Alliance Ground Surveillance System
Iyo AGS system yakagadzirirwa kuita mabasa ane chekuita nekuchengetedzwa kwemiganhu yenyika dzeNATO (pasi negungwa), kuchengetedzwa kwemasoja nevanhuwo zvavo, pamwe nekugadzirisa dambudziko uye rubatsiro rwevanhu.
Musi waMbudzi 21 gore rakapera, Northrop Grumman yakazivisa kubudirira kwekufamba kwemhepo yemotokari yekutanga isina munhu (UAV) RQ-4D, iyo ichakurumidza kuita misheni yekuongorora yeNorth Atlantic Alliance. Iyi ndiyo yekutanga yemotokari shanu dzakarongwa dzisina kurongwa dzakaendeswa kuEurope kune zvinodiwa neNATO AGS airborne ground surveillance system.
Motokari yemuchadenga yeRQ-4D isina munhu yakasimuka munaNovember 20, 2019 ichibva kuPalmdale, California, uye maawa angangoita makumi maviri nemaviri gare gare, muna Mbudzi 22, yakamhara paItalian Air Force Base Sigonella. Iyo US-yakavakirwa UAV inosangana nezvinodiwa zvechiuto-mhando yetifiketi yekufambisa wega mumhepo pamusoro peEurope yakapihwa neEuropean Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). Iyo RQ-21D ivhezheni yeGlobal Hawk isina munhu ndege yemuchadenga yakashandiswa neUS Air Force kwemakore akawanda. Motokari dzemuchadenga dzisina kutakurwa dzakatengwa neNorth Atlantic Alliance dzakachinjirwa kune zvadzinoda, dzichaita zvekuongorora uye kutonga zviitiko munguva yerunyararo, dambudziko uye munguva yehondo.
Iyo NATO AGS sisitimu inosanganisira isina munhu ndege dzemuchadenga ine advanced radar masisitimu, pasi zvinhu uye rutsigiro. Chinhu chikuru chekutonga ndicho Main Operating Base (MOB), iri muSigonella, Sicily. NATO AGS mota dzemuchadenga dzisina munhu dzinosimuka kubva pano. Ndege mbiri dzichange dziri pabasa panguva imwe chete, uye data kubva kuSAR-GMTI radars yakaiswa pamadheki avo ichaongororwa nemapoka maviri enyanzvi. Chirongwa cheAGS NATO chave chiri chirongwa chakakosha zvikuru chenyika dzeNorth Atlantic Alliance kwemakore akawanda, asi hachisati chaitwa zvizere. Zvisinei, matanho maduku chete akasara kusvikira kugadzirira kushanda kwakakwana. Mhinduro iyi yakafanana chaizvo neNATO Airborne Early Warning and Control Force (NAEW&CF), yanga ichishanda kweanoda kusvika makumi mana emakore.
Iyo AGS sisitimu ine zvikamu zviviri: mhepo uye pasi, izvo zvinozopa kwete chete ekuongorora masevhisi uye tsigiro yehunyanzvi yekutumwa, asi zvakare itisa kudzidziswa kwevashandi.
Chinangwa cheNATO AGS system ichave yekuzadza gaka mukukosha kwehungwaru kugona kweNorth Atlantic Alliance. Haisi chete boka reNATO rine hanya nekubudirira kwechirongwa ichi. Kubudirira kwekudyara uku mukuchengetedza kunoenderana zvakanyanya kune avo vese vanoziva kuti chete kuwanikwa kwehunyanzvi hutsva kunogona kutibatsira kuchengetedza kuchengeteka muEurope nenyika. Iyi nhanho yakakosha ndeyekugara ichiongorora zvese zvinoitika panyika uye mugungwa, kusanganisira kure nenharaunda yeNorth Atlantic Alliance, nguva dzese, mumamiriro ekunze ese. Basa rakakosha nderekupa hunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwehungwaru mumunda wehungwaru, kuongorora uye kucherechedzwa kweRNR kugona (Intelligence, Surveillance uye Reconnaissance).
Mushure memakore akawanda ekukwira nekudzika, pakupedzisira, boka renyika gumi neshanu pamwe chete rakasarudza kuwana izvi zvakakosha zvakanyanya mundima yeNATO AGS, i.e. kuvaka hurongwa hwakabatanidzwa hunosanganisira zvinhu zvitatu: mhepo, pasi uye tsigiro. Iyo NATO AGS Air Segment ichave neshanu isina pfuti RQ-15D Global Hawk UAVs. Iyi yekuAmerica, inozivikanwa kwazvo isina kufambisa ndege papuratifomu yakavakirwa pakugadzirwa kwendege yeGlobal Hawk Block 4 yakagadzirwa neNorthrop Grumman Corporation, ine radar yakavakwa uchishandisa MP-RTIP tekinoroji (Multi Platform - Radar Technology Insertion Chirongwa), pamwe chete chinongedzo chekukurukurirana mukati memutsara wekuona uye kupfuura mutsara wekuona, neakareba kwazvo uye Broadband data yekubatanidza.
