Kuendesa Kuenzanisa - FWD, RWD, AWD

Kufambiswa kwemotokari kunosanganisira kunyanya injini uye kutapurirana. Izvo zvakasara, zvikamu zvinotora simba kubva pakufambisa uye kutumira kune mavhiri, ndizvo zvikamu zvinonyatsoona kuti motokari inobata sei mumugwagwa. Nzira dzakasiyana dzinoshanda kune nharaunda dzakasiyana, uye dzese dzinopa ruzivo rwakasiyana kumutyairi. Vagadziri uye brand-yakavimbika vanofarira vanoda kutaura nezve nhamba uye kuita, asi izvo zvakasiyana powertrain sarudzo zvinopei?

Mberi-vhiri rekutyaira

Zvinozivikanwa kuti pamberi-mavhiri motokari motokari ari paavhareji kureruka kupfuura vamwe vavo. Magadzirirwo ekufambisa anosiyawo nzvimbo yakawanda pasi pemota, paiwanzoisirwa dhiraivha, mutsauko wepakati, nezvimwewo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vagadziri vanokwanisa kugonesa kutapurirana mupasuru diki diki kune imwe magumo emota, zvichipa vafambi nzvimbo yegumbo uye. trunk nzvimbo.

Sei kushanda?

Pasina kupinda mune zvakawandisa, ese akajairwa ekufambisa zvinhu aripo mumotokari yekumberi-mavhiri, mutsauko chete uri iwo maitiro uye nzvimbo. Iwe uchawana injini, kutapurirana uye kusiyanisa kwakabatana kune yakachinjika yakakwira injini.

Injini dzakarongedzerwa kwenguva refu dzinotumira simba kumavhiri epamberi dziripo, asi hadziwanzo uye mune chero mamiriro ezvinhu dzine dhizaini yakafanana neXNUMXWD mota, zvichireva kuti simba rinowanzo kudzoserwa kune kutapurirana pasi pemotokari pakati pemutyairi nemutyairi asati afamba. . kune musiyano mudzimba imwe chete, uchitungamira kune mavhiri epamberi. Zvakafanana neSubaru's symmetrical all-wheel drive isina simba rekutamisa kubva kune driveshaft kuenda kune yekumashure axle.

Muinjini inochinjika, masilinda akarongwa kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi pane kumberi kuenda kumashure.

Kunyange gadziriro iyi ingaite seyakapokana, inotobvumira zvinhu zvakawanda zvakakosha kutora tsoka diki, ichiri kushanda seyakanyanya kuoma kufambisa nguva zhinji. Iine injini yakasimudzwa yakachinjika, kutapurirana kunogona kuwanikwa zvakanyanya padivi payo (ichiri pakati pemavhiri epamberi), kuendesa simba kumberi kusiyanisa uyezve kune maaxles. Iko kuungana kwegiya bhokisi, musiyano uye maekisi mune imwe imba inonzi gearbox.

Iyi mhando yekuisa inogona kuwanikwa kumashure kana yepakati injini mota, mutsauko chete uri iyo nzvimbo (pakumashure axle).

Ichi chakareruka uye chakareruka chishandiso chinobvumira vagadziri kuti vakwane madiki, akawanda-anoshanda mafuta enjini pasi pehodhi.

Front vhiri drive inobatsira

• Mota dzinotyaira mavhiri ekumberi dzinoita kunge dzakareruka uye dzinotakura huremu kupfuura dzemberi. Izvi zvinopa kuenzana kwakanaka kune yakavimbika traction. Inobatsirawo nebhureki.

• Kushanda kwemafuta igakava rakakosha mukufarira mota dzine rudzi urwu rwekutapurirana. Nepo kudhonza kwepamusoro kunovabvumira kushandisa mafuta zvakanyanya zvisinei nekukura kweinjini, injini diki dzinoshandisa peturu shoma, uye kureruka kunoreva kuti injini inofanirwa kudhonza zvishoma.

• Rear vhiri traction iri nani zvakanyanya kana vasiri kuendesa simba pasi. Painokona, mota inoiswa pasi pemutoro wakakura wedivi, ndosaka mavhiri ekumashure achinetsekana kuchengetedza kufamba. Kana mavhiri ekumashure akatadza kuchengetedza traction, oversteer inoitika.

  • Oversteer ndiyo iyo kumashure kwemotokari kunozununguka nekuda kwemavhiri ekumashure anorasikirwa nekudhonza, uye izvi zvinogona kuita kuti mota isadzore.

• Dhiraivha zvikamu zvinotora nzvimbo yakawanda hazvisi pasi pemotokari, zvichiita kuti muviri ugare pasi uye kupa vafambi nzvimbo yakawanda.

• Mabatiro maitiro anotarisika uye ane hukasha pane mamwe marongero ekutapurirana. Vatyairi vatsva kana vatyairi vakangwarira vanobatsirwa neizvi.

