Nyaya pamusoro pechinhu

Somwana, ndainakidzwa nenyaya yacho, zvichida inozivikanwa nevaverengi vakawanda, nezve "soup pambambo." Mbuya vangu (zana ramakore rechiXNUMX rekuzvarwa) vakandiudza izvi muvhezheni "The Cossack akauya akakumbira mvura, nekuti ane chipikiri uye achabika muto pairi." Mukadzi aifarira kuziva akamupa hari yemvura ... uye tinoziva zvakazoitika: "soup inofanira kuva munyu, daitye, mbuya, munyu", ipapo akasuka nyama "kunatsiridza" uye zvichingodaro. Pakupedzisira, akarasa mbambo "yakabikwa".

Saka chinyorwa ichi chaifanira kunge chiri pamusoro pekusava nenzvimbo - uye izvi ndezvekumhara kweEuropean apparatus pacomet 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko musi waNovember 12, 2014. Asi pakunyora, ndakakundwa netsika refu, Ndichiri nyanzvi yemasvomhu. Zvakaita sei nazvo Kudaс Zero masvomhu?

Sei Hapana zviripo?

Hazvigoni kutaurwa kuti Hapana chiripo. Iripo ingangoita sehuzivi, yemasvomhu, yechitendero uye yakazara colloquial pfungwa. Zero inhamba yakajairika, zero madhigirii pane thermometer zvakare tembiricha, uye zero chiyero mubhangi chinhu chisingafadzi asi chinowanzoitika. Ziva kuti hapana zero gore mukuverenga nguva, uye izvi imhaka yekuti zero yakaunzwa mumasvomhu chete mukupera kweMiddle Ages, mushure menguva yakatsanangurwa nemumongi Dionysius (zana ramakore rechiXNUMX).

Sezvineiwo, isu taigona chaizvo kuita pasina iyi zero uye, nekudaro, pasina nhamba dzisina kunaka. Mune rimwe remabhuku ezvidzidzo zvepfungwa, ndakawana chiitwa: dhirowa kana taura kuti unofungidzira sei kusavapo kwehove. Zvinoshamisa, handizvo here? Pane munhu anogona kudhirowa hove, asi kwete imwe chete?

Zvino muchidimbu basic mathematics kosi. Kupa mukana wekuvapo kune isina chinhu seti yakanyorwa nedenderedzwa rakachinjika ∅ inzira inodiwa inofanana nekuwedzera zero kune seti yenhamba. Iyo isina chinhu seti ndiyo yega seti isina chero zvinhu. Kuunganidzwa kwakadaro:

Asi hapana maviri akasiyana maseti asina chinhu. Iyo isina chinhu seti inosanganisirwa mune yese seti:

Chokwadi, mitemo yemasvomhu inotaura kuti seti A iri museti B kana uye chete kana mutsara:

zvinosanganisira

Panyaya yeisina chinhu seti ∅, chirevo chinogara chiri chenhema, uye nekudaro, zvinoenderana nemitemo yepfungwa, zvinorehwa zvacho ndezvechokwadi. Zvese zvinobva mumanyepo ("pano ini ndichakura cactus kana iwe ukaenda kune inotevera kirasi ..."). Saka, sezvo iyo isina chinhu seti iri mune imwe neimwe yemamwe, saka dai aive maviri akasiyana, imwe neimwe yaizove iri mune imwe. Nekudaro, kana maviri seti ari mukati memumwe, iwo akaenzana. Ndokusaka: pane imwe chete isina seti!

Iyo chirevo chekuvapo kweiyo isina chinhu seti haipokane chero mitemo yemasvomhu, saka wadii kuiunza kuhupenyu? Nheyo yehuzivi inonziReza raOccam»Murairo wekubvisa pfungwa dzisina basa, asi zvakanaka pfungwa yekuseti isina chinhu inobatsira zvikuru mumasvomhu. Ziva kuti iyo isina chinhu seti ine dimension ye -1 (minus one) - zero-dimensional zvinhu mapoinzi uye yavo sparse masisitimu, one-dimensional zvinhu mitsara, uye takataura nezve masvomhu akaoma kwazvo ane fractal dimension muchitsauko che fractals. .

Zvinonakidza kuti chivakwa chese chesvomhu: nhamba, nhamba, mabasa, vashandi, zvibatanidzwa, kusiyana, equations ... inogona kutorwa kubva kune imwe pfungwa - isina chinhu seti! Zvakakwana kufunga kuti pane seti isina chinhu, izvo zvichangobva kugadzirwa zvinhu zvinogona kusanganiswa mumaseti kuti zvikwanise. gadzira masvomhu ese. Aya ndiwo magadzirirwo akaitwa manhamba echiGerman Gottlob Frege iwo manhamba chaiwo. Zero ikirasi yemaseti ayo maelementi ayo ari muwirirano yekunyorerana nezvinhu zveisina chinhu seti. Imwe ikirasi yemaseti ayo maelementi ayo ari muwirirano nezvikamu zveseti ine chinhu chimwe chete chiri chisina chinhu. Vaviri ikirasi yemaseti ayo maelementi ayo ari one-kune-imwe ane maelementi eiyo seti inoumbwa isina chinhu seti uye seti iyo chete chinhu chiri chisina chinhu seti ... zvichingodaro. Pakutanga kuona, ichi chinoratidzika sechinhu chakaoma zvikuru, asi chaizvoizvo hachisi.

Bhuruu rakapararira pamusoro pangu

ainhuwirira heather uye ainhuwirira mint...

Wojciech Mlynarski, Harvest Girl

Zvakaoma kufungidzira

Hapana chinhu chakaoma kufungidzira. Munyaya yaStanisław Lem "Machengeterwo Akaitwa Nyika", mugadziri Trurl akavaka muchina waizoita zvese kutanga netsamba. Klapaucius paakaraira kuti ivakwe Nikodhimo, muchina wacho wakatanga kubvisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kubva munyika - nechinangwa chekupedzisira chekubvisa zvose. Panguva iyo Klapaucius aitya paakamisa mota, zvikepe, yews, kurembera, hacks, rhymes, whisks, poufs, grinders, skewers, philidrons uye frosts zvakange zvanyangarika kubva munyika zvachose. Uye zvechokwadi, ivo vakanyangarika zvachose ...

Józef Tischner akanyora zvakanaka kwazvo nezvekusava nechinhu muHistory of Mountain Philosophy. Munguva yezororo rangu rekupedzisira, ndakasarudza kusangana nekusava nechinhu uku, ndiko kuti, ndakaenda kune peat bogs pakati peNowy Targ neJabłonka muPodhale. Nzvimbo iyi inotonzi Pustachia. Iwe unoenda, unoenda, asi mugwagwa haudzike - hongu, pane yedu yakadzikama, yechiPolish. Rimwe zuva ndakakwira bhazi muruwa rweCanada rweSaskatchewan. Kunze kwaive nemunda wechibage. Ndakarara kwehafu yeawa. Pandakapepuka, takanga tichityaira tichipfuura nemumunda wechibage mumwe chete ... Asi chimbomira, ichi chisina chinhu? Mupfungwa yakati, kusavapo kwechinjo kunongova kusina maturo.

Isu takajaira kuvapo nguva dzose kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakatipoteredza, uye kubva Chimwe chinhu haugone kutiza kunyange wakavhara maziso. "Ndinofunga, saka ndiri," akadaro Descartes. Kana ini ndatofunga chimwe chinhu, saka ndiripo, zvinoreva kuti pane chimwe chinhu munyika (kureva, ini). Zvandaifunga zviriko here? Izvi zvinogona kukurukurwa, asi mune zvemazuva ano quantum mechanics, iyo Heisenberg musimboti unozivikanwa: kutarisa kwega kwega kunokanganisa mamiriro echinhu chakaonekwa. Kusvikira tazviona Nikodhimo hachipo, uye patinotanga kutarisa, chinhu chacho chinorega kuva Kuda uye zvinova Chimwe chinhu. Zvave kuita zvisina musoro anthropic musimboti: Hapana chikonzero chekubvunza kuti nyika ingadai yakaita sei dai tisipo. Nyika ndiyo inoita setiri. Zvichida zvimwe zvisikwa zvichaona Pasi semakona?

A positron (akadaro erekitironi positive) igomba munzvimbo, "hapana elekitironi." Mukati mekuparadzwa, erekitironi inosvetukira mugomba iri uye "hapana chinoitika" - hapana gomba, hapana erekitironi. Ndichasvetuka majee akawanda pamusoro pemakomba muSwiss cheese ("zvandine zvakawanda, zvishoma ipapo ..."). Muimbi ane mukurumbira John Cage akanga atoshandisa pfungwa dzake kusvika pakuti akanyora (?) kamumhanzi (?) umo orchestra inogara isingapfakanyiki kwemaminetsi mana masekonzi 4 uye, chokwadika, hairidza chero chinhu. "Maminetsi mana nemasekonzi makumi matatu nematatu mazana maviri nemakumi manomwe nenhatu, 33, uye minus 273 madhigirii ndeye zero zvachose, apo kufamba kwese kunomira," munyori (?) akatsanangura.

Sefa kuna zero, hapana, nick, nick, hapana, zero!

Jerzy mufirimu raAndrzej Wajda Over the Years,

mazuva anofamba"

Zvakadini nomunhu wose?

Vanhu vazhinji (kubva kuvarimi vari nyore kusvika kune vazivi vakakurumbira) vakashamisika pamusoro pechiitiko chekuvapo. Mumasvomhu, mamiriro acho ari nyore: pane chimwe chinhu chinowirirana.

Akanyangarika muminda yepedyo

Mumaruva echibage, masora nemiromo yeshumba ...

