Music Creation. Kudzidzira - chikamu 2

Ndakanyora nezve chokwadi chekuti kugona mukuita kwekugadzira mimhanzi inhanho yekupedzisira munzira kubva pane zano remimhanzi kusvika pakuendesa kune anogamuchira mune yapfuura chinyorwa. Isu takatarisisa zvakare kudhijitari yakarekodhwa odhiyo, asi ini handisati ndakurukura kuti iyi odhiyo, inoshandurwa kuita AC voltage converters, inoshandurwa kuita bhinari fomu.

1. Ruzha rwese rwakaoma, kunyangwe mwero wepamusoro wekuomesesa, unotove nemheremhere yakawanda ye sinusoidal.

Ndakapedza chinyorwa chakapfuura nemubvunzo wekuti, zvinogoneka sei kuti mune mafungu akashata akadai (1) zvese zvemumhanzi zvakavharwa, kunyangwe isu tichitaura nezvezviridzwa zvakawanda zvinoridza polyphonic zvikamu? Heino mhinduro: iyi imhaka yekuti chero ruzha rwakaoma, kunyangwe rwakaoma kwazvo, rwuri chaizvo ine zvakawanda zviri nyore sinusoidal kurira.

Iyo sinusoidal chimiro cheaya akareruka masaisai anosiyana nenguva uye amplitude, aya masaisai anopindirana, kuwedzera, kubvisa, modulating mumwe nemumwe nekudaro kutanga kugadzira ruzha rwechiridzwa chega uye wozopedzisa misanganiswa uye kurekodha.

Zvatinoona mumufananidzo 2 mamwe maatomu, mamorekuru anoumba ruzha rwedu, asi kana iri yechiratidzo cheanalogi hapana maatomu akadaro - pane mutsara mumwechete, usina madots anomaka kuverenga kunotevera (mutsauko unogona kuoneka iyo nhamba iri sematanho, ayo akafananidzwa negraphical kuti awane inoenderana yekuona maitiro).

Nekudaro, sezvo kuridza mimhanzi yakarekodhwa kubva kuanalogi kana masosi edhijitari kunofanirwa kuitwa pachishandiswa mechanic electromagnetic transducer senge gudzanzwi kana headphone transducer, ruzhinji rwemusiyano uripo pakati peiyo analog odhiyo uye digitally processed audio blurs. Padanho rekupedzisira, i.e. pakuteerera, mimhanzi inosvika kwatiri nenzira imwecheteyo sekudengenyeka kwezvikamu zvemhepo zvinokonzerwa nekufamba kwe diaphragm mu transducer.

2. Mamorekuru anoumba nyaya yedu ine ruzha

analogi digit

Pane here misiyano inonzwika pakati peiyo analog audio (kureva yakarekodhwa analog pane analog tepi rekodha, yakasanganiswa pane analog console, yakatsikirirwa pane analog disc, inoridzwa kumashure pane analog player uye yakawedzera analog amplifier) ​​uye digital audio - yakashandurwa kubva analog kune dhijitari, yakagadziriswa uye yakasanganiswa digitaalinen uye yobva yadzoserwa kuanalog fomu, ndiyo iri pamberi peamp kana kuita mutauri pachayo?

Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kwete, kunyange dai takarekodha nziyo imwe chete nenzira mbiri tobva taridza tichidzoka, misiyano yacho yaizonzwika. Nekudaro, izvi zvichave nekuda kwechimiro chezvishandiso zvinoshandiswa mumatanho aya, maitiro avo, zvimiro, uye kazhinji zvinogumira, pane iyo chaiyo yekushandisa analogi kana yedhijitari tekinoroji.

Panguva imwecheteyo, tinofunga kuti kuunza inzwi kune fomu yedhijitari, i.e. kunyatsoita atomized, haikanganisi zvakanyanya kurekodha uye kugadzirisa maitiro pachayo, kunyanya sezvo aya masampuli anoitika kakawanda - zvirinani ne theoretically - ari kure nepamusoro pemiganho yatinonzwa, uye nekudaro uku kujeka kwezwi rakashandurwa. kune chimiro chedhijitari, hationekwe kwatiri. Zvisinei, mukuona kwokugona kutaura mashoko, zvinokosha zvikuru, uye tichazotaura nezvazvo gare gare.

Zvino ngationei kuti chiratidzo cheanalogi chinoshandurwa sei kuita dhijitari fomu, iyo zero-imwe, i.e. imwe iyo magetsi anogona kuve nematanho maviri chete: iyo yedhijitari imwe nhanho, zvinoreva voltage, uye yedhijitari zero level, i.e. makakatanwa aya anenge asipo. Zvese zviri munyika yedhijitari ingave imwe kana zero, hapana hunhu hwepakati. Ehezve, kune zvakare inodaidzwa fuzzy logic, uko kuchine nyika dzepakati pakati peiyo "pa" kana "off" inoti, asi haishande kune edhijitari odhiyo masisitimu.

3. Kudengenyeka kwezvikamu zvemhepo zvinokonzerwa neruzha rwakaiswa mukufamba chimiro chakareruka che membrane.

Shanduko Chikamu Chekutanga

Chero acoustic chiratidzo, angave mazwi, acoustic gitare kana zvigubhu, inotumirwa kumakombuta mune yedhijitari fomu, inofanira kutanga yashandurwa kuita chiratidzo chemagetsi chinochinjanisa. Izvi zvinowanzoitwa nemamaikorofoni umo kudengenyeka kwezvikamu zvemhepo zvinokonzerwa neruzha sosi kunotyaira yakareruka diaphragm chimiro (3). Iyi inogona kunge iri diaphragm inosanganisirwa mucondenser capsule, simbi foil bhendi mune ribhoni maikorofoni, kana diaphragm ine coil yakanamirwa kwairi mune ine simba maikorofoni.

Mune imwe neimwe yezviitiko izvi chiratidzo chemagetsi chisina kusimba, chinotenderedza chinooneka pakubuda kwemakrofoniiyo kusvika pamwero mukuru kana mudiki inochengetedza huwandu hwehuwandu uye nhanho inoenderana neamwechete paramita ye oscillating mweya particles. Nekudaro, iyi imhando yemagetsi analogue yayo, iyo inogona kuenderera mberi kugadziridzwa mumidziyo inogadzira inochinjana chiratidzo chemagetsi.

Chekutanga maikorofoni chiratidzo chinofanira kukwidziridzwanokuti haina kusimba kuti ishandiswe nenzira ipi zvayo. Yakajairwa maikorofoni inobuda voltage iri muhurongwa hwezviuru zvevolt, inoratidzwa mumillivolts, uye kazhinji mumamicrovolts kana mamirioni evolt. Kuenzanisa, ngatiwedzerei kuti bhatiri remhando yemunwe rinogadzira voltage ye 1,5 V, uye iyi inogara iine voltage isingaenderane nekugadzirisa, zvinoreva kuti haifambisi chero ruzivo rwezwi.

Nekudaro, DC voltage inodiwa mune chero yemagetsi sisitimu kuti ive sosi yesimba, iyo inozogadzirisa iyo AC chiratidzo. Iyo yakachena uye inoshanda zvakanyanya simba iri, zvishoma zviri pasi pemitoro yezvino nekuvhiringidzika, iyo inochenesa ichava chiratidzo che AC chinogadziriswa nemagetsi emagetsi. Ndokusaka magetsi, kureva magetsi, akakosha mune chero analog audio system.

4. Maikorofoni amplifier, inozivikanwawo sepreamplifier kana preamplifier

Maikorofoni amplifiers, anozivikanwawo sepreamplifiers kana preamplifiers, akagadzirirwa kukwidziridza chiratidzo kubva kumakrofoni (4). Basa ravo nderekukudza chiratidzo, kazhinji kunyange nemakumi akati wandei emadecibel, zvinoreva kuwedzera mwero wawo nemazana kana kupfuura. Nokudaro, pakubuda kwepreamplifier, tinowana alternating voltage zvakananga kuenzana nemhepo inopinza, asi inodarika mazana emazana, i.e. pamwero kubva kuzvikamu kusvika kumayuniti evolts. Iyi nhanho yechiratidzo yakatemwa line level uye iyi ndiyo chiyero chekushanda mumidziyo yekuteerera.