Zvakaipa zvemberi-vhiri drive

• Nekumberi-mavhiri, mavhiri epamberi anotora basa rakawanda. Ivo vane basa rekutungamira, mazhinji ebhureki uye simba rose rinoenda pasi. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko ekudhonza uye understeer.

  • Understeer (Understeer) apa mavhiri emberi anorasa kutsika kana achikona, zvoita kuti mota ibude kunze kwemiganhu.

• Mavhiri epamberi anogona kungobata imwe huwandu hwesimba remabhiza asati asisabatsiri pakukasira kukona. Nepo munhu wese achida mota dzine bump shoma, simba rakawandisa rinokonzeresa kuti mavhiri epamberi arasikirwe arasikirwe. Izvi zvinogona kuita kuti mugwagwa wakaoma wakagadzirwa uite sechando.

Kufambisa vhiri rekumberi kwakakodzera kune zvaunoda here?

• Maguta nenzvimbo dzemudhorobha dzakanakira kumberi-mavhiri. Migwagwa inowanzo chengetedzwa zvakanaka uye hakuna nzvimbo zhinji dzakavhurika dzekumhanyisa kutyaira nekukona.

• Vafambi uye vamwe vatyairi venguva refu vanozofarira kureruka kwekugadzirisa uye hupfumi hwemotokari dzemberi-mavhiri.

• Vatyairi veNovice vanofanira kutanga nemota yekumberi. Izvi zvinogona kuvabvumira kuti vadzidze kutyaira motokari iri nyore kubata uye kuvadzivisa kuita zvinhu zvakawandisa zvine ngozi zvoupenzi semadhonati nemasiraidhi emagetsi.

• Mota dzemberi dzine mavhiri arinani mumigwagwa inotsvedza kana ichienzaniswa nedzokumashure. Chero ani anogara munzvimbo ine sinou shoma kana kuti mvura zhinji inonaya achabatsirwa nemotokari yekumberi.

Rear drive

Inofarirwa yemotokari purists, rear-wheel drive ichine zvakawanda zvekupa mutyairi wemazuva ano. Parizvino, urongwa uhwu hunonyanya kushandiswa mumitambo uye motokari dzemotokari, yakashandiswa munenge motokari dzose dzakagadzirwa muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Iyo huru dhizaini ndeye intuitive dhizaini uye chaiyo yekubata maitiro ayo kumashure-vhiri dhiraivha inopa. Iyo yekumashure vhiri dhiraivha marongero inowanzoonekwa seyakajairwa mota marongero.

Sei kushanda?

Iyo yakapfava yekufambisa dhizaini, yekumashure vhiri dhiraivha inoisa injini pamberi pemota uye inoitumira kumashure kuburikidza nekutumira kune yekumashure musiyano. Kusiyana kunozotumira simba kumavhiri ekumashure. Mienzaniso yakapfava uye mabhuku anonangidzirwa kune vechidiki nevana anenge anogara achiiratidza se "mashandiro anoita muchina", uye nechikonzero chakanaka. Pamusoro pekuti kumberi-kumashure-kumashure kuyerera kwesimba kunooneka nyore kunzwisisa, kuve neaxle simba rekutonga uku mamwe madhiraivha anoita pfungwa dzakawanda.

Mune yakajairwa marongero, injini inowanikwa kureba kumberi, uye kutapurirana kunowanikwa pasi pemotokari pakati pemutyairi nemutyairi. Iyo cardan shaft inopfuura nepamugero wakavakirwa mudzimba. Motokari shoma dzemitambo, dzakadai seMercedes SLS AMG, dzine kufambisa kumashure muchimiro chebhokisi regiya rekumashure, asi urongwa uhwu hwakaoma uye hunongowanikwa pamotokari dzepamusoro-soro dzemotokari. Mota dzakagadzirwa kumashure, dzinotyaira mavhiri zvakare dzinoshandisa giya bhokisi rekumashure iro rinoisa huremu hwese pamavhiri ekudhiraivha kwepamusoro.

Kubata ndicho chinhu chakakosha kune avo vanoda rear-wheel drive. Kubata maitiro anofanotaurwa asi ane hupenyu zvakanyanya. Mota dzemavhiri ekumashure dzinogona kugadzirwa kuti dzishanduke kuita makona zviri nyore. Vamwe vanozviona sedambudziko, vamwe vanoifarira zvekuti iyo motorsport yese yakavakirwa pamusimboti uyu. Drifting ndiyo yega motorsport uko vatyairi vanotongwa pachitaera kwete kumhanya. Kunyanya, ivo vanotongwa pamusoro pekuti vanogona sei kudzora oversteer yemotokari yavo mumakona uye kuti vangasvika padyo sei kumadziro uye zvimwe zvipingamupinyi vasina kurova zvachose.

