Kutanga-kumisa masisitimu. Dzima kana kwete?

Basa rekutanga-kumisa system ndere kudzima injini munzvimbo yekupaka uye kuitanga zvakare kana mutyairi achida kuenderera mberi nekutyaira. Ndeipi, inoshanda sei uye inoshanda mukuita?

Pfungwa yekudzima injini panguva yekushanda kwayo kusingabatsiri, kunyangwe parobhoti dzvuku kana mune traffic jam, yave iripo kwemakumi emakore akati wandei. Toyota yakagadzira system yakadaro muna 1964 uye yakaidza paCrown kusvika pakati pe1,5s. Iwo emagetsi anodzima injini mushure memasekonzi gumi ekuita idling. Mumiyedzo mumigwagwa yeTokyo, kuchengetwa kwemafuta kwe10% kwakawanikwa, inova mhedzisiro yakanaka, zvisinei, kambani yeJapan yanga isiri pakati pemapiyona ekusangana kweseri yemidziyo yakadaro.

Mumakore ekuma1985, kukwanisa kumisa injini pakumira kwakaonekwa muFiat Regata ES (Energy Saving) neCitymatic system yakagadzirwa kubva muna 1987 kusvika muna XNUMX. Mutyairi akasarudza kudzima injini, aine bhatani raaigona. Kuti atangezve injini, aitofanira kutsika pedal yepeturu. Sarudzo yakafanana yakaitwa neVolkswagen mumakore ekumaXNUMX, uye kambani yemagetsi yemotokari Hella yakafunga kudzima injini nekuenderera nebhatani muhurongwa hwayo.

Yekutanga yekugadzira modhi ine yekutanga-yekumisa sisitimu inodzima injini mune mamwe mamiriro yaive yechitatu-chizvarwa Gorofu muEcomatic vhezheni, yakatangwa pamusika mukudonha kwa1993. Yakashandisa ruzivo rwakawanikwa uchishanda paÖko. - Prototype Gorofu, yakavakirwa pachizvarwa chechipiri Gorofu. Injini yakavharwa kwete chete mushure memasekonzi mashanu ekuita, asiwo pakutyaira, apo mutyairi haana kudzvanya gasi pedal. Kudzvanya pedal zvakare kwakadzora dhiziri yagara ichishuvira kudzoka. Kutanga injini, yakavharwa munzvimbo yekupaka, giya rekutanga raifanira kuiswa. Izvi zvakaitwa pasina kushandisa clutch nekuti iyo Golf Ecomatic yaingove isina imwe (semi-otomatiki).

Iyi haisiriyo yega shanduko yehunyanzvi kubva pachigadziko cheGorofu. Izvo zvakatevera kwaiva kuiswa kwe electro-hydraulic power steering, kuiswa kwe "start-stop" switch padash, kuiswa kwebheteri yakakura uye bhatiri diki rekubatsira. Dzimwe mota dzeVW dzakashongedzerwa nekutanga-kumira system yaive Lupo 3L uye 2 Audi A3 1999L (eco-inoshamwaridzika shanduro nemafuta ekushandisa 3 l/100 km).

Onawo: Ndedzipi mota dzinogona kufambiswa nechikamu B rezinesi rekutyaira?

Volkswagen ndiyo yaive yekutanga kuita maererano nemirau mitsva yemutemo yakatanga kushanda muEuropean Union muna Ndira 1, 1996, uye vamwe vagadziri vakakurumidza kutevedzera. Shanduko iyi yemurau ndiyo itsva NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) yekuyera kutenderera kwekutarisa kudyiwa kwemafuta emotokari dzinotakura vanhu, panguva iyo injini yanga isingashande kweinenge chikamu chechina chenguva yakatarwa (kazhinji kumira uye kutangazve). Ndosaka yekutanga serial kutanga-kumisa masisitimu akagadzirwa muEurope. MuUnited States, mamiriro acho akanga akasiyana zvachose. Mune yazvino US EPA kuyerwa kutenderera, zvishoma chete pamusoro pegumi muzana yenguva yakatarwa yakashandiswa idlying injini. Naizvozvo, kuidzima hakuzokanganisa chigumisiro chekupedzisira zvakanyanya.

Kutanga-kumisa masisitimu. Asi nei?

Nekuda kwekuti vagadziri vanoona mabhenefiti ekushandisa yekutanga-yekumisa system zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro yekuyerwa bvunzo, kune zvakawanda zvinoodza mwoyo mumamiriro anoshanda emotokari. Haasi munhu wese anofara kana iyo yekuwedzera mubhadharo weiyo sisitimu yekuvandudza kugona kwemotokari inoshanduka kuita tsvina isina maturo. "Start-stop" inopa mabhenefiti anobatika muchimiro chekuchengetedza mafuta paunenge uchityaira mumotokari yemuguta. Kana panguva dzepamusoro-soro mumwe munhu anofanirwa kufamba kubva pakati peguta kuenda kunzvimbo iri kure, ipapo mugwagwa unotora maawa 1,5-2, mune dzinenge dzisingaperi traffic jams. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, muchina wacho unomira chaizvo kane mazana. Iyo yakazara nguva yekudzima injini inogona kutosvika maminetsi akati wandei. Tichifunga kuti kushandiswa kwemafuta pakusashanda, zvichienderana nejini, kubva pa 0,5 kusvika 1 litita paawa, uye motokari inopfuura nzira yakadaro kaviri pazuva, kuchengetedza mafuta pamwedzi kunogona kusvika kunyange marita akawanda emafuta, uye anenge 120 l. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro ekushanda, kutanga-kumisa system inonzwisisika.

Nemotokari imwe chete, asi mushure mekutyaira maawa 1,5-2 mumigwagwa yeguta, nguva yekuzorora ichava 2-3 maminetsi. Kuchengetwa kwe 1,5-2 malita emafuta pamwedzi uye anenge 20 malita emafuta pagore hazvizove akakwana kuti zvikwanise kubhadharwa kwekutanga-kumisa system, mamwe mabasa ekugadzirisa kana kuomeswa kwechimiro chemotokari, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira mukuputsika. Kana dziri mota dzinotyaira kazhinji nzendo refu, purofiti inowanikwa nekudzima injini painomira inotoderera.

Kudzidzira kunoratidza kuti kune yepakati-yemhando yemotokari yepeturu inoshandiswa mukati memodhi mumigwagwa yakasiyana-siyana, nguva yose inomiswa injini neyokutanga-stop system inenge maminetsi masere pamakiromita zana ega ega. Izvi zvinopa 8 malita epeturu. Ne mileage yegore negore ye100 km, kuchengetedza kuchava marita 0,13. Asi maitiro anoratidzawo kuti migumisiro inogona kunge yakasiyana zvikuru zvichienderana nemamiriro ekushanda uye injini yemhando. Mune injini huru dzepeturu dzinogona kusvika kusvika 50 l/000 km, mudiki turbodiesel - chete zana reita. Saka - kana iwe uchifanira kubhadhara yakawedzera kune yekutanga-kumisa system, iwe unofanirwa kunyatso ongorora zvese zvakanakira nezvayakaipira.

Zvisinei, pari zvino, mubvunzo wekubhadhara kwekutanga-kumira hurongwa uye kuenzanisa kwayo kwakananga nemubatsiro unobvira kuhomwe yemushandisi hausisina basa. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti "kutanga-kumira" kwakamira kuva chinhu chekuwedzera midziyo, asi yave iri chikamu chenguva dzose cheiyo injini shanduro. Naizvozvo, pakusarudza injini sarudzo ine yakajairwa yekutanga-stop system, unogona kukanganwa nezve mashandisiro emotokari. Isu takangotongerwa kuve nehurongwa hwakadai.

Onawo: Ndedzipi mota dzinogona kufambiswa nechikamu B rezinesi rekutyaira?

Asi kunze kwezvinhu zvehupfumi zvine chekuita nekutanga-kumisa masisitimu, kune zvakare akajairika mashandisirwo enyaya. Izvo zvakajairika mumotokari dzemazuva ano kutangazve injini mushure mekunge yavharwa nehurongwa nekudzvinyirira clutch pedal. Uye pano matambudziko anomuka, nokuti mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu kushandiswa panguva imwe chete ye clutch uye "gasi" pedals, apo chirongwa chinoda kutanga injini, chinoguma nekumisa motokari. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvakakosha kuti kukurumidza sei hurongwa hunokwanisa kutanga injini yakambodzimwa (nekukurumidza zviri nani).

Kunyangwe mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro asingawanzo kuitika, anogona kukonzera kuvenga kune yekutanga-kumisa system. Vatyairi vakawanda havazvifariri kunyange pasina chikonzero chaicho. Kudzima otomatiki kweinjini kunovashatirisa. Naizvozvo, kana vangopinda mumotokari, kana injini yakadzimwa kekutanga, vanosvika kune bhatani rekudzima system. Boka revanofarira iyi pro-environmental solution ingangove yakakura, uye kuwanikwa kwakakura kwekutanga-kumisa system seyakajairwa kunoita kuti vafare. Zvisinei, chokwadi ndechokuti iwe unofanira kubhadhara izvi mumutengo wemotokari. Hapana munhu anopa chero chinhu mahara, kunyanya chimwe chinhu chinoita sechiri nyore kubva kudivi rehunyanzvi.

Kutanga-kumisa masisitimu. Basa rakareruka, kuoma kukuru

Zvingaita sekuti kubatidza nekudzima injini inyaya diki uye haidi mhinduro dzehunyanzvi. Mukuita, zvinhu zvose zvakasiyana zvachose. Kunyangwe mune akareruka masisitimu akavakirwa pane yechinyakare yekutanga, zvinodikanwa kuunza akakosha masimba ekutonga masisitimu ayo asingangodzore chiyero chebhatiri, tembiricha uye simba rekutanga, asi zvakare kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba kwezvimwe zvishandiso panguva yekutanga uye kutonga ikozvino zvinoenderana nekuchaja bhatiri. Bhatiri pacharo rinofanirwa kugadzirwa pachishandiswa tekinoroji yakasiyana zvachose pane yechinyakare kuitira kuti isamirire kuburitsa nekukurumidza uye kune simba, pamwe nekuchaja kwepamusoro-ikozvino.

Iyo yekutanga-yekumisa sisitimu inofanirawo kugamuchira ruzivo kubva pane-bhodhi zvemagetsi nezve kunze tembiricha yemhepo, tembiricha yemafuta (injini inotonhora haizodzimwa) uye tembiricha ye turbocharger muzvikamu zve turbocharged. Kana turbocharger ichida kutonhora pasi mushure mekufamba kwakaoma, injini haimire zvakare. Mune dzimwe mhinduro dzepamusoro, turbocharger ine yakazvimirira lubrication system inoramba ichishanda kunyangwe injini yakadzimwa. Kunyangwe yechinyakare yekutanga-yekumisa tangi ine simba rakawanda, yakasimba mukati mezvikamu (senge mabhurashi uye coupler) uye yakagadziridzwa giya (kuderedza ruzha).

Mune zvakanyanya kuomarara uye nekudaro anodhura ekutanga-yekumisa masisitimu, iyo yechinyakare yekutanga inotsiviwa nechero mushini wemagetsi wakaiswa muflywheel kana alternator yakanyatsogadzirwa. Muzviitiko zvese izvi, tiri kubata nemudziyo unogona kuita semutangi uye jenareta, zvichienderana nezvinodiwa. Uku hakusi kuguma.

Iwo emagetsi anofanirwa kuverenga nguva pakati pekumira kweinjini uye kutarisa kana mota yasvika pakumhanya kwayo kubva payakatanga. Kune akawanda shanduko mukutanga-kumisa system. Mamwe anowirirana ne braking energy recovery systems (recuperation), vamwe vanoshandisa special capacitors kuchengeta magetsi uye kutsigira bhatiri kana kutanga kwayo kuderera. Kune zvakare ayo umo, mushure mekumisa injini, mapistoni ayo akaiswa kune yakakwana chinzvimbo chekutangazve. Panguva yekutanga, zvakakwana kuzunungusa starter. Mafuta anobayiwa nemuromo chete muhumburumbira umo pisitoni yakagadzirira sitiroko yekushanda uye injini inotanga kushanda nekukurumidza uye chinyararire. Izvi ndizvo zvinonyanya kudiwa nevagadziri kana vachigadzira kutanga-kumisa masisitimu - kukurumidza kushanda uye yakaderera ruzha mazinga.