Shanduko chikamu chechipiri

Chiratidzo cheanalogi chechikamu ichi chinogona kutopfuura digitization process. Izvi zvinoitwa uchishandisa maturusi anonzi analog-to-digital converters kana transducers (5). Iyo yekutendeuka maitiro mune yekare PCM modhi, i.e. Pulse Width Modulation, parizvino inonyanya kufarirwa kugadzirisa modhi, inotsanangurwa nemaparamita maviri: sampling rate uye bit kudzika. Sezvaunofungidzira zvakakodzera, iyo yakakwirira ma parameters, zviri nani kutendeuka uye kunyatsojeka chiratidzo chinozopihwa kune komputa mune yedhijitari fomu.

5. Shanduri kana analog-to-digital converter.

General mutemo werudzi urwu rwekushandura sampling, ndiko kuti, kutora sampuli dzeanalog zvinhu uye kugadzira inomiririra yedhijitari yayo. Pano, kukosha kwepakarepo kwemagetsi muchiratidzo cheanalogi chinodudzirwa uye chiyero chayo chinomiririrwa nedhijitari mubhinari system (6).

Pano, zvisinei, zvinodikanwa kurangarira muchidimbu izvo zvekutanga zvemasvomhu, maererano neizvo chero kukosha kwenhamba kunogona kumiririrwa chero nhamba system. Munhoroondo yose yevanhu, gadziriro dzenhamba dzakasiyana-siyana dzave dzichishandiswa uye dzichiri kushandiswa. Semuyenzaniso, pfungwa dzakadai gumi nembiri (12 zvidimbu) kana peni (gumi nemaviri, 12 zvidimbu) zvinoenderana neiyo duodecimal system.

6. Voltage kukosha muchiratidzo cheanalogi uye chinomiririra chiyero chayo mumhando yedhijitari mune binary system

Kwenguva, isu tinoshandisa yakasanganiswa masisitimu - sexagesimal kwemasekondi, maminetsi nemaawa, duodecimal derivative kwemazuva nemazuva, yechinomwe sisitimu kwemazuva evhiki, quad system (yakabatanawo neduodecimal uye sexagesimal system) kwemavhiki mumwedzi, duodecimal system. kuratidza mwedzi yegore, tobva taenda kune decimal system, uko kunoonekwa makumi emakore, mazana emakore nemamireniyamu. Ini ndinofunga kuti muenzaniso wekushandisa masisitimu akasiyana kuratidza mafambiro enguva zvakanaka kwazvo unoratidza chimiro chenhamba masisitimu uye ichakubvumidza kuti unyatso kufambisa nyaya dzine chekuita nekutendeuka.

Panyaya yeanalog kusvika kushandurudzo yedhijitari, isu tichave takanyanya shandura decimal values ​​kuita binary values. Decimal nekuti kuyerwa kwemuenzaniso wega wega kunowanzo kuratidzwa mune microvolts, millivolts uye volts. Zvadaro kukosha uku kucharatidzwa mumabhinari system, i.e. kushandisa zvimedu zviviri zviri kushanda mairi - 0 uye 1, iyo inoreva nyika mbiri: hapana voltage kana kuvapo kwayo, kudzima kana kuvharika, ikozvino kana kwete, etc. Nokudaro, tinodzivisa kukanganisa, uye zviito zvose zvinova nyore zvikuru mukushandiswa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwe iyo inonzi shanduko yealgorithms yatiri kubata nayo, semuenzaniso, maererano nekubatanidza kana mamwe madhijitari processors.

Iwe uri zero; kana imwe

Nenhamba mbiri idzi, zero uye imwe, unogona kutaura nhamba yese inokoshazvisinei nehukuru hwayo. Semuenzaniso, funga nhamba yegumi. Kiyi yekunzwisisa kutendeuka kwedesimali-ku-bhinari ndeyekuti nhamba 10 mubhinari, sezvakangoita mudesimali, zvinoenderana nenzvimbo yayo mutambo yenhamba.

Kana 1 iri pamagumo etambo yebhinari, zvino 1, kana mune yechipiri kubva kumagumo - zvino 2, munzvimbo yechitatu - 4, uye panzvimbo yechina - 8 - zvose mudesimali. Muchirongwa chedesimali, imwechete 1 pamagumo ndeye 10, penultimate 100, yechitatu 1000, yechina XNUMX muenzaniso wekunzwisisa kuenzanisa.

Saka, kana tichida kumiririra gumi muchimiro chebhinari, tichada kumiririra 10 uye 1, saka sezvandataura, angave 1 pachinzvimbo chechina uye 1010 pasekondi, anova XNUMX.

Kana isu taida kushandura mavheti kubva ku1 kusvika ku10 volts pasina mafractional values, i.e. uchishandisa nhamba dzinoverengeka chete, shanduri inogona kumiririra 4-bit sequences mubhinari inokwana. 4-bit nekuti uku kushandurwa kwenhamba yebhinari kunoda kusvika manhamba mana. Mukuita zvichataridzika seizvi:

0 0000

1 0001

2 0010

3 0011

4 0100

5 0101

6 0110

7 0111

8 1000

9 1001

10 1010

Avo vanotungamira mazero enhamba 1 kusvika 7 vanongopeta tambo kusvika kumabhiti mana akazara kuitira kuti nhamba yebhinari yega yega ine sintakisi yakafanana uye inotora nzvimbo yakafanana. Muchimiro chegraphical, shandurudzo yakadaro yemanhamba kubva kudecimal system kuenda kubinary inoratidzwa muFigure 7.

7. Shandura Nhamba Dzese muDecimal System kuBinary System

Ese ari maviri epamusoro uye epasi masaisai anomiririra hunhu hwakafanana, kunze kwekuti yekutanga inonzwisisika, semuenzaniso, kune analog zvishandiso, senge linear voltage level metres, uye yechipiri yedhijitari, kusanganisira makomputa anogadzirisa data pamutauro wakadaro. Iyi yepasi waveform inoita seyachinja-kuzadza square wave, i.e. chiyero chakasiyana chemhando yepamusoro kune hushoma kukosha nekufamba kwenguva. Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvemukati zvinoisa kukosha kwebhinari yechiratidzo kuti ishandurwe, saka zita rekuti "pulse code modulation" - PCM.

Iye zvino dzokera pakushandura chiratidzo cheanalog chaiyo. Isu tinotoziva kuti inogona kutsanangurwa nemutsara unoratidza kusanja-chinja mazinga, uye hapana chinhu chakadai sekusvetuka kunomiririra kwemazinga aya. Nekudaro, kune izvo zvinodikanwa zveanalogi kuenda kushanduko yedhijitari, isu tinofanirwa kusuma maitiro akadaro kuti tikwanise kuyera mwero wechiratidzo cheanalogi nguva nenguva uye kumiririra imwe neimwe yakayerwa sample mumhando yedhijitari.

Zvaifungidzirwa kuti kuwanda uko kuyerwa uku kwaizoitwa kunofanirwa kunge kuri kupeta kaviri kuwanda kwepamusoro uko munhu anogona kunzwa, uye sezvo ingangoita 20 kHz, saka, yakanyanya kunaka. 44,1kHz inoramba iri yakakurumbira sampuli mwero. Kuverengerwa kwechiyero chesampling kwakabatana nemaitiro akaomarara emasvomhu, ayo, panguva ino yeruzivo rwedu nzira dzekushandura, hazvina musoro.

Zvimwe zviri nani here?

Zvese zvandataura pamusoro zvinogona kuratidza kuti iyo yakakwira iyo sampling frequency, i.e. kuyera mwero wechiratidzo cheanalogi panguva dzenguva dzose, iyo yakakwirira yemhando yekutendeuka, nekuti - kanenge mune intuitive pfungwa - yakanyanya kunaka. Ichokwadi here? Tichaziva nezvazvo mumwedzi.