Oversteer yakafanana neespresso. Vamwe vanhu havagoni kurarama vasina iyo, nepo vamwe vachinzwa vasingachadzoreki zvachose. Uyezve, zvakawandisa zvinokupa kurwadza kwemudumbu, uye kuparara kunotevera kana iwe wakanyanyisa kunogona kuita kuti ufunge zvakare zvaunokoshesa.

Mota hombe dzemitambo dzemhando yepamusoro seBMW M5 kana Cadillac CTS-V dzinoshandisa dhiraivha rekumashure kuita kuti mota hombe dzifambe. Nepo ese-vhiri dhiraivha achishandawo kuvandudza mashandiro, inobatsirawo kune understeer kupfuura rear-wheel drive. Iri idambudziko hombe kumota dzinorema dzinoda kubata kwakapinza zvakanyanya kuti ikurumidze kukona makona pasina kunetsa kufambisa.

Rear wheel drive inobatsira

• Kunyatsobata sezvo mavhiri epamberi asingafambisi simba pasi uye anorasikirwa nekufambisa.

• Huremu hwakareruka kumberi, hwakasanganiswa nekushaikwa kwesimba kumavhiri emberi, zvinoreva kuti pane mukana mudiki weutungamiriri.

• Intuitive dhizaini inoita kuti kugadzirisa dambudziko kuve nyore. Nzvimbo yeruzha kana vibration iri nyore kuona kana iyo yese yekufambisa iri kufamba ichienda mberi nekudzoka mumutsara.

Zvakaipa zvemavhiri kumashure

• Kusafambisa zvakanaka mumigwagwa inotsvedza nekuda kwehuremu hwakadzikira pamavhiri ekutyaira. Vamwe vatyairi vanoisa mabhegi ejecha pamavhiri avo ekumashure munguva yechando kuti vaderedze gasi mileage uye kupa zvirinani kudhonza.

• Vamwe vanhu vanopokana kuti dhiri rekumashure harichashandi, vachipa kufambiswa mberi kwemavhiri ose uye kudhiraivha kumberi kunoita kuti vaite zvakafanana. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, mota dzekumashure dzinodhiraivha dzinogadzirwa kutora nostalgia. Ndizvo zvakaita Ford Mustang uye Dodge Challenger.

• Kana mota yekumashure-mavhiri ine mhenyu kumashure, ndiko kuti, ekisi isina kumira yakazvimirira, ipapo kufambisa kunogona kuve kwakaoma uye kusagadzikana.

Ko dhiraivha rekumashure rakakodzera kune zvaunoda?

• Vatyairi vanogara munzvimbo inodziya isinganaye zvakanyanya kunaya kwemvura havazosangana nezvakawanda zvezvisina kunaka zvekutyaira mavhiri kumashure.

• Avo vanoda manzwiro emutambo vanogona kuita izvi kunyange mumotokari yekumashure isiri yemutambo.

• Kushandisa mavhiri ekumashure chete, kwete mavhiri ese, kunopa hupfumi huri nani pane dhiraivha mana-mavhiri uye inopa kukurumidza kuri nani pakumhanya.

Kutyaira-mana

Four-wheel drive yanga ichiwana mukurumbira mukati memakumi maviri emakore apfuura. Pakutanga, vagadziri vaifunga kuti mavhiri ese ainyanya kufadza kune avo vaida kufamba kunze kwemugwagwa. Pane kudaro, vakaona kuti vanhu vazhinji vanofarira nzira ye200xXNUMXs mumigwagwa yakakanyiwa uye ine tsvina nekumhanya kwakanyanya. Misangano, iyo inoitika nguva zhinji kunze kwemugwagwa, yatora mavhiri mana nekukurumidza. Nekuti mujaho werally wakagadzirwa kumhanyisa mota dzaigona kutengwa nevanhuwo zvavo kubva mujenya, vagadziri vaifanira kugadzira mota dzemitambo XNUMXWD dziwanikwe kubva kufekitori kuti dzisangane nezvinodiwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kuti motokari ikwikwidze mujaho rema rally, mugadziri anofanirwa kugadzira mota dzakati kuti pagore dzevatengi. MaSedan akadai seMitsubishi Lancer neSubaru Impreza akagadzirwa muhuwandu hukuru, nepo mota dzeBoka B dzinokurumidza seFord RSXNUMX dzakagadzirwa muhuwandu hudiki.

Izvi zvanyatso kusundidzira maautomaker kuti ashandise ese-vhiri kutyaira mumotokari dzavo dzemitambo. Zvaireva zvakare kuti zvirinani, zvireruke zvese-mavhiri mavhiri masisitimu akagadzirwa kuti arambe achikwikwidza. Mazuva ano, ese-mavhiri dhiraivha chinhu chakajairwa pane zvese kubva pachiteshi ngoro kusvika kune supercars. Kunyangwe Ferrari akashandisa mana-mavhiri mumotokari mbiri dzekupedzisira.

