Enzanisa otomatiki kutapurirana: kutevedzana, mbiri clutch, CVT

Automatic transmissions iri kuwana mukurumbira pakati pevaridzi vemotokari. Ndeapi marudzi makuru ekufambisa kwakadaro uye ndezvipi zvakanakira nekuipira?

IUSA inoonekwa senzvimbo yekuzvarwa kweiyo otomatiki kutapurirana. Kudzoka muna 1904, kambani yeBoston yakapa maviri-speed otomatiki. Kushanda kwemuchina uyu kwaive, kunobvumwa, kusavimbika, asi pfungwa yakawana ivhu rakaorera uye mhando dzakasiyana dzemagadzirirwo ane automatic gear shifting akatanga kuoneka muUnited States.

Nekudaro, yekutanga otomatiki kutapurirana, yakafanana mukugadzira uye kushanda kune yemazuva ano kutumira, yakaonekwa chete Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri isati yasvika. Yakanga iri Hydra-Matic kutapurirana yakagadzirwa naGeneral Motors.

KUSVIRA

Hydraulic hutachiwana

Pakati pe otomatiki transmissions, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa (kusvika parizvino) ndeye hydraulic transmissions. Iyi inzira yakaoma iyo inowanzo sanganisira torque inoshandura gungano kana torque inoshandura ine akawanda mapuraneti magiya.

Magiya ari mumagiya epuraneti akabatana kana kukiyiwa neakakodzera friction clutches uye multi-disc (multi-disc) kana bhendi mabhureki. Muchiitiko ichi, chinhu chinosungirwa cheiyo hydraulic transmission imafuta, ayo akadururwa zvachose mubhokisi regiya.

Kuchinjisa giya kunoitwa nekuvharira akasiyana magiya ezuva anodyidzana nemavhiri emahara, disc clutches (kazhinji multi-disc), mabhendi mabhureki uye zvimwe zvinokwesha zvinhu zvinotyairwa nehydraulic drives.

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Magadzirirwo ekugadzirwa kweiyo hydraulic transmissions ndeye hydroelectric transmissions (ine, semuenzaniso, basa rekuwedzera giya reshiyo, iyo inonzi kickdown) uye nemagetsi inodzorwa kutumira. Muchiitiko ichi, bhokisi regiya rinogona kuva nemaitiro akawanda ekushanda, semuenzaniso, mutambo kana nyaradzo.

Zvakare yakawedzera nhamba yegiya reshiyo. Iwo ekutanga hydraulic muchina aive neatatu giya reshiyo. Parizvino, magiya mashanu kana matanhatu akajairwa, asi pane atove madhizaini ane mapfumbamwe.

Yakakosha mhando yeotomatiki kutapurirana ndiyo inoteedzana kutapurirana (inozivikanwawo semi-otomatiki kutapurirana). Murudzi urwu rwemashini, magiya anogona kuchinjika uchishandisa lever inongoenda kumberi kana kumashure uye inochinjika kumusoro kana kudzika giya rimwe, kana kushandisa mapaddles ari pachidhiraivho.

Iyi mhinduro inogoneka nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemagetsi microprocessor inodzora kushanda kwegiya bhokisi. Sequential gearboxes anowanzo shandiswa muFormula 1 mota, uye anowanikwa mumotokari dzekugadzira, kusanganisira Audi, BMW, Ferrari.  

Sekutaura kwenyanzvi

Vitold Rogovsky, ProfiAuto network:

-Mukana we hydraulic otomatiki transmissions, pamusoro pezvose, kutyaira kunyaradza, i.e. hapana chikonzero chekuchinja magiya nemaoko. Mukuwedzera, rudzi urwu rwekufambisa runodzivirira injini kubva pakuremerwa, hongu, kunze kwekuti kutumira kunoshandiswa nemazvo. Bhokisi regiya rinogadzirisa kumhanyisa injini uye inosarudza giya rakakodzera. Nekudaro, iyo huru drawback yemuchina wayo ndeyekunyanya kushandiswa kwemafuta. Kutumira otomatiki kwakakura uye kunorema, saka ivo vanonyanya kukodzera injini hombe dzine simba, dzavanoshanda nadzo zvakanyanya. Kumwe kusarudzika kweaya kutapurirana inyaya yekuti kopi yakashandiswa inogona kuwanikwa pamusika wechipiri.

Inoramba ichichinja Gearboxes

Iyo inoramba ichichinjika kutapurirana imhando yeotomatiki kutapurirana, asi ine yakasarudzika mudziyo. Pane mhinduro mbiri - iyo yechinyakare giya bhokisi repasi uye ikozvino yakajairika CVT (Inoenderera Variable Transmission) gearbox.

Muchiitiko chekutanga, giya repuraneti rinoita basa rekuchinja giya. Iyo yakagadzirwa inoyeuchidza solar system mune miniature. Kuti usarudze magiya, inoshandisa seti yegiya, iyo yakakura kwazvo ine mukati meshing (iyo inonzi ring giya). Kune rimwe divi, kune yepakati (inonzi zuva) vhiri mukati, yakabatana kune huru shaft yegiya bhokisi, uye mamwe magiya (kureva satellite) akaitenderedza. Magiya anochinjirwa nekuvharira uye nekuita zvinhu zvega zvepanyika giya.

