLondon, iyo ichiri kugadzira mitambo yekutamba neyemitambo, yakagadzira seti yekutanga yezvinhu zvakagadzirwa ne Nathaniel Cook (10) - Mupepeti wemagazini yevhiki nevhiki yeLondon The Illustrated London News, uko Howard Staunton akaburitsa zvinyorwa zve chess. Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika chess vanotenda kuti mukuwasha waCook, John Jacques, ipapo muridzi wekambani, akaita basa guru mukukura kwavo. Howard Staunton akakurudzira zvidimbu mubepa rake rechess.

10. Yekutanga 1949 Staunton chess zvidimbu: pawn, rook, knight, bhishopi, mambokadzi namambo.

Maseti ezviumbwa izvi akagadzirwa neebony uye boxwood, akaenzana nemutobvu kuti agadzikane, uye akafukidzwa nekunzwa pasi. Mamwe acho aigadzirwa nenyanga dzenzou dzemuAfrica. Musi waKurume 1, 1849, Cook akanyoresa modhi itsva neLondon Patent Office. Maseti ese akagadzirwa naJacques akasainwa naStaunton.

Mutengo wakaderera wezvimedu zveStaunton wakabatsira pakutenga kwavo kwakawanda uye zvakabatsira mukuzivikanwa kwemutambo wechess. Nokufamba kwenguva, yunifomu yavo yakava nzira yakakurumbira inoshandiswa kusvika nhasi mumakwikwi akawanda pasi rose.

Zvidimbu izvozvi zvinoshandiswa mumakwikwi.

Zestav akaropafadza Staunton yakatenderwa neInternational Chess Federation FIDE muna 1924 uye yakasarudzwa kuti ishandiswe mumakwikwi ese epasi rose. Pakati pemagadzirirwo emazuva ano ezvigadzirwa zveStaunton (11), pane misiyano, kunyanya maererano nemuvara, zvinhu uye chimiro cheanosvetuka. Zvinoenderana nemirairo yeFIDE, zvimedu zvitema zvinofanirwa kuve brown, dema kana mamwe matema emavara aya. Zvikamu zvichena zvinogona kuva chena, kirimu kana rumwe ruvara rwechiedza. Iwe unogona kushandisa mavara ehuni hwepanyama (walnut, maple, etc.).

11. Seti yezvino yakashandiswa Staunton yemapuranga manhamba.

Zvikamu zvinofanira kunge zvichifadza ziso, kwete kupenya, uye zvakagadzirwa nematanda, plastiki kana zvimwe zvakafanana. Kureba kwakakurudzirwa kwezvidimbu: mambo - 9,5 cm, mambokadzi - 8,5 cm, bhishopi - 7 cm, knight - 6 cm, rook - 5,5 cm uye pawn - 5 cm. Kureba kwechigadziko chezvidimbu kunofanira kuva 40-50 % yehurefu hwavo. Saizi inogona kusiana kusvika gumi kubva muzana kubva pane izvi zvinongedzo, asi kurongeka kunofanirwa kuremekedzwa (semuenzaniso mambo murefu kupfuura mambokadzi, nezvimwewo).

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uye chess mutongi

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