Kemikari yekare mumavara matsva
Pakupera kwaGunyana 2020, yekutanga yeblue ammonia (1) yepasi rose yakatumirwa kubva kuSaudi Arabia kuenda kuJapan, iyo, maererano nemishumo yevatori venhau, yaizoshandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvemagetsi kugadzira magetsi pasina kabhoni dhayokisaidhi. Kune vasina kuziva, izvi zvingaita sezvisinganzwisisike. Pane mafuta matsva echishamiso here?
Saudi Aramco, kuseri kwekutakura, yakagadzirwa mafuta ne hydrocarbon kutendeuka (kureva petroleum-yakatorwa zvigadzirwa) kune hydrogen uye wozoshandura chigadzirwa kuita ammonia, kutora iyo kabhoni dhaidhirodhi ne-chigadzirwa. Nokudaro, ammonia inochengetedza hydrogen, iyo inonziwo "blue" hydrogen, kusiyana ne "green" hydrogen, iyo inobva kune zvinogadziriswa panzvimbo pemafuta. Inogona zvakare kupiswa sehuni mumagetsi emagetsi ekupisa, zvakakosha pasina kabhoni dhaibhoni.
Sei zviri nani kuchengeta inotakura hydrogen yakasungwa muammonia kupfuura hydrogen yakachena chete? "ammonia iri nyore kuita liquefy - inodzika paminus 33 degrees Celsius - uye ine 1,7 times more hydrogen per cubic meter pane liquefied hydrogen," maererano neongororo yakaitwa nebhangi rekudyara HSBC inotsigira tekinoroji nyowani.
Saudi arabia, mutengesi mukuru weoiri pasi rose, ari kusima mari muruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kuti abvise haidhirojeni mumafuta ezvicherwa uye kushandura chigadzirwa chacho kuita ammonia. Kambani yeAmerica Air Products & Chemicals Inc. muzhizha yakasaina chibvumirano nekambani yeSaudi ACWA Power International uye masangano anotarisira kuvaka remangwana remangwana reNeom (2), iro umambo hunoda kuvaka pamhenderekedzo yeGungwa Dzvuku. Pasi pechibvumirano ichi, chirimwa cheammonia chinosvika mabhiriyoni mashanu emadhora chichavakwa pachishandiswa hydrogen inofambiswa nemagetsi emagetsi.
2. Imwe yezviono zveguta reSaudi remangwana reNeom.
Hydrogen inozivikanwa sehuni yakachena iyo, kana yapiswa, haibudisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwemhute yemvura. Inowanzo kuratidzwa sechitubu chikuru chegirinhi simba. Zvisinei, chokwadi chacho chakanyanya kuoma. Huwandu hwehutsi hwehaidhirojeni hwakachena sehuturu inoshandiswa kuigadzira. Tichifunga nezvehuwandu hwekuburitsa chiyero, mhando dzegasi segirinhi hydrogen, bhuruu hydrogen uye grey hydrogen anoburitswa. Green hydrogen inogadzirwa uchishandisa chete anovandudzwa uye asina kabhoni-isina simba masosi. Grey hydrogen, iyo inonyanya kufarirwa fomu yehydrogen muhupfumi, inogadzirwa kubva kumafuta emafuta, zvichireva kuti yakaderera-kabhoni hydrogen emissions inonyanya kuderedzwa nemaitiro ekugadzira. Blue hydrogen izita rinopihwa haidrojeni rinobva mugasi rechisikigo chete, iro rine kabhoni dhayokisaidhi yakaderera uye rakachena kupfuura peturu zhinji.
Ammonia ikemikari yemakemikari ine matatu ehydrogen mamorekuru uye imwe nitrogen molecule. Mupfungwa iyi, "inochengeta" haidrojeni uye inogona kushandiswa sechikafu chekugadzirwa kwe "sustainable hydrogen". Ammonia pachayo, sehydrogen, haibudisi kabhoni dhayokisaidhi kana yapiswa pachirimwa chemagetsi chinopisa. Ruvara rwebhuruu muzita rinoreva kuti inogadzirwa uchishandisa gasi rechisikigo (uye mune dzimwe nguva, marasha). Iyo inoonekwa seyakasvibirira fomu yekugadzira simba zvakare nekuda kwekugona kutora uye sequester kabhoni dhaidhi (CCS) panguva yekutendeuka maitiro. Zvirinani ndizvo zvinovimbiswa nekambani Aramco, iyo inogadzira zvakadaro.