Chikamu chepasi cheNATO AGS, chinova chinhu chakakosha cheiyi hurongwa hutsva, ine zvivakwa zvakasarudzika zvinotsigira basa rekucherekedza reAGS MOB isina kufambiswa mota dzemuchadenga uye akati wandei ezviteshi zvepasi zvakavakwa munhare, inotakurika uye inotakurika masisitimu anokwanisa kubatanidza. uye kugadzirisa data nekukwanisa kushanda. Zvishandiso izvi zvakashongedzerwa nemainterfaces izvo zvinopa huwandu hwepamusoro hwekudyidzana nevazhinji vashandisi vedata. Sekureva kweNATO, chikamu chepasi chegadziriro iyi chinomiririra chimiro chakakosha pakati peiyo huru NATO AGS system uye yakakura yeC2ISR (Command, Control, Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance) masisitimu ekuraira, kutonga, kungwara, kuongorora uye kuongorora. . . Chikamu chepasi chichataurirana neakawanda ehurongwa hwatovepo. Ichashanda nevashandisi vakawanda vanoshanda pamwe nekushanda kure nenzvimbo yekutarisa nendege.
Kushandiswa kwakadai kwemadomain akawanda eNATO AGS system kuchaitwa kuitira kuti igare ichipa ruzivo rwemamiriro ezvinhu munhandare yekushanda kwezvinodiwa, kusanganisira vatungamiriri vakamira munzvimbo dzekusimudzira masimba. Pamusoro pezvo, iyo AGS sisitimu inozokwanisa kutsigira huwandu hwakasiyana hwemabasa anoenda kure kupfuura hunyanzvi kana hungwaru hwehungwaru. Nezvishandiso izvi zvinoshanduka, zvichave zvichigoneka kuita: kuchengetedzwa kwevagari vemo, kutonga kwemuganhu uye kuchengetedzwa kwemakungwa, kurwisa kwehugandanga misheni, kutsigirwa kwemaitiro ekugadzirisa dambudziko uye rubatsiro rwekubatsira kana njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, kutsigirwa kwekutsvaga nekununura mabasa.
Nhoroondo yeNATO's AGS airborne surveillance system yakareba uye yakaoma, uye kazhinji inoda kukanganiswa. Muna 1992, mukana wekutora pamwe chete kwemauto matsva uye midziyo nenyika dzeNATO zvakatemwa pahwaro hwekuongororwa kwekukura kwehupfumi kunoitwa gore rega rega muNATO neDefence Planning Committee. Paifungwa panguva iyoyo kuti Mubatanidzwa unofanira kuvavarira kushanda pakusimbisa pasi-based aerial surveillance capabilities, inowedzerwa pazvinogoneka nedzimwe dzakatoshanda uye dzendege reconaissance masisitimu anodyidzana nehurongwa hutsva hwakabatana hune nyika dzinoverengeka.
Kubva pakutanga, zvaitarisirwa kuti, nekuda kwekufambira mberi kwekukura kwehupfumi, iyo NATO AGS yevhu yekutarisa system yaizokwanisa kuvimba nemhando dzinoverengeka dzepasi rekuongorora masisitimu. Zvirongwa zvose zvenyika zviripo zvinokwanisa kutarisa mamiriro ezvinhu zvinotariswa. Mafungiro ekuvaka shanduro yeAmerica yeTIPS system (Transatlantic Industrial Proposed Solution) kana shanduro yeEurope inobva pakugadzirwa kweradhi yemhepo itsva inofungidzirwa; Chirongwa cheEuropean chinodaidzwa kuti SOSTAR (Stand off Surveillance Target Acquisition Radar). Zvisinei, kuedza kwese uku kwemapoka ehurumende ane maonero akasiyana pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwezvitsva zvitsva hazvina kuwana rubatsiro rwakakwana kubva kuNorth Atlantic Alliance kuti vatange kushandiswa kwavo. Chikonzero chikuru chekusawirirana kwenyika dzeNATO kwaive kupatsanurwa munyika idzo dzakatsigira zano rekushandisa US radar chirongwa TCAR (Transatlantic Cooperative Advanced Radar) nevaya vakasimbirira pachikumbiro cheEuropean (SOSTAR).
