Elemental aristocracy

Mutsara wega wega wetafura yeperiodic unopera kumagumo. Anopfuura zvishoma makore zana apfuura, kuvapo kwavo kwakanga kusingatombofungidzirwi. Ipapo vakashamisa nyika nemaitiro avo emakemikari, kana kuti kusavapo kwavo. Kunyange gare gare zvakava muuyo une mufungo wemitemo yechisiko. magasi akanaka.

Nokufamba kwenguva, "vakapinda muchiito", uye muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rapfuura vakatanga kubatanidzwa nezvinhu zvisinganyanyi kukosha. Ngatitangei nyaya yekutanga nzanga yepamusoro seizvi:

Nguva refu yapfuura…

… Paiva nashe.

Ishe Henry Cavendish (1731-1810) mune yekare sketch.

Henry Cavendish akanga ari wevakuru vakuru veBritain, asi aifarira kudzidza zvakavanzika zvechisiko. Muna 1766, akawana hydrogen, uye makore gumi nemapfumbamwe gare gare akaita ongororo umo akakwanisa kuwana chimwe chinhu. Aida kuona kana mhepo ine zvimwe zvikamu kunze kweokisijeni nenitrogen yagara ichizivikanwa. Akazadza chubhu yegirazi yakakombama nemhepo, akanyudza migumo yaro mumidziyo yemekiri ndokupfuudza zvinoyerera zvemagetsi pakati pazvo. Mhepo idzi dzakakonzera kuti nitrogen isanganise neoxygen, uye maasidhi akabuda akatorwa nealkali solution. Mukusavapo kweokisijeni, Cavendish akaidyisa muchubhu uye akaenderera mberi nekuedza kusvikira nitrogen yose yabviswa. Kuedza kwakatora mavhiki akati wandei, panguva iyo huwandu hwegasi mupombi hwaigara huchiderera. Apo nitrogen yapera, Cavendish akabvisa oxygen ndokuona kuti bubble richiripo, raakafungidzira kuti ndiro. ¹/₁₂₀ mhepo yekutanga. Ishe havana kubvunza nezvemhando yezvisaririra, vachifunga mhedzisiro yacho kuve kukanganisa kwechiitiko. Nhasi tinoziva kuti akanga ari pedyo zvikuru nekuvhura argon, asi zvakatora makore anopfuura zana kuti kuedza kwacho kupere.

chakavanzika chezuva

Kuora kwezuva kwagara kuchikwezva pfungwa dzevanhuwo zvavo uye masayendisiti. Musi waNyamavhuvhu 18, 1868, vazivi venyeredzi vaiona chiitiko ichi vakatanga kushandisa spectroscope (yakagadzirwa makore asingasviki gumi apfuura) kuti vadzidze nezvesimba rezuva, rinonyatsooneka nedhisiki rakasviba. ChiFrench Pierre Janssen nenzira iyi akaratidza kuti korona yezuva inoumbwa zvikurukuru nehydrogen nezvimwe zvinhu zvepasi. Asi zuva rakatevera, achicherechedza Zuva zvakare, akacherechedza mutsara usina kunyorwa we spectral uri pedyo nechimiro cheyero mutsara wesodium. Janssen haana kukwanisa kuzviti kune chero chinhu chaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo. Kucherekedzwa kumwe cheteko kwakaitwa neimwe nyanzvi yenyeredzi yechiNgezi Norman Locker. Vesainzi vakaisa mberi fungidziro dzakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pechinhu chisinganzwisisike chenyeredzi yedu. Lockyer akamutumidza high simba laser, pachinzvimbo chamwari wezuva wechiGiriki Helios. Zvisinei, masayendisiti akawanda aitenda kuti mutsetse weyero wavakaona waive chikamu chehidhirojeni iri patembiricha yakanyanyisa yenyeredzi. Muna 1881, Italian physicist uye meteorologist Luigi Palmieri akadzidza magasi anoputika eVesuvius achishandisa spectroscope. Mukuona kwavo, akawana bhendi reyero rinonzi helium. Zvisinei, Palmieri akatsanangura migumisiro yezvidzidzo zvake zvisina kujeka, uye mamwe masayendisiti haana kuzvisimbisa. Isu tava kuziva kuti helium inowanikwa mumagasi anoputika, uye Italy inogona kunge iri yekutanga kuona terrestrial helium spectrum.

Mufananidzo kubva 1901 unoratidza zvishandiso zveCavendish kuyedza

Kuvhura munzvimbo yechitatu yedesimali

Pakutanga kwemakore gumi ekupedzisira ezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, Chirungu fizikisi Ishe Rayleigh (John William Strutt) akasarudza kunyatsoona kusimba kwemagasi akasiyana-siyana, izvo zvakaitawo kuti zvikwanisike kunyatsoona maatomu akawanda ezvinhu zvavo. Rayleigh aiedza nekushingaira, saka akawana magasi kubva kwakasiyana-siyana kuti aone tsvina yaikanganisa mhedzisiro. Akakwanisa kuderedza chikanganiso chekutsunga kusvika kune zana kubva muzana, iyo yakanga iri duku zvikuru panguva iyoyo. Iwo magasi akaongororwa airatidza kutevedzera density yakatemwa mukati mekuyerwa kukanganisa. Izvi hazvina kushamisa chero munhu, sezvo kuumbwa kwemakemikari emakemikari hakunei nekwaakabva. Musiyano waive nitrogen - chete yaive nemhando dzakasiyana zvichienderana nenzira yekugadzira. Nitrogen muchadenga (yakawanikwa kubva mumhepo mushure mekuparadzaniswa kweokisijeni, mhute yemvura uye carbon dioxide) yakagara ichirema kudarika makemikari (inowanikwa nekuparara kwemishonga yayo). Musiyano, zvisinganzwisisike, waigara uripo uye wakasvika kusvika 0,1%. Rayleigh, asingakwanisi kutsanangura chiitiko ichi, akatendeukira kune mamwe masayendisiti.

Rubatsiro rwunopihwa nana chemist William Ramsay. Vese vesainzi vakagumisa kuti tsananguro chete yaive kuvepo kwemusanganiswa wegasi rinorema munitrