Hupenyu hunotapira hwemakemikari

Kutapira kune chirevo chakanaka. Kutapira kwehunhu hunokwezva vanhu. Vana vaduku nemhuka "dzakanaka". Kukunda kunonaka kunotapira, uye munhu wese anoda hupenyu hunotapira - kunyangwe isu tichifanira kungwarira kana mumwe munhu "anotapira" isu zvakanyanya. Zvichakadaro, kuumbwa kwemasiwiti ishuga yakajairika.

Vesainzi vangadai vasina kuva ivo pachavo dai vasina kutarisa iyi pfungwa isinganzwisisiki. Vakauya nayo muchimiro che density kana volume kutapiraiyo inotsanangura nenhamba chiyero chekutapira. Zvinotonyanya kukosha, kuyerwa kwekutapira kunogamuchirwa kunyangwe munzvimbo dzine mwero murabhoritari yemumba.

Nzira yekuyera sei kutapira?

Hapasati (zvino?) mita yekutapira. Chikonzero ndiko kuomarara kusingadaviriki kweyekutanga makemikari manzwi: kuravira uye inosanganiswa yekunhuwidza. Panyaya yevadiki mumitezo yekushanduka-shanduka inopindura kurudziro yemuviri (kuona, kunzwa, kubata), zviridzwa zvakaenzana zvakavakwa - zvinhu zvinonzwa chiedza, maikorofoni, ma sensors. Panyaya yekuravira, pane ongororo yakavakirwa pamanzwiro evapinduri, uye ndimi dzevanhu nemhino midziyo yekuyera.

10% mhinduro yeshuga yezvokudya, i.e. sucrose. Kune iyi reshiyo, kukosha kweiyo 100 (mune mamwe masosi ndeye 1). Inonzi kutapira hama, inoratidzwa nechidimbu RS (Chirungu). Chiyero chacho chinosanganisira kugadzirisa chikamu chemushonga wechinhu chebvunzo kuitira kuti ratidziro yekutapira yainoburitsa ifanane neyereferensi. Semuyenzaniso: kana mhinduro ye5% iine kuravira kwakafanana ne10% sucrose solution, chinhu chebvunzo chinotapira pa200.

Sucrose ndiyo bhenji yekutapira.

Yasvika nguva yekuti zviyero zvinotapira.

Unoida uremu. Murabhoritari yemumba, modhi yehomwe yakachipa inokwana gumi nemaviri zlotys, ine huremu hwekutakura hunosvika 200 magiramu uye huremu hwechokwadi hwe0,1 g (ichauya inoshanda panguva yezvimwe zviedzo zvakawanda).

Iye zvino zvigadzirwa zvakaratidzwa. Kubudirira tafura yeshuga yenguva dzose. Glucose inogona kuwanikwa muchitoro chegirosari, inowanikwawo ipapo xylitol sechinotsiva shuga. [glucose_xylitol] Fructose tarisa pasherufu yechikafu cheshuga panguva lactose inoshandiswa mukubika doro repamba.

Isu tinogadzirira mhinduro nekudzika kubva pa5 kusvika ku25% uye tinoinyora nenzira inozivikanwa (mhinduro yechinhu chimwe nechimwe mune akati wandei). Rangarira kuti izvi zvigadzirwa zvinofanirwa kudyiwa, saka iva nechokwadi chekuzvitarisa. mitemo yehutsanana.

Tsvaga vanoedza pakati pemhuri yako neshamwari. Miedzo yekutapira inoitwa pasi pemamiriro akafanana kana uchiravira kunhuhwirira kwewaini nekofi, rurimi chete runonyoroveswa nehuwandu hushoma hwekugadzirisa (pasina kumedza) uye muromo unonatswa nemvura yakachena usati waravira. inotevera mhinduro.

Kwete nguva dzose shuga inotapira

Shuga	RS
fructose	180
shuga	75
mannose	30
galactose	32
sucrose	100
lactose	25
maltose	30

Macompound akaedzwa aive neshuga (kunze kwexylitol). IN desk vane tsika dzeRS dzinoenderana. Shuga dzakapfava (glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose) kazhinji inotapira kupfuura disaccharides (sucrose ndiyo yega shuga yakaoma yakaoma). Shuga dzine zvidimbu zvakakura (starch, cellulose) hadzina kutapira zvachose. Nekuona kwekutapira, zvakakosha kuti molecule uye kuravira kunotambira zvienderane. Mamiriro aya anonyanya kuenderana nehukuru hwemorekuru, iyo inotsanangura kutapira kukuru kweshuga ine mamorekuru madiki. Kutapira kwezvigadzirwa zvechisikigo kunokonzerwa nekuvapo kweshuga mavari - somuenzaniso, uchi (anenge 100 rupees) ine fructose yakawanda.

Chikonzero chekushanduka-shanduka kweshuga kunoonekwa seinonaka (zvinotungamira mukudyiwa kwezvikafu zvinazvo) ndiko kugaya kwavo kuri nyore uye kukwira kwecalorie. Saka ivo inzvimbo yakanaka yesimba, "mafuta" emasero emuviri wedu. Nekudaro, iyo physiological adaptation iyo yaive yakakosha kuti urarame munguva ye prehumans munguva yekuwana nyore kwekudya kukonzeresa yakawanda yakaipa hutano mhedzisiro.

Kwete shuga chete inotapira

Vanoravirawo zvinotapira mishonga isiri-shuga. Xylitol yakatoshandiswa mukuyedza kuona kutapira kwezvinhu. Icho chinobva muchimiro cheimwe yemashuga mashoma uye RS yayo yakafanana ne sucrose. Inotapira inotenderwa (code E967) uye inoshandiswawo kunatsiridza kuravira kwemazino uye kutsenga chingamu. Mishonga yakabatana ine kushandiswa kwakafanana: mannitol E421 i sorbitol E420.

Molecule yeimwe shuga: glucose (kumusoro kuruboshwe), fructose (kumusoro kurudyi), sucrose (pasi).

Glycerin (E422, doro rinotapira uye kuchengetedza mwando) uye amino acid glycine (E640, flavour enhancer) zvakare zvinhu zvinotapira zvinonaka. Mazita emakomponi ese ari maviri (pamwe neglucose uye mamwe mamwe) anotorwa kubva pashoko rechiGiriki rinoreva "kutapira". Glycerin uye glycine inogona kushandiswa kuongororwa kutapira (chero bedzi yakachena, inowanikwa, somuenzaniso, kubva ku pharmacy). Asi ngatirege kuedza kuravira kwemamwe macommunication!

Mapuroteni anotorwa kubva kune zvimwe zvirimwa zvekunze anewo zvinotapira. MuEurope inobvumirwa kushandiswa. Taumatine E957. RS yake inosvika 3k. yakakwira kudarika iyo sucrose. Kune hukama hunofadza chishamisoKunyangwe isinganakire kutapira pachayo, inogona kushandura zvachose mashandiro anoita rurimi. Kunyangwe muto weremoni unonaka kwazvo mushure mekuutora!

Zvimwe zvinotsiva shuga stevioside, kureva kuti, zvinhu zvakatorwa muchirimwa chekuSouth America. Zvinhu izvi zvinenge 100-150 nguva dzinotapira kupfuura sucrose. Steviosides yakabvumidzwa kushandiswa sekuwedzera kwechikafu pasi pekodhi E960. Zvinoshandiswa kutapira zvinwiwa, jamu, chingamu, uye sezvinotapira muzvihwitsi akaoma. Vanogona kudyiwa nevanorwara neshuga.

Pakati peanozivikanwa inorganic makomisheni, ane inonaka inonaka. zuva beryl (pakutanga chinhu ichi chainzi glucin uye chaiva nechiratidzo Gl) uye Tungamira. Iwo ane chepfu - kunyanya lead (II) acetate Pb (CH₃Mukuru wekushanda)₂, yakatonzi lead sugar nevanodzidza nezvemakemikari. Pasina mamiriro ezvinhu tinofanira kuedza hukama uhwu!

Kutapira kubva murabhu

Chikafu chiri kuwedzera kuzara nemasiwiti kwete kubva kune zvakasikwa masosi, asi zvakananga kubva kumakemikari lab. inofarirwa zvechokwadi zvinotapiraIyo RS ine makumi uye kunyange mazana enguva yakakura kupfuura iyo ye sucrose. Nekuda kweizvozvo, huwandu hwesimba kubva pachiyero chidiki hunofanira kubviswa. Kana zvinhu zvisina kupiswa mumuviri, zvine "0 macalorie". Inonyanya kushandiswa:

• saccharin E954 - yekare yekugadzira zvinotapira (yakawanikwa muna 1879);
• sodium cyclamate E952;
• aspartame E951 - imwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa zvinotapira. Mumuviri, musanganiswa unoputsika kuita amino acids (aspartic acid uye phenylalanine) uye doro methanol, ndosaka zvikafu zvakatapira neaspartame zvichitakura yambiro pakurongedzerwa kwevanhu vane phenylketonuria (a genetic disorder ye phenylalanine metabolism). Chichemo chakajairika nezve aspartame kuburitswa kwemethanol, inova muchetura. Zvisinei, chiyero cheaspartame (kana chinodyiwa chinopfuura giramu pazuva) chinobudisa chete chegumi chegiramu re methanol, iyo isingabatanidzi nemuviri (yakawanda inogadzirwa nemagetsi echisikigo);
• acesulfame K E950;
• sucralose E955 - yakabva kune sucrose, umo maatomu eklorini anounzwa. Ichi chemikemikari "chitsotsi" chaidzivirira muviri kubva pakuigadzira.

Izvo zvakashata zvezvimwe zvinotapira zvekugadzira ndezvekuti zvinoputsika panguva yekugadzira chikafu (semuenzaniso, kubika). Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, ivo vakakodzera chete kutapira zvokudya zvakagadzirirwa izvo zvisingachapisa kupisa.

Pasinei nekuedza zvinhu zvezvinotapira (kutapira pasina macalorie!), Mhedzisiro yekushandiswa kwavo kazhinji inopesana. Sweet taste receptors yakapararira munhengo dzakawanda dzemuviri wedu, kusanganisira matumbu. Sweeteners inosimudzira intestinal receptors kutumira "itsva yekutumira" chiratidzo. Muviri unoudza pancreas kuti ibudise insulin, iyo inobatsira kutamisa shuga kubva muropa kuenda kumaseru. Nekudaro, kana zvinotapira zvichishandiswa pachinzvimbo cheshuga, hapana chinotsiva glucose inoburitswa mumatissue, kunyura kwayo kunodzikira uye uropi hunotumira masaini enzara. Pasinei nekudya chikamu chakakwana chezvokudya, muviri hausati uchinzwa wakaguta, kunyange zvazvo zvigadzirwa zvisina shuga zvine zvimwe zvinhu zvinopa simba. Nokudaro, zvinotapira zvinodzivirira muviri kuti usanyatso kuenzanisa macalorie ezvokudya, zvichikonzera kunzwa kwenzara kunokurudzira kudya.

Physiology uye psychology yekuravira

Inguva yezvimwe zvinoonekwa.

Tinoisa kristaro huru yeshuga (shuga yechando) parurimi uye zvishoma nezvishoma tinoyamwa. Shamba muromo wako nemvura uye wobva waisa guruva rurimi rwako nechipunu cheshuga yehupfu (kana kuti shuga yenguva dzose yakatsetseka). Ngatienzanise zvinoonekwa zvezvose zvigadzirwa. Shuga yecrystalline yakanaka inoita seinotapira kupfuura shuga yechando. Chikonzero ndicho chiyero chekuparara kwe sucrose, iyo inoenderana nepamusoro pemakristasi (uye izvi, pamwe chete, zvakanyanya kune chiduku chiduku pane chimwe chikamu chikuru chehuremu hwakafanana). Kukurumidza kupera kunoguma nekukurumidza kushandiswa kwemamwe ma receptors parurimi uye kunzwa kukuru kwekutapira.

super inotapira

Chinhu chinotapira chinozivikanwa musanganiswa unonzi Lugduname, yakawanikwa neFrench chemist kubva kuLyon (muchiLatin). Iyo RS yechinhu inofungidzirwa pa 30.000.000 300 20 (izvo zvakapetwa kaXNUMX zvinotapira kupfuura sucrose)! Kune akati wandei akafanana ekubatanidza neRs XNUMX miriyoni.

Mumabhuku ekare ebiology maive nemepu yekunzwa kwerurimi kune kuravira kwega. Sekureva kwake, kumagumo kwenhengo yedu yekuravira kunofanirwa kunge kwainyanya kugamuchira masiwiti. Moisten tsvimbo yehutsanana nemhinduro yeshuga uye bata rurimi munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana: pamagumo, pachigadziko, pakati uye kumativi. Zvingangodaro, hapazove nemusiyano wakakosha mukuti nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzayo dzinopindura sei kutapira. Kugoverwa kwemareceptors ekuravira kwekutanga kunenge kwakafanana mururimi rwese, uye misiyano yekunzwa idiki kwazvo.

Pakupedzisira, chimwe chinhu kubva psychology yekuravira. Isu tinogadzirira zvigadziriso zveshuga zvehuwandu hwakafanana, asi imwe neimwe yemuvara wakasiyana: tsvuku, yero uye yakasvibirira (isu tinovara, hongu, nekudya kwekudya). Isu tinoita bvunzo yekutapira kune vanozivana vasingazive kuumbwa kwemhinduro. Ivo vangangoona kuti tsvuku uye yero mhinduro inotapira pane yakasvibira mhinduro. Mhedzisiro yekuyedzwa zvakare inosara yekushanduka kwevanhu - tsvuku uye yero michero yakaibva uye ine shuga yakawanda, kusiyana nemichero yakasvibira isina kuibva.