Kubva pabhuruu kusvika pagirini
Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti nzira inotsanangurwa pamusoro apa ingori danho rekuchinja, uye chinangwa ndechekuwana kugadzirwa kwakanaka kwegirinhi ammonia. Zvechokwadi, iyi haizosiyana mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari, sezvo bhuruu haina kusiyana nemakemikari emakemikari kubva kune imwe ammonia. Iyo poindi ndeyekungoti maitiro ekugadzira egirinhi vhezheni achaita zvachose emission-isina uye hazvizove nechekuita nemafuta efossil. Izvi zvinogona kuva, semuenzaniso, chirimwa chekugadzirwa kwehydrogen inovandudzwa, iyo inozoshandurwa kuita ammonia kuitira kuchengetedza nyore uye kutakura.
Muna Zvita 2018, chirevo chakaburitswa neBritish Energy Transition Commission, "mubatanidzwa wevatungamiriri vebhizinesi, vezvemari neveveruzhinji kubva kumaindasitiri anogadzira nekushandisa simba." Mission Possible. Sekureva kwevanyori, iyo yakazara decarbonization yeammonia ne2050 inogoneka uye mune zvehupfumi, asi bhuruu ammonia haizove nebasa mumakumi mashoma emakore. Huchapedzisira hwatonga green ammonia. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nemutengo wepamusoro wekutora yekupedzisira 10-20% yeCO, mushumo unoti.2 mukugadzira. Zvakadaro, vamwe vatauri vakaratidza kuti fungidziro idzi dzinobva pamamiriro ehunyanzvi. Zvichakadaro, kutsvagisa nzira nyowani dzekubatanidza ammonia kunoenderera.
Somuenzaniso Matteo Masanti, injinjini kuCasale SA (nhengo yeAmmonia Energy Association), yakapa nzira ichangoburwa ye "kushandura gasi rechisikigo kuita ammonia kuderedza kuburitswa kweCOXNUMX".2 kumhepo inosvika 80% maererano neakanakisa matekinoroji aripo". Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, anofunga kutsiva iyo CDR (carbon dioxide kubviswa) unit inoshandiswa kutora kabhoni dhaidhiyo kubva kune emhepo magasi mushure mekupiswa ne "pre-burn decarburization strategy".
Kune dzimwe pfungwa itsva dzakawanda. Kambani yeAmerica Monolith Materials inokurudzira "maitiro matsva emagetsi ekushandura gasi rechisikigo kuva kabhoni nenzira yesoti uye hydrogen nepamusoro-soro." Marasha haasi marara pano, asi chinhu chinogona kutora chimiro chechinhu chakakosha chekutengesa. Iyo kambani inoda kuchengetedza hydrogen kwete chete mumhando yeammonia, asiwo, semuenzaniso, mu methanol. Kune zvakare eSMR, nzira yakagadziriswa naHaldor Topsoe anobva kuDenmark zvichibva pa kushandiswa kwemagetsi anogadzirwa kubva kune anogona kuvandudzwa sechimwezve chitubu chekupisa padanho rekugadzirisa mhepo yemethane mukugadzirwa kwehydrogen pachirimwa cheammonia. Kuderedzwa kweCO emissions kunofungidzirwa2 yekugadzira ammonia inenge 30%.
Sezvaunoziva, yedu Orlen iri kuitawo mukugadzirwa kwehydrogen. Akataura nezve kugadzirwa kwegirinhi ammonia senzvimbo yekuchengetedza simba kuPolish Chemical Congress munaGunyana 2020, i.e. mazuva mashoma kusati kwasimuka chifambiso chambotaurwa kuenda kuJapan, Jacek Mendelewski, nhengo yebhodhi yeAnwil kubva kuboka rePKN Orlen. Kutaura zvazviri, zvichida kwaiva ammonia yebhuruumaererano nechikamu chiri pamusoro apa. Hazvisi pachena kubva muchirevo ichi kuti chigadzirwa ichi chakatogadzirwa neAnwil, asi zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti kune zvirongwa muPoland yekubudisa zvishoma blue ammonia.