Zvakanaka, zvinhu zvakadai zvinoitika

Kunyanya mukukohwa, uye panguva yekukohwa

kunyanya…

Wojciech Mlynarski, Harvest Girl

Zvese zviri pane imwe yakanyanyisa yeNothing. Mumasvomhu, tinoziva izvozvo Zvose hazvipo. Murangariro usina kururama zvikuru wokuti kuvapo kwake kwaizova kusina gakava. Izvi zvinogona kunzwisiswa nemuenzaniso wekare gangaidzo: "Kana Mwari ari wemasimba ose, saka gadzira ibwe kuti utore?" Humbowo hwemasvomhu hwekuti hapagone kuve neseti dzeseti dzese hunobva pane theorem muimbi-Bershtein, iyo inoti "nhamba isingaperi" (masvomhu: cardinal nhamba) seti yenhengo dzese dzeseti yakapihwa yakakura kudarika nhamba yezvikamu zveseti iyi.

Kana seti iine maelementi, saka ine 2ⁿ subsets; semuenzaniso, apo = 3 uye iyo seti ine {1, 2, 3} zvino zvinotevera subsets iripo:

• zvitatu-zviviri seti: imwe neimwe yadzo inoshaya imwe yenhamba 1, 2, 3,
• imwe seti isina chinhu,
• matatu-chimwe chinhu seti,
• seti yese {1,2,3}

- masere chete, 2³Uye vaverengi vachangopedza chikoro, ndinoda kuyeuka fomura inoenderana:

Imwe neimwe yezviratidzo zveNewton mufomura iyi inotara nhamba yek-element seti mu -element set.

Mumasvomhu, mabhinomial coefficients anoonekwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda, senge mune anonakidza mafomula ekuderedza kuwanda:

uye kubva pachimiro chavo chaicho, kudyidzana kwavo kunonakidza zvakanyanya.

Zvakaoma kunzwisisa kuti chii - sekufunga uye masvomhu - chii, uye chii Zvese zvisiri. Nharo dzekusavapo Zvakangofanana nedzaWinnie the Pooh, uyo akabvunza muenzi wake, Tiger, neruremekedzo, kuti Tiger anofarira huchi here, minzwa nerukato zvachose? "Tigers vanoda zvinhu zvose," akapindura kubva uyo Kubus akagumisa kuti kana vachida zvose, saka vanodawo kurara pasi, saka, iye, Vinnie, anogona kudzokera kunorara.

Imwe nharo Russell gangaidzo. Kune mugeri mutown anogera varume vese vasingagedzi vega. Anozviveura here? Mhinduro dzese dziri mbiri dzinopokana nemamiriro akaiswa kuti vauraye avo, uye avo chete, vasingazviiti ivo pachavo.

Kutsvaga muunganidzwa wezvese zvakaunganidzwa

Mukupedzisa, ini ndichapa hungwaru, asi humbowo hwemasvomhu hunoratidza kuti hapana seti yeese seti (kwete yekuvhiringwa nayo).

Chekutanga, isu ticharatidza kuti kune chero isina-isina seti X, hazvigoneke kuwana basa rakasiyana rakasiyana rinoratidza seti iyi kune seti yezvikamu zvayo P(X). Saka ngatifungei kuti basa iri ririko. Ngatizviratidze netsika f. Chii chinonzi f kubva kux? Uyu muunganidzwa. xf ndeye x? Izvi hazvizivikanwe. Iwe unofanirwa kana kuti haufanire. Asi kune vamwe x inofanira kuramba yakadaro zvekuti haisi yef ye x. Zvakanaka, zvino funga nezveseti yevose x iyo x isiri yake f(x). Ratidza (seti iyi) naA. Inofambirana nechimwe chikamu a cheiyo X. A ndeyaA here? Ngatimboti unofanira. Asi A isethi ine zviya zvikamu zve x izvo zvisiri zve f(x) ... Zvakanaka, pamwe haisi yaA? Asi iyo seti A ine zvinhu zvese zvepfuma iyi, uye saka zvakare A. Kupera kwehumbowo.

Naizvozvo, dai pakanga paine seti yeese seti, iyo pachayo ingadai iri subset pachayo, izvo zvisingabviri maererano nekufunga kwakapfuura.

Phew, handifunge kuti vaverengi vazhinji vaona humbowo uhu. Asi, ndakazviunza kuti ndiratidze izvo nyanzvi dzemasvomhu dzaifanira kuita pakupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe, apo vakatanga kudzidza hwaro hwesainzi yavo. Zvakazoitika kuti matambudziko airara pasina aitarisira. Uyezve, kune ese masvomhu, izvi kufunga nezve mabhesi hazvina basa: zvisinei kuti chii chinoitika mumakamuri epasi - chivakwa chose chesvomhu chinomira padombo rakasimba.

Zvichakadaro, pamusoro ...

Tinocherechedza humwe hutsika kubva munyaya dzeStanislav Lem. Mune rumwe rwenzendo dzake, Iyon Tichi akasvika pasi rine vagari vemo, pashure pemhindumupindu refu, pakupedzisira vakasvika padanho rakakwirira zvikuru rebudiriro. Vese vakasimba, vanogona kuita chero chinhu, vane zvese pamunwe wavo… uye hapana chavanoita. Vanorara pajecha ndokuridira pakati peminwe yavo. "Kana zvese zvichibvira, hazvina kukosha," vanotsanangura kuIjon yakakatyamadzwa. Dai izvi zvikasaitika kubudiriro yedu yeEurope...