Muna September 1999, nguva pfupi Poland yapinda muNorth Atlantic Alliance, takabatana neboka rakakura renyika dzeNATO dzaitsigira zvakasimba chirongwa ichi chinokosha chomubatanidzwa. Panguva iyoyo, kurwisana muBalkans kwakaramba kuchienderera mberi, uye zvakanga zvakaoma kutaura kuti mamiriro ezvinhu munyika aisazova nemamwe matambudziko kana hondo. Nokudaro, mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, mikana yakadaro yaionekwa seyakakodzera.
Muna 2001, zvichitevera kurwiswa kwemagandanga kuUnited States, North Atlantic Council yakafunga kumutsiridza pfungwa yekuvaka NATO AGS system nekutanga chirongwa chebudiriro chinowanikwa kune ese nhengo dzenhengo. Muna 2004, NATO yakasarudza kuita sarudzo, izvo zvaireva kubvumirana pakati pezvinzvimbo zvenyika dzeEurope neUnited States. Zvichienderana nekukanganisika uku, sarudzo yakaitwa yekugadzira pamwe chete boka rezvikepe zveNATO AGS dzakasanganiswa uye dzisina munhu. Chikamu chemhepo cheNATO AGS chaive chekuve nendege ine vanhu vekuEurope Airbus A321 uye kucherekedza mota dzemuchadenga dzisina munhu dzakagadzirwa neindasitiri yeAmerica BSP RQ-4 Global Hawk. Chikamu chepasi cheNATO AGS chaifanira kusanganisira nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakagadziriswa uye dzenhare dzepasi dzinokwanisa kutumira data kubva kuhurongwa kuvashandisi vakasarudzwa.
Muna 2007, nekuda kwebhajeti redziviriro rakagara riri diki renyika dzeEurope, nyika dzeNATO dzakasarudza kumisa rimwe basa pakuita shanduro inodhura yezvikwata zvakasanganiswa zveNATO AGS mapuratifomu endege, uye panzvimbo pacho vakaronga shanduro yakachipa uye yakapfava yekuvaka. a NATO AGS system umo NATO AGS air segment yaifanirwa kunge yakavakirwa chete pane yakapupurirwa isina munhu ndege yekubvuma, i.e. mukuita, izvi zvaireva kuwana UAV yeU.S. Global Hawk Block 40. Panguva iyoyo, ndiyo chete ndege yainyatsoshanda isina munhu muNATO yenyika dzainzi chikamu chikuru chechitatu muNATO, kuwedzera kune High Altitude, Long Endurance (HALE). ) chikamu uye yakabatana MP radar -RTIP (Multi Platform Radar Technology Insertion Chirongwa).
Sekureva kwemugadziri, radar yaikwanisa kuona uye kuteedzera nharembozha, kugadzira mepu yenzvimbo, pamwe nekutarisa zvinangwa zvemhepo, kusanganisira yakaderera-yakadzika cruise makomba, mumamiriro ekunze ese, masikati neusiku. Iyo radar yakavakirwa pahunyanzvi hweAESA (Active Electronics Scanned Array).
Muna Kukadzi 2009, nhengo dzeNATO dzichiri kutora chikamu muchirongwa (kwete dzese) dzakatanga hurongwa hwekusaina NATO AGS PMOU (Programme Memorandum of Understanding) Memorandum of Understanding. Yakanga iri gwaro rakabvumiranwa pakati penyika dzeNATO (kusanganisira Poland) dzakasarudza kutsigira chirongwa ichi uye kutora chikamu mukuwana zvivakwa zvinodiwa zvehurongwa hutsva hwakabatana.
Panguva iyoyo, Poland, yakatarisana nedambudziko reupfumi raityisidzira migumisiro yaro muchirimo chegore iroro, pakupedzisira yakasarudza kusasaina gwaro iri uye muna April yakabuda muchirongwa ichi, zvichiratidza kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu apo mamiriro ezveupfumi akavandudzika, akasiya hurongwa uhwu, asi akanga atova nedambudziko guru. inogona kudzokera kukutsigira zvakasimba kwezvirongwa izvi zvakakosha. Pakupedzisira, muna 2013, Poland yakadzokera kuboka renyika dzeNATO dzichiri kutora chikamu muchirongwa ichi uye, seyegumi neshanu yavo, vakasarudza kupedzisa chirongwa ichi chakakosha cheNorth Atlantic Alliance. Chirongwa ichi chaisanganisira nyika dzinotevera: Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Lithuania, Latvia, Luxembourg, Italy, Poland, Czech Republic, Norway, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia neUSA.