Sei kushanda?

Mavhiri mana-mavhiri anowanzo shandiswa mumotokari dzemberi. Kunyange zvazvo Audi nePorsche vachigadzira mhando dzose-mavhiri dzisina injini yepamberi, nhamba yemotokari inoshandiswa netsanangudzo iyi ichiri duku. Mumotokari dzemberi, pane nzira mbiri dzakajairika kutyaira mavhiri mana:

Iyo sisitimu inogovera simba zvakanyanya zvakaenzana inosanganisira kuendesa simba kuburikidza nekutumira kune yepakati musiyano. Izvi zvakafanana neyekumashure vhiri dhiraivha marongero, chete ine driveshaft inomhanya kubva pakati musiyano kuenda kune musiyano wemberi ekisero. Panyaya yeNissan Skyline GT-R, mota isingawanzo kuUS, iyo base modhi yaive mota yekumashure. Iyo Audi Quattro system inoshandisawo iyi marongerwo. Kugovewa kwemagetsi pakati pemaakisi maviri kunowanzo 50/50 kana kutsigira mavhiri ekumashure kusvika 30/70.

Rudzi rwechipiri rwemavhiri ese-mavhiri magadzirirwo akafanana nemota yekumberi-mavhiri. Injini yakabatana nekutapurirana, iyo iri mudzimba imwechete seyakatarisana nekusiyanisa uye maekisi. Kubva kugungano iri kunouya imwe driveshaft inoenda kuseri diff. Honda, MINI, Volkswagen nevamwe vazhinji vanoshandisa masisitimu akafanana ane mhedzisiro yakanaka. Iyi mhando yehurongwa inowanzofarira mavhiri epamberi, ine chiyero che60/40 ichiva avhareji yemotokari dzepamusoro. Mamwe masisitimu anotumira zvishoma se10% yesimba kumavhiri ekumashure kana mavhiri epamberi asiri kutenderera. Upfumi hwemafuta hunovandudzwa nehurongwa uhu uye huremu hushoma pane imwe nzira.

Ese-vhiri rekutyaira mabhenefiti

• Kudhonza kunovandudzwa zvikuru nekutumira simba kumavhiri ose. Izvi zvinovandudza zvakanyanya kuita kunze-mumigwagwa uye mumigwagwa isina kunaka. Iyo zvakare inovandudza kukurumidza mukushanda kwepamusoro maapplication.

• Zvichida iyo inonyanya kushandura dhizaini dhizaini. Chikonzero chikuru nei XNUMXxXNUMXs ichizivikanwa nematuner uye vanofarira vhiki ndeyekuti ivo vanogona kuita akasiyana emabasa ese ari- uye kunze-nzira.

• Mamiriro ekunze haanyanyi kunetseka kana mota yako inogona kutumira simba kumavhiri ane zvakanyanya kudhonza. Sinou nemvura zviri nyore kuchovha.

Zvakashata zvemavhiri ose

• Kufambisa kuri nani mumigwagwa inotsvedza kunogona kuita kuti mutyairi awedzere kuzvivimba mukukwanisa kwake kumira kana kutendeuka, kazhinji zvichiguma netsaona.

• Upfumi hwemafuta hwakaipa pane dzimwe nzira.

• Heavy. Zvakawanda zvinoreva huremu huzhinji zvisinei kuti wakacheka sei.

• Mamwe mashoko anoreva zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kushata. Kuita kuti zvinhu zvinyanye kuoma, hapana chiyero chechokwadi chese-gumbo dhiraivha, saka zvikamu hazvigone kutsiviwa sezvazviri mumotokari dzinodhonza kumashure.

• Zvisina kujairika kubata maitiro; mugadziri mumwe nomumwe ane zvaanoda mudhipatimendi iri. Nekudaro, mamwe masisitimu eXNUMXWD ari nyore kubata, asi mamwe asingafungidzike zvakanyanya (kunyanya mushure mekugadziriswa).

Mavhiri ese anokodzera zvaunoda here?

• Chero ani anogara munzvimbo ine chando chakanyanya anofanirwa kufunga zvakakomba kuwana mota inodhiraivha mavhiri mana. Kunamira muchando kunogona kuva nengozi zvikuru mumaruwa.

• Avo vanogara munzvimbo dzinodziya, dzakaoma havadi ese-vhiri dhiraivha yekuwedzera traction, asi ini ndichiri kufarira maitiro ekuita. Kunyange zvazvo hupfumi hwemafuta huri kuipa.

• Kazhinji mavhiri mana muguta anenge asisina basa. Nekudaro, madiki XNUMXxXNUMX anogona kuve akanaka mumaguta ane chando seMontreal kana Boston.