Fusion yechando uye inopisa

Cold fusion ichiri yakavanzika kuseri kwemhute gobvu, isingatombopi chikonzero chaicho chekutaura kuti iripo zvachose. Nekune rimwe divi, vehemence yakaoma kuve nayo uye kutora pasi pekutonga kwakazara.

1. Kavha yemagazini yemwedzi nemwedzi yeVremya yakatsaurirwa kusanganiswa kwechando.

Mushure mezvose, kune iyi inotonhora fusion kana kwete? - mutorwa angabvunza, achida kuziva nezvenyika nesainzi, asi asinganyatso nyatsoziva nyaya yacho. Zvichida nokuti mushure mezvakazarurwa zvaMartin Fleishman naStanley Pons, avo vakazivisa makore makumi maviri nemashanu apfuura kuti vakakwanisa kuwana simba kuburikidza nenyukireya fusion mu "bhatiri" rakazadzwa nemvura inorema ine palladium cathode, vamiririri vesayenzi yepamutemo havana kutaura zvakasimba uye. pamwe chete, aya manyepo. Kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vasina chokwadi, nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekutsvakurudza dzakaita uye dziri kuedza kuvaka "inotonhora" reactor.

Kuvimbisa chiitiko. Zvingava

Mamiriro e "kuwanikwa" kweFleishman naPons haanyatso kunzwisiswa. Chokwadi hachina kujeka nezve anonyatso kuzivikanwa mutsivi we "cold fusion" dingindira remakore achangopfuura - mudziyo unonzi Energy Catalyzer (E-Cat). Ichi chimiro chakavakwa nemuumbi Andrea Rossi (2) nerubatsiro rweboka rinotungamirirwa naSergio Focardi. Maererano nevasiki, inofanira kushanda pamusimboti wechando fusion ye nickel uye hydrogen nekugadzirwa kwemhangura uye kusunungurwa kwesimba rinopisa, iro rinozoshandurwa kuva magetsi. Paminiti yega yega yekushanda kwe1-watt reactor (iyo inodonha kusvika ku400 mushure memaminitsi mashoma), 292 magiramu emvura pa20°C anoshandurwa kuita chiutsi pa101°C. Chigadzirwa chacho chakaratidzwa kuvanhu kakawanda, asi vanogadzira havabvumiri tsvakurudzo yakazvimirira.

2. Andrea Rossi neE-Cat yake

Sekureva kwePhysOrg, zviedzo zvakaitwa pakati paNdira naKubvumbi 2011 zvaive zvisirizvo uye hazvina humbowo chaihwo. Vagadziri havana kubvumira zviyero zvekuwedzera. Nekudaro, kambani inoshamisa ye "inventor" yanga ichichengeta marekodhi ekutenga kwemidziyo kubva muna Mbudzi 2011.

3. Purofesa Yoshiaki Arata

Nekune rimwe divi, muna Chivabvu 2013, boka renyanzvi dzakazvimirira rakaburitsa mudura reArXiv portal shumo pamusoro pebvunzo dzemhando mbiri dzemareactor E-Cat HT uye E-Cat HT2, inotora maawa makumi mapfumbamwe nematanhatu negumi nematanhatu, zvichiteerana. Iyo reactor yakaedzwa nemasayendisiti akakomba - mafizikisi kubva kuYunivhesiti yeBologna Giuseppe Levy naEvelyn Foschi, Thorbjorn Hartman kubva murabhoritari yeSvedberg, nyanzvi yefizikisi yenyukireya Bo Höystad, Roland Pettersson kubva kuUppsala University naHanno Essen kubva kuRoyal Institute of Technology. muStockholm. Vakaedzwa mumarabhoritari eRossi muItaly kubva Zvita 96 kusvika Kurume 116. Zviyero zvakaratidza kuti simba rekupisa rinogadzirwa rinenge rimwechete rehukuru hwepamusoro kupfuura simba rechero rinozivikanwa resimba remakemikari. Saka izvi...?

Masayendisiti pasi rose akapatsanurwa. Vazhinji havadaviri kuti kuita kwakadaro kunobvira. Zvisinei, kwemakore maviri, hapana akakwanisa kuratidza kubiridzira muItaly.

Chikwata chekutsvagisa pasi rose chinotarisirwa kuitisa imwe ongororo yeE-Cat munguva pfupi iri kutevera. Dzinofanirwa kupera munaKurume, uye bepa rekutanga chairo pakugadzirwa kwaRossi richaburitswa nguva pfupi yadarika. Chero zvazvingava, kambani yeAmerica Cherokee Investment Partners ikozvino inoda kuisa mari mumudziyo waRossi uye kuisuma kumisika yeChina neAmerica.

Pfungwa yeItaly yekutonhora fusion yanga ichinyanya kutaura mumakore achangopfuura. Paive, hongu, kumwe kuedza kuratidza kugona kwayo. Iyo nzira, yakaziviswa mu2005 neboka remafizikiki paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Los Angeles, ndeyokukurumidza kupisa kristaro ne pyroelectric properties (kana inopisa, inogadzira munda wemagetsi). Muchiyedzo chakatsanangurwa, kune rumwe rutivi, kristaro yakapiswa mumhando yekushisa kubva -34 kusvika 7 ° C. Somugumisiro, nzvimbo yemagetsi yehurongwa hwe25 GV / m yakasikwa pakati pemigumo yekristini, iyo yakakurumidza deuterium ions, iyo yakabatana nekuzorora deuterium ions. Iyo yakayerwa ion simba yakasvika 100 keV, iyo inoenderana nekusvika tembiricha inokwana synthesis. Vaedze vakacherechedza manyuturoni ane simba re2,45 MeV, izvo zvinoratidza kusanganiswa kwethermonuclear. Chiyero chechiitiko hachina kukura zvekuti chinogona kushandiswa kuita simba, asi chinoita kuti zvikwanise kuvaka diki sosi yemanyutroni. Muna 2006, chiitiko ichi chakasimbiswa kuRensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Vezvenhau vakashuma kuti muna Chivabvu 2008, Yoshiaki Arata (3), purofesa wefizikisi paOsaka University muJapan, akaita ongororo yakabudirira uye inodzokororwa yakaratidza kuti mushure mekusangana ne-high-pressure deuterium muhurongwa, kuwedzera kupisa kunogadzirwa mushure mekusangana palladium uye zirconium oxide poda. kugadzirwa (kuenzaniswa nekutonga nechiedza chehydrogen). Nyuchi dzeatomu dzakavakidzana dzinenge dzave pedyo zvekukwanisa kuumba nucleus yeatomu rehelium. Nekudaro, masayendisiti mazhinji anokahadzika mavambo enyukireya ekupisa kwakacherechedzwa uye enzanisa chiitiko ichi nekuyedza kwakakurumbira kwaFleishman naPons muna 1989.

Tame Fusion Reactions

Nhasi, nzvimbo zhinji dzekutsvagisa, kusanganisira NASA, dziri kuudza kuyedza kwavo kutonhora kwekusanganisa. Dambudziko nderekuti hapana anogona kutsanangura maitiro eiyo inotonhora fusion reaction, uye ongororo dzakadzokororwa dzinobudirira, uye dzimwe nguva kwete.

"Zvakajairwa" maitikiro emusanganiswa anoda simba rakanyanyisa (semuenzaniso kupisa kwakanyanya kana kudhumhana kwezvikamu). Iyo nuclei yemaatomu yakachajiwa zvakanaka uye inofanirwa kukunda masimba emagetsi anotsanangurwa nemutemo weCoulomb kuti abatanidze. Chimiro chinodiwa cheichi kukurumidza (kinetic simba) yenyuclei. Simba repamusoro renyuclei rinowanikwa pakupisa kwakanyanya kana nekumhanyisa nuclei mune particle accelerators. Kuita uku kunoitika munyeredzi kana kuti panoputika bhomba rehydrogen. Mune ese ari maviri ezviitiko izvi, maitiro anoitika pakupisa kukuru (kwete netsaona kunzi "thermo" nyukireya reactions) hatidzorwe nesu. Zvisinei, kwemakumi emakore kwave kune kuedza kuita izvi munzvimbo inodzorwa uye inodzorwa, yakafanana nesimba rakadzorwa rekuora kweatomu.

Simba rinoburitswa semugumisiro we exothermic reaction. Pakutenderera kumwechete kwekusikwa kweiyo helium nucleus, 26,7 MeV inoburitswa kubva kumapurotoni mana muchimiro chesimba rekinetic rezvinoita zvigadzirwa uye gamma mwaranzi (4). Inopararira pamaatomu akapoteredza uye inoshandurwa kuva simba rinopisa. Pasina kuita mhinduro, simba rinoburitswa panguva yekupindura rinogona kutariswa nekushomeka kwehuwandu, i.e., mutsauko muhuwandu hwezvikamu uye zvigadzirwa zvekuita.

4. Kuonekwa kwe thermonuclear fusion

Iyo hydrogen cycle, iyo yatinowanzo taura nezvayo mumamiriro eiyo thermonuclear fusion, haisiriyo yega mhando ye thermonuclear fusion. Mune nyeredzi huru uye dzinopisa kupfuura Zuva, kabhoni, nitrogen uye oxygen zvinogadzirwa, zvichigadzira rinenge rakawanda sesimba rehydrogen cycle. Kubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvinorema kunoitikawo, muhofori nehofori, uye kuputika kwe supernova kunoburitsa nuclei inotorema kupfuura nickel.

Nuclear fusions inozivikanwa nesayenzi, sezvaunogona kuona, yakasiyana, asi inogara ichibatanidzwa nemasimba makuru uye kutonhora kwehurongwa hwemamiriyoni emakelvin. Cold fusion, kune rumwe rutivi, inotsamira pane zvisingazivikanwe kana zvishoma zvisina kunyorwa uye zvisina kuongororwa maitiro esainzi. Chinhu chakanyanya kukosha kune vanokahadzika ndeyekusimbisa, uye kakawanda, kusvika XNUMX% kudzokorora kwasvika.

Vatsvagiri veLivermore National Laboratory Lawrence muCalifornia akashuma muna Kukadzi gore rino kuti kekutanga mukuyedza kwavo kwekubatanidza, vakakwanisa kuburitsa simba rakawanda kubva pakuita pane rakashandiswa kugovera mafuta. Izvi hazvireve kuti isu tichabva tatanga kuvaka fusion magetsi emagetsi, asi ichokwadi chiitiko chakakosha, icho chinoshumwa mujenari Nature. Chidimbu chemafuta anoumbwa neisotopes yehydrogen, deuterium uye tritium yakagadzira zviuru gumi nezvinomwe zvimedu. joules simba. Izvi zvinopfuura zvakapedzwa, kunyange-izvo, zvinosuruvarisa, zvinonyanya kuipa chiyero - chikamu chimwe chete muzana chesimba rose rakashandiswa mukuedza rakaenda kumafuta. Uye ruzivo urwu rune chokwadi kudzikamisa manyawi.

Iyo California marabhoritari, inozivikanwawo seNational Ignition Facility, ine 350 trillion watt laser (5). Basa rayo nderekupisa hydrogen isotopes kune tembiricha ye fusion reaction. Iyo superlaser ichokwadi danda re192 laser matanda akakwidziridzwa mune accelerators.

5. Laser naLawrence Livermore National Incendiary Plant

6. Muenzaniso wekuedza thermonuclear reactor ine mhete yeplasma inooneka mukati

Kana tikataura nezve inodzorwa thermonuclear fusion, zvino imwe yematambudziko anoda kugadziriswa ndeye kutonga kweiyo inogadzirwa superhot plasma (6). Masayendisiti anoshanda paSandia National Laboratory anga achiyedza Helmholtz coils inozivikanwa kubva muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, iyo inogadzira iyo magineti kana ikozvino inofamba. Pakagadzirwa imwe magineti padhuze neiyo huru, zvakazoitika kuti nyika dzekusagadzikana dzinokura zvishoma nezvishoma, chinova chimwe chezvipingamupinyi zvikuru kuchengetedza fusion reaction.

Kusagadzikana kwerudzi urwu, kunozivikanwa seRayleigh-Taylor mhedzisiro, mukuyedza "kutora" hofori inopisa plasma mu tokamaks (yekuita inodzorwa thermonuclear reaction) kusvika parizvino zvakakonzera kurasikirwa kwekugadzikana mumunda uye, pakupedzisira, kune "kuparara" kweplasma. Masayendisiti eSandia akaona kuti kuwedzera imwe munda kumakoiri kwakagadzirisa kusagadzikana uku. Vesainzi, vachinyora nezvekuwanikwa kwavo mugwaro rePhysical Review Letters, vanobvuma kuti havanyatsonzwisisa chiitiko ichi, asi vanotarisira kuti kumwe kutsvakurudza kuchavabvumira kugadzira tekinoroji inobvumira kuti plasma igadzikane uye, semhedzisiro, chengetedza kuita kwe thermonuclear kwenguva yakareba kupfuura zvayave ikozvino. .

Sainzi haibatsiri zvakapetwa kaviri

Kusvika pari zvino, sainzi haina zvayakabatsira zvakapetwa kaviri maererano nekusanganiswa kwethermonuclear uye tarisiro yekushandiswa kwayo senzvimbo inodzorwa yesimba. Kune rimwe divi, hazvina kunyatsojeka nezve kutonhora fusion, saka isu hatizive kana toisa chero tariro pazviri kana kuisiya kune kungwara kweKunstkamera. Kune rimwe divi, kwemakumi emakore akatadza kugona chinhu chehot fusion. Zvichida kusabatsira uku kunongoonekwa uye munguva pfupi tichashanda pamisoro miviri? Isu tine sarudzo, saka, hazvizivikanwi kuti chii - ndiko kuti, "kutonhora" uye "kupisa" synthesis, iyo, iyo, haizivikanwi nzira yekushandisa kuitira kuunza zvikomborero zvine rugare.