kuchengetedza chikafu

Microorganisms ndiyo inonyanya kukanganisa muzvokudya, saka maitiro ekugadzirisa ane chinangwa chekudzivirira kukura kwavo uye kukura muzvinhu zvakachengetwa uye shanduko yakadaro mumakemikari ezvikafu kana kurongedza uye kuvhara izvo zvingakanganisa kuenderera mberi kwavo, uye nekudaro kuwedzera kuchengetedzeka. .chikafu.Maitirwo azvaiitwa kare kare uye makarekare, uye kuti nhasi uchadzidza sei kubva munyaya inotevera.

prehistory Zvichida nzira yekaresa yokuwedzera upenyu hwesherufu yezvokudya yakanga iri yokuzvipfungaira nokuzviomesa pamoto kana kuti muzuva nemhepo. Nokudaro, nyama nehove zvaigona, somuenzaniso, kurarama muchando (1). Kuomesa kare 12 zviuru. makore apfuura, yaishandiswa zvakanyanya kuMiddle East neCentral Asia. Chingave chisinganzwisiswi panguva iyoyo, zvisinei, rakanga riri idi rokuti kubvisa mvura muchigadzirwa kwakawedzera upenyu hwayo hunoshanda.

1. Kusvuta hove pamoto

Antiquity Munyu wakaita basa guru mukurwisa kwevanhu utachiona hunokonzera kukanganisa kwezvokudya, izvo zvinotadzisa tupukanana kuita basa rinokosha. Yakanga yatoshandiswa zvakanyanya muGreece yekare, uko kushandiswa kwebrine kwakashandiswa kuwedzera hupenyu hunobatsira hwehove. VaRomawo vaibika nyama. Apicius, munyori webhuku rakakurumbira rekubika kubva panguva yaAugustus naTiberius, "De re coquinaria libri X" ("Pamusoro pekugadzira mabhuku gumi"), akarayira chigadzirwa chakachengetedzwa nenzira iyi kuti chinyorovese nekuchifashaidza mumukaka.

Kusiyana nekuonekwa, nhoroondo yemakemikari ekuwedzera chikafu zvakare yakareba kwazvo. VaEgipita vekare vaishandisa cochineal (nhasi E 120) uye curcumin (E 100) kuisa ruvara rwenyama, sodium nitrite (E 250) yaishandiswa kuita munyu nyama, uye sulfur dioxide (E 220) neacetic acid (E 260) yaishandiswa sedhayi. . preservatives. . Zvinhu izvi zvaishandiswawo kuita zvakafanana muGirisi neRoma yekare.

Ok. 1000 pennies Sokutaura kunoita mutori wenhau wokuFrance Magelon Toussaint-Samat mubhuku rake rinonzi The History of Food, zvokudya zvakaomeswa nechando zvaizivikanwa muChina nevanhu 3 XNUMX. makore mazhinji apfuura.

1000-500 tenge MuAuvergne, France, matura anopfuura chiuru kubva panguva yeGallic akawanikwa panguva yekuchera matongo. Masayendisiti anotenda kuti maGaul aiziva zvakavanzika zvevacuum kuchengetedza zvigadzirwa. Pakuchengeta zviyo, vakatanga kuedza kuparadza mabhakitiriya nemamwe tupukanana nemoto, ndokuzozadza matura avo nenzira yekuti kupinda kwemhepo kumatanho ezasi kwakavharwa. Nekuda kweizvi, zviyo zvaigona kuchengetwa kwemakore mazhinji.

IV-II vpne Kuedza kwakaitwa kuchengetedza chikafu nekunhonga, kushandisa vhiniga kunyanya. Mienzaniso yakakurumbira inobva kuRoma yekare. Marinade yemiriwo yakakurumbira yakabva yagadzirwa kubva kuvhiniga, uchi uye mustard. Maererano naApichush, uchi hwakanga hwakakodzerawo kune marinades, sezvo yakachengetedza nyama yakachena kwemazuva akawanda, kunyange mumamiriro okunze ekupisa.

MuGreece, quince uye musanganiswa wehuchi hushoma huchi hwakaomeswa zvakashandiswa nechinangwa ichi - zvese izvi uye zvigadzirwa zvaive zvakasungwa zvakasimba mumidziyo. VaRoma vakashandisa nzira imwe chete, asi panzvimbo pacho vakabika musanganiswa weuchi nequince kusvika pakusimba. Vatengesi veIndia nevekuMabvazuva, vakaunzawo nzimbe kuEurope - zvino vadzimai vepamba vaigona kudzidza kugadzira "chikafu chemumagaba" nekudziya muchero nenzimbe.

1794-1809 Nguva yemazuva ano yekuisa mumagaba yakadzokera kunhimbe dzeNapoleonic muna 1794, apo Napoleon akatanga kutsvaga nzira dzekuchengeta chikafu chinoparara chemauto ake anorwa mhiri kwemakungwa, pasi uye mugungwa.

Muna 1795, hurumende yeFrance yakapa bhonasi ye12. mafranc kune avo vanouya nenzira yekuwedzera hupenyu hwesherufu yezvigadzirwa. Mugore re1809 yakagamuchirwa nemurume wechiFrench Nicolas Appert (3). Akagadzira uye akagadzira nzira yekuongorora. Iyo yaisanganisira kubikwa kwenguva refu kwechikafu mumvura iri kufashaira kana mupfunga, mumidziyo yakavharwa yakavharwa, senge jugs (4) kana simbi. Kunyangwe kukosha kwakatangwa muFrance uye kugadzirwa kwetin can kwakatanga muEngland, yaive muAmerica chete iyo nzira yakagadziridzwa mukuita.

XIX remakore. Salting chikafu chave chichizivikanwa kwenguva refu. Nokufamba kwenguva, vanhu vakatanga kuedza, uye muzana remakore rechi20 zvakaonekwa kuti mimwe munyu yaipa nyama yacho ruvara rutsvuku runokwezva pane kuti ipfumbu. Munguva yekuedza kwakaitwa mumakumi mapfumbamwe, masayendisiti akaona kuti musanganiswa wemunyu (nitrate) unodzivirira kugadzirwa kwe botulinum bacilli.

1821 Mhedzisiro yekutanga yakanaka yekushandisa mhepo yakagadziridzwa kune chikafu yakaonekwa. Jacques-Étienne Berard, purofesa paChikoro che Pharmacy muMontpellier, France, akawana uye akazivisa pasirese kuti kuchengeta michero munzvimbo yakaderera okisijeni kunonotsa kuibva kwayo uye kunowedzera hupenyu hwayo hwesherufu. Nekudaro, inodzorwa kuchengetedzwa kwemhepo (CAS) haina kushandiswa kusvika kuma30s, apo maapuro nemapeya zvaichengetwa mungarava mumakamuri ane CO mazinga akakwira.₂ - kuwedzera hutsva hwavo.

5. Ludwik Pasteur - mufananidzo waAlbert Edelfelt

1862-1871 Firiji yekutanga yakagadzirwa nemugadziri wekuAustralia James Harrison, mudhindi nebasa. Kunyangwe kugadzirwa kwayo kwakatangwa uye kwakasvika pamusika, asi munzvimbo zhinji muvambi werudzi urwu rwechigadzirwa ndiinjiniya wekuBavaria Carl von Linde. Muna 1871, akashandisa firiji system paSpaten brewery muMunich iyo yaibvumira doro kubudiswa muzhizha. Iyo inotonhorera yaive dimethyl ether kana ammonia (Harrison akashandisawo methyl ether). Aizi yakawanwa nenzira iyi yakaumbwa kuva matombo ndokuendeswa kudzimba, uko yaiwira mumakabhati anopinzwa nokupisa umo zvokudya zvaitonhodzwa.

1863 Ludwik Pasteur (5) nesainzi anotsanangura maitiro epasteurization, ayo anomisa tupukanana achichengetedza kuravira kwechikafu. Iyo yemhando yepamusoro nzira yekuisa pasteurization inosanganisira kudziyisa chigadzirwa kusvika kune tembiricha iri pamusoro pe72°C, asi isingadarike 100°C. Semuenzaniso, inosanganisira mukudziisa kusvika 100 ° C muminiti kana kusvika 85 ° C mumaminitsi makumi matatu mumudziyo wakavharwa unonzi pasteurizer.

1899 Iyo inoparadza mhedzisiro yekudzvinyirirwa kwepamusoro pama microorganisms yakaratidzwa naBert Holmes Hite. Kwemaminetsi gumi pakupisa kwekamuri, akaisa mukaka pasi pekumanikidzwa kwe10 MPa, achicherechedza kuti semugumisiro weizvi, nhamba yehupenyu hwehupenyu huri mumukaka hwakaderera. Zvakare, nyama yakatarisana nekumanikidzwa kwe680 MPa pakupisa kwe540 ° C kweawa yakaratidza kusachinja kwemicrobiological mukati memavhiki matatu ekuchengetedza.

Mumakore akatevera, zvidzidzo zvinokosha zvakaitwa pamusoro pesimba repamusoro, i.e. pamapuroteni, ma enzymes, zvimiro zvesero uye ma microorganisms akazara. Iyi nzira inonzi pascalization, mushure memusayendisiti mukuru weFrance Blaise Pascal, uye ichiri kugadzirwa. Muna 1990, jamu yepamusoro-soro yakasunungurwa kumusika weJapan, uye gore rakatevera, zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekudya zvakadai semichero yoghurts uye jellies, mayonnaise salad dressings, nezvimwewo zvakaonekwa.

1905 Inopihwa neBritish chemist J. Appleby naA. J. Banks. Kushandiswa kwekudyara kwekudya kwakatanga muna 1921, apo musayendisiti weAmerica akawana kuti X-rays inogona kuuraya Trichinella, utachiona hunowanikwa munguruve.

Zvokudya zvakarapwa neradioactive isotopes ye cesium 137 kana cobalt 60 mune insulators inotungamira - isotopes yezvinhu izvi zvinobudisa magetsi emagetsi eionizing nenzira ye gamma mwaranzi. Rimwe basa pamitoo iyi rakatanga muEngland pashure pa 1930, uye ipapo muUnited States pashure pa 1940. Kutanga munenge muna 1955, nzvero mukuchengetedza mwaranzi yezvokudya yakatanga munyika dzakawanda. Nenguva isipi, chikafu chakachengetedzwa uchishandisa ionizing radiation, iyo yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuwedzera hupenyu hwesherufu, semuenzaniso, huku, asi haina kuvimbisa sterility yakakwana yechigadzirwa. Izvo zvinobudirira kushandiswa kudzvinyirira kumera kwembatatisi nehanyanisi.

1906 Kuzvarwa kwepamutemo kwekuomesa nechando (6). Mubasa ravo rakaratidzwa paAcademy of Sciences muParis, nyanzvi yezvidzidzo zvipenyu Frédéric Bordas uye chiremba nefizikisi Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval vakaratidza kuti zvinokwanisika kuomesa serum yeropa yakaomeswa nechando uye isinganzwi tembiricha. Iyo whey yakaomeswa nenzira iyi yakaramba yakagadzikana kwenguva yakareba pakupisa kwekamuri. Vagadziri muzvidzidzo zvavo zvakatevera vakatsanangura kuti nzira yavo inogona kushandiswa kugadzirisa nekuchengetedza sera nemishonga iri muchimiro chakanaka. Kubviswa kwemvura kubva muchigadzirwa chechando kunoitikawo mumamiriro echisikigo - izvi zvakagara zvichishandiswa neEskimos. Indasitiri yekuomesa-kuomesa yakashandiswa muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.

6. Sublimated zvigadzirwa

1913 DOMELRE (DOMestic ELEctric Refrigerator), firiji yekutanga yemagetsi yemhuri, yakatengeswa muChicago. Mugore rimwe chetero, mafiriji akaoneka muGermany. Iyo yeAmerican modhi yaive nekesi yemapuranga uye yekutonhodza michina pamusoro. Yakanga isiri iyo firiji sezvatinoinzwisisa nhasi, asi panzvimbo yefiriji unit yakagadzirirwa kuiswa pamusoro pefiriji iripo.

Chokutonhodza chaive chepfu sulfur dioxide. Mafiriji echiGermany (akagadzirwa neAEG) akanga akafukidzwa nematairi eceramic. Nekudaro, vangangoita marestaurate eGerman chete ndivo vaigona kutenga michina iyi, nekuti inodhura 1750 mamakisi emazuva ano, akafanana nemunda wenyika.

7. Clarence Birdseye kuFar North

1922 Clarence Birdseye, ari paLabrador (7) inotonhora nechando, akawana kuti pa -40 ° C, hove dzakabatwa dzinotonhora nokukurumidza, uye kana dzanyungudutswa, dzine ruvara rutsva, rwakasiyana zvachose nehove dzechando dzaigona kutengwa kuNew York. Nenguva isipi akagadzira nzira yekukurumidza kuomesa nechando.

Kukurumidza kuomesa nechando kwava kuzivikanwa kugadzira makristasi echando madiki anokuvadza zvimiro zvenyama kusvika padiki pane dzimwe nzira. Birdseye akaedza hove dzinoomesa nechando paClothel Refrigerator Company uye akazotanga yake Birdseye Seafoods Inc. Yainyanya kuomesa hove nechando mumhepo inotonhorera patembiricha ye -43 ° C, asi muna 1924 yakabhuroka nekuda kwekushaikwa kwekufarira kwevatengi.

Zvisinei, gore rimwe chetero, Birdseye yakagadzira nzira itsva zvachose yekutengeserana kupenya kwechando-kuisa hove mumabhokisi emakadhibhokisi uye nekuomesa zviri mukati pakati pezviviri zvefiriji pasi pekumanikidzwa; uye yakagadzira kambani nyowani, General Seafood Corporation.

8. 1939 Electrolux firiji ad

1935-1939 Nekuda kweElectrolux, mafiriji ave kutanga kuoneka akawanda mudzimba dzeKowalski (8).

Ma60. Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya iri kutanga kushandiswa kuchengetedza chikafu. Zvisinei, kukurumidza kuwedzera kwekudzivirira kwebhakitiriya kune izvi zvakakonzera kuti kushandiswa kwavo kurambidzwa. Nenguva isipi zvakaonekwa kuti lactic acid mabhakitiriya anogadzira inoshanda echisikigo inorwisa mabhakitiriya nisin, isingaenderane nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Nisin inochengetedzwa, kunyanya, munyama inopfungaira uye cheeses.

Ma90. Muchikamu chechipiri chemakore gumi ekupedzisira ezana remakore rapfuura, tsvakurudzo yakatanga kushandiswa kweplasma ye microbial inactivation, kunyange zvazvo iyo inotonhora yeplasma deactivation nzira yakave nekodzero yekare muma 60s. inoonekwa seyekutanga tekinoroji tekinoroji, zvinoreva kuti panguva yekutanga yebudiriro.

9. Kavha yebhuku naLothar Leistner naGraham Gould pamusoro pehurdling technique.

2000 Lothar Leistner (9) anotsanangura tekinoroji yekuvharira, i.e. nzira yekunyatsobvisa hutachiona kubva mukudya. Inomisa zvimwe "zvipingamupinyi" izvo pathogen inofanira kukunda kuti irarame. Isu tiri kutaura nezve musanganiswa wehungwaru wenzira dzinovimbisa kuchengetedza kwechikafu uye microbiological kugadzikana, pamwe nekuravira kwakaringana uye hunhu hwekudya uye kugona kwehupfumi. Mienzaniso yezvipingamupinyi muhurongwa hwekudya ndeyekupisa kwepamusoro kwekugadzirisa, kutsika kwekushisa kwekuchengetedza, kuwedzera acidity, kuderedzwa kwemvura, kana kuvapo kwekuchengetedza.

Tichifunga nezvemhando yechigadzirwa uye iyo microflora iripo pairi, yakaoma yezvinhu zviri pamusoro inosarudzwa kuitira kubvisa tupukanana kubva kune zvigadzirwa zvekudya kana kuita kuti zvisakuvadza. Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chimwe chipingamupinyi. Nokusvetukira pamusoro pawo rimwe nerimwe, utachiona husina simba, pakupedzisira hunosvika papfundo apo anenge asisina simba rokuramba achisvetuka. Ipapo kukura kwavo kunomira, uye nhamba yavo inodzikama padanho rakachengeteka - kana kuti vanofa. Nhanho yekupedzisira mune iyi nzira ndeyekuchengetedza makemikari, ayo anoshandiswa chete kana zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvisingadziviriri zvakakwana kuita kwemicrobial kana kana chipingamupinyi chichibvisa zvakawanda zvezvikafu kubva muchikafu.

Nzira dzekuchengetedza chikafu

Zvenyama

• Thermal - zvinosanganisira kushandiswa kwekushisa kwakanyanya kana kwakaderera:

     - kutonhora,

     - kutonhora,

     - sterilization,

     - pasteurization;

     - kucheneruka,

     - tyndallization (fractionated pasteurization inzira yekuchengetedza chikafu chemumagaba, chinosanganisira kaviri kana katatu pasteurization nekufamba kwezuva rimwe kusvika matatu; izwi rinobva pazita remuIrish musayendisiti John Tyndall).

• Kuderera kwekuita kwemvura shanduko yekushisa kana kuwedzera kwezvinhu zvinoshandura osmotic pressure:

     - kuomesa,

     - condensation (evaporation, cryoconcentration, osmosis, dialysis, reverse osmosis);

     - kuwedzera kwe osmoactive zvinhu.

• Kushandiswa kwemagasi ekudzivirira mumakamuri ekuchengetedza (yakagadziridzwa kana kudzorwa mamiriro ekunze) kana mukutakura chikafu:

     - nitrogen,

     - carbon dioxide,

     – vacuum.

• Radiation:

     -UVC,

     - ionizing.

• Kubatana kwemagetsi, iyo inosanganisira kushandisa zvivakwa zve electromagnetic field:

     - pulsating magetsi minda,

     - magineti emagetsi minda.

• Application pressure:

     - yakakwira zvakanyanya (UHP),

     - yakakwirira (GDP).

Chemical

• Kuwedzera makemikari kune inochengetedza mhinduro:

     - kuravira,

     - kuwedzera inorganic acids;

     - kuravira,

     - kushandiswa kwemamwe makemikari anochengetedza (antiseptics, antibiotics).

• Kuwedzera makemikari kune iyo process atmosphere:

     – kusvuta.

zvipenyu

• Fermentation maitiro pasi pesimba rema microorganisms:

     - lactic acid kuvirisa;

     - vhiniga,

     - propionic (inokonzerwa nepropionic bacteria).