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CVT, kune rumwe rutivi, iCVT inoramba ichichinja-chinja. Iine seti mbiri dzemavhiri mavhiri akabatana kune mumwe nemumwe neV-bhandi kana multi-disc chain. Zvichienderana nekumhanya kwejini, makoni anoswedera kune mumwe nemumwe, i.e. iyo dhayamita iyo bhandi rinomhanya nayo inogadziriswa. Izvi zvinoshandura chiyero chegiya.

Sekutaura kwenyanzvi

Vitold Rogovsky, ProfiAuto network:

- MaCVT, nekuda kwehukuru hwawo hudiki uye huremu hwakaderera, anoshandiswa mumotokari dzemudhorobha uye dzemuguta dzine injini diki. Kubatsira kweaya kutapurirana ndeyekuti ivo havana kuchengetedza. Kunyange kuchinja kwemafuta hakukurudzirwi uye vanogona kumira mileage yakafanana nejini. Mukuwedzera, nguva yekuchinja kwegiya inenge isingaoneki. Iwo haana kudhura se hydraulic mabhokisi uye haawedzere zvakanyanya kumutengo wemotokari. Kune rumwe rutivi, chikuru chinokanganisa ndiko kunonoka kukuru mukuita kwekutsikirira gasi pedal, i.e. kupera simba. Inobatanidzwawo nekuwedzera kushandiswa kwemafuta. CVT transmissions haina kukodzera turbo injini.

Pamabatiro maviri

Iyo mbiri mbiri clutch kuendesa kwave kuita basa kubva mairi kwemakore akati wandei ikozvino. Bhokisi regiya rakadaro rakatanga kuoneka pamusika pakutanga kwezana rino mumotokari dzeVolkswagen, kunyangwe yaive yakambowanikwa mumotokari dzerally nePorsche racing modhi. Iri ndiro DSG (Direct Shift Gearbox) gearbox. Parizvino, vagadziri vakawanda vatova nemabhokisi akadaro, kusanganisira. mumotokari dzeVolkswagen Group pamwe neBMW kana Mercedes AMG kana Renault (e.g. Megane uye Scenic).

The hunyambiri clutch hutachiwana ari mubatanidzwa Chinyorwa uye otomatiki hutachiwana. Iyo gearbox inogona kushanda mune zvese zvizere otomatiki modhi uye ine manual gearshift basa.

Chinonyanya kukosha chekugadzira chimiro chekufambisa uku zvikwata zviviri, i.e. clutch discs, inogona kuoma (injini dzisina simba) kana kunyorova, ichishanda mubhati remafuta (injini dzine simba). Imwe clutch ine basa rezvisinganzwisisike magiya uye reverse giya, imwe clutch ine basa kune chero magiya. Nechikonzero ichi, tinogona kutaura nezve maviri anoenderana magiya mabhokisi akavharirwa mune imwe imba.

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Kuwedzera kune maviri maclutch, kune zvakare maviri clutch shafts uye maviri makuru shafts. Kutenda kune iyi dhizaini, iyo inotevera yepamusoro giya ichiri kugadzirira kubatanidzwa nekukasira. Semuenzaniso, motokari iri kushanda mugiya rechitatu, uye yechina yakatosarudzwa asi haisati yashanda. Kana iyo torque yakanakira yekuchinja yasvika, iyo isinganzwisisike clutch yechitatu giya inovhura uye kunyange clutch inovhara yechina giya, saka dhiraivha ekisi mavhiri anoramba achigamuchira torque kubva muinjini. Kuchinja kunotora anenge mazana mana esekondi, iri pasi pekubwaira kweziso.

Anenge ese maviri maviri clutch transmissions akashongedzerwa nekuwedzera maitiro ekushandisa akadai se "Sport".

Sekutaura kwenyanzvi

Vitold Rogovsky, ProfiAuto network:

- Hapana kukanganiswa torque mune mbiri clutch kutapurirana. Nekuda kweizvi, mota ine kukurumidza kwakanaka kwazvo. Mukuwedzera, injini inoshanda mune yakakwana torque renji. Mukuwedzera, pane imwe mukana - kushandiswa kwemafuta mune dzakawanda zviitiko zvakaderera pane munyaya yekufambisa kwemanyore. Chekupedzisira, maviri maviri clutch gearbox akasimba kwazvo. Kana mushandisi akatevera kuchinja kwemafuta ega ega 60 zviuru zvemakiromita, haaparadzike. Zvisinei, mumusika wechipiri kune motokari umo mita yakashanduka uye munyaya iyi zvakaoma kuchengetedza hupenyu hwebasa hwekufambisa kwakadaro. Imwe nzira kana imwe, iwe unogona zvakare kusangana nemotokari umo macheki aya asina kuitwa uye giya bhokisi rinongosakara. Kukuvadza kune maviri-mass flywheel zvakare kunoisa njodzi kune aya kutapurirana, nekuti ipapo kudzvinyirirwa kusingadiwe kunoendeswa kune gearbox michina. Izvo zvisingabatsiri zvehuviri clutch transmissions zvakare mutengo wavo wakakwira. 

Wojciech Frölichowski