Kopa uye unamate - nhanho imwe yakanangana nekugadzirwa kwevanhu

Mumakore ekuma30, Aldous Huxley, mubhuku rake rakakurumbira reNyika Itsva Yakashinga, akatsanangura zvinonzi kusarudzwa kwemajini evashandi venguva yemberi - vanhu chaivo, zvichienderana nekiyi yemajini, vachapihwa kuita mamwe mabasa emagariro.

Huxley akanyora nezve "degumming" yevana vane hunhu hunodiwa muchitarisiko uye hunhu, vachifunga nezvemazuva ekuzvarwa ivo pachavo uye neanotevera kujairana nehupenyu munharaunda yakasarudzika.

“Kuita kuti vanhu vave nani kungangove iri indasitiri hurusa yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX,” anofanotaura kudaro. Yuval Harari, munyori webhuku richangobudiswa rinonzi Homo Deus. Sezvakataurwa nemunyori wenhoroondo weIsrael, nhengo dzedu dzichiri kushanda zvakafanana 200 XNUMX yega yega. makore mazhinji apfuura. Nekudaro, anowedzera kuti munhu akasimba anogona kudhura zvakanyanya, izvo zvinounza kusaenzana kwevanhu kune imwe nhanho nyowani. “Kekutanga munhau, kusaenzana mune zvemari kunogonawo kureva kusaenzana kwoutachiona,” anonyora kudaro Harari.

Chiroto chekare chevanyori vengano dzesainzi ndechekugadzira nzira yekukurumidza uye yakananga "kurodha" ruzivo nehunyanzvi muuropi. Zvinoitika kuti DARPA yakatanga chirongwa chekutsvagisa chine chinangwa chekuita izvozvo chaizvo. Chirongwa chakafona Targeted Neuroplasticity Training (TNT) inovavarira kukurumidzira maitiro ekuwana ruzivo rutsva nepfungwa kuburikidza nemanomapulations anotora mukana we synaptic plasticity. Vatsvagiri vanotenda kuti neurostimulating synapses, vanogona kuchinjirwa kune yakajairwa uye yakarongeka meshini yekugadzira hukama huri musimboti wesainzi.

Model inomiririra yeinonangwa neuroplastic kudzidziswa

CRISPR seMS Word

Kunyangwe panguva ino izvi zvichiita sezvisina kuvimbika kwatiri, kuchine mishumo kubva kunyika yesainzi iyo kuguma kwerufu kwava pedyo. Kunyange mamota. Immunotherapy, nekugadzirisa masero emuviri wemurwere nemamorekuru "anofanana" nekenza, yakabudirira zvikuru. Munguva yekudzidza, mu94% (!) yevarwere vane acute lymphoblastic leukemia, zviratidzo zvakanyangarika. Mune varwere vane chirwere chechirwere cheropa, chikamu ichi chiri 80%.

Uye iyi ingori sumo, nekuti iyi ndiyo hit chaiyo yemwedzi ichangopfuura. CRISPR gene editing nzira. Izvi zvega zvinogadzira maitiro ekugadzirisa majini chimwe chinhu chinofananidzwa nevamwe nekugadzirisa zvinyorwa muMS Word - inoshanda uye iri nyore kushanda.

CRISPR inomirira izwi rechirungu ("yakaunganidzwa inogara ichivhiringwa palindromic pfupi repetitions"). Iyo nzira inosanganisira kugadzirisa kodhi yeDNA (kucheka zvimedu zvakaputsika, kuzvitsiva nezvitsva, kana kuwedzera zvidimbu zveDNA kodhi, sezvazvakaita nemagadzirirwo emazwi) kuitira kudzoreredza masero akabatwa nekenza, uye kunyange kuparadza zvachose cancer, kubvisa. kubva kumacells. CRISPR inonzi inotevedzera zvisikwa, kunyanya nzira inoshandiswa nemabhakitiriya kuzvidzivirira pakurwiswa nehutachiona. Zvisinei, kusiyana neGMOs, kuchinja majini hakukonzeri majini kubva kune mamwe marudzi.

Nhoroondo yeCRISPR nzira inotanga muna 1987. Boka revatsvagiri vekuJapan rakabva rawana zvimedu zvinoverengeka zvisingaite mujenome yebhakitiriya. Dzakanga dziri muchimiro chemitsetse mishanu yakafanana, yakakamurwa nezvikamu zvakasiyana chose chose. Vesainzi havana kunzwisisa izvi. Mhosva yacho yakangogamuchira kutariswa kwakanyanya apo kutevedzana kwakafanana kweDNA kwakawanikwa mune mamwe marudzi ebhakitiriya. Saka, mumasero vaifanira kushumira chimwe chinhu chinokosha. Muna 2002 Ruud Jansen kubva kuYunivhesiti yeUtrecht kuNetherlands vakafunga kudaidza aya anoteedzana CRISPR. Chikwata chaJansen chakawanawo kuti kutevedzana kwacho kwaigara kuchiperekedzwa nejini inokodha enzyme inonzi. Cas9iyo inogona kucheka DNA strand.

Mushure memakore mashoma, masayendisiti akafunga kuti basa reiyi kutevedzana chii. Kana hutachiona hwarwisa bhakitiriya, iyo enzyme yeCas9 inobata DNA yayo, yoicheka uye nekuimanikidza pakati peakafanana CRISPR kutevedzana mune bhakitiriya genome. Iyi template ichauya inobatsira kana mabhakitiriya anorwiswa zvakare nemhando imwechete yehutachiona. Ipapo mabhakitiriya anobva azviziva uye oparadza. Mushure memakore ekutsvagisa, masayendisiti akagumisa kuti CRISPR, yakabatana neCas9 enzyme, inogona kushandiswa kushandisa DNA murabhoritari. Mapoka ekutsvagisa Jennifer Doudna kubva kuYunivhesiti yeBerkeley muU.SA uye Emmanuelle Charpentier kubva kuUmeå University kuSweden yakazivisa muna 2012 kuti hutachiona hwehutachiona, kana hwagadziriswa, hunobvumira kugadzirisa chero chidimbu cheDNA: unogona kucheka majini kubva mairi, kuisa majini matsva, kuabatidza kana kudzima.

Nzira yacho pachayo, inonzi CRISPR-Cas9, inoshanda nekuziva DNA yekune dzimwe nyika kuburikidza nemRNA, iyo ine basa rekutakura ruzivo rwemajini. Iyo yese CRISPR sequence inozopatsanurwa kuita zvimedu zvipfupi (crRNA) ine hutachiona hweDNA fragment uye CRISPR kutevedzana. Kubva pane ruzivo urwu rwuri muCRISPR sequence, tracrRNA inogadzirwa, iyo inosungirirwa kune crRNA yakaumbwa pamwe chete negRNA, iyo yakananga rekodhi yehutachiona, siginecha yayo inorangarirwa nesero uye inoshandiswa mukurwisa hutachiona.

Muchiitiko chehutachiona, gRNA, iyo muenzaniso wehutachiona hunorwisa, inosunga kuCas9 enzyme uye inocheka anorwisa kuita zvidimbu, zvichiita kuti dzisakuvadze zvachose. Zvidimbu zvakatemwa zvinowedzerwa kune CRISPR kutevedzana, yakakosha dhatabhesi yekutyisidzira. Mukufamba kwekuwedzera kwehunyanzvi, zvakazoitika kuti munhu anogona kugadzira gRNA, iyo inobvumidza iwe kupindira nemajini, kutsiva iwo kana kucheka zvidimbu zvine njodzi.

Gore rapfuura, oncologists paSichuan University muChengdu vakatanga kuyedza maitiro ekugadzirisa majini vachishandisa nzira yeCRISPR-Cas9. Aka kaive kekutanga nzira iyi yechimurenga ichiongororwa pamunhu ane gomarara. Murwere airwara negomarara remapapu rinorwadza akagamuchira maseru ane majini akagadziridzwa kuti amubatsire kurwisa chirwere ichi. Vakatora masero kubva kwaari, vakaacheka nokuda kwejini raizonetesa kushanda kwemasero ake amene pakurwisa kenza, ndokuapinzazve mumurwere. Masero akagadziridzwa akadaro anofanira kurarama zviri nani nekenza.

Iyi nzira, kunze kwekuve yakachipa uye yakapusa, ine imwe mukana mukuru: masero akagadziridzwa anogona kunyatsoongororwa asati atangazve. zvinogadziridzwa kunze kwemurwere. Vanotora ropa kubva kwaari, vanoita manipulations akakodzera, sarudza maseru akakodzera uye vobva vabaya jekiseni. Kuchengeteka kwakakwirira kudarika kana tikadyisa masero akadaro zvakananga uye tomirira kuona zvinoitika.

i.e. mwana ane genetically programmed

Chii chatingachinja kubva Genetic Engineering? Zvinobuda zvakawanda. Pane mishumo yenzira iyi iri kushandiswa kushandura DNA yemiti, nyuchi, nguruve, imbwa, uye kunyange mazai evanhu. Tine ruzivo nezve zvirimwa zvinokwanisa kuzvidzivirira kubva pakurwisa fungi, nezvemuriwo une hunyoro hunogara kwenguva refu, kana nezvemhuka dzepapurazi dzinodzivirirwa kuhutachiona hunotyisa. CRISPR yaitawo kuti basa riitwe kugadzirisa humhutu hunoparadzira marariya. Nerubatsiro rweCRISPR, zvaive zvichikwanisika kuunza microbial resistance gene muDNA yezvipembenene izvi. Uye nenzira yokuti vana vavo vose vagare nhaka - pasina kunze.

Nekudaro, kureruka kwekuchinja macode eDNA kunomutsa matambudziko mazhinji ehunhu. Kunyange pasina kupokana kuti nzira iyi inogona kushandiswa kurapa varwere vegomarara, yakati siyanei kana tikafunga kuishandisa kurapa kufutisa kana matambudziko ebvudzi rakatsvuka. Ndekupi kwekuisa muganhu wekupindira mumajeni evanhu? Kuchinja gene remurwere kunogona kugamuchirwa, asi kushandura majini muembryos kuchaendeswawo kune chizvarwa chinotevera, chinogona kushandiswa kune zvakanaka, asiwo nekukuvadza kwevanhu.

Muna 2014, muongorori weAmerica akazivisa kuti akachinja mavhairasi kuti abaye zvinhu zve CRISPR mumakonzo. Ikoko, DNA yakasikwa yakashandiswa, zvichiita kuti kuchinja kwakakonzera kuenzana kwevanhu nekenza yemapapu ... Nenzira imwecheteyo, zvingave zvichikwanisika kugadzira DNA yebhayoroji inokonzera kenza muvanhu. Muna 2015, vatsvakurudzi vekuChina vakataura kuti vakashandisa CRISPR kugadzirisa majini ari mu "embryos" dzevanhu dzine kuchinja kunotungamirira kuchirwere chekugara nhaka chinonzi thalassemia. Kurapwa kwacho kwave nenharo. Mapepa esainzi maviri akakosha pasi rose, Nature neScience, aramba kuburitsa basa remaChina. Yakazoonekwa muProtein & Cell magazine. Sezvineiwo, pane ruzivo rwekuti mamwe mapoka mana ekutsvagisa muChina ari kushandawo pakunatsiridza magene emaembryos evanhu. Mibairo yekutanga yezvidzidzo izvi yave kutozivikanwa - vesainzi vakaisa muDNA ye "embryo" gene rinopa kudzivirirwa kuhutachiona hweHIV.

Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti kuberekwa kwomwana ane ma<em>gene akagadziridzwa inhau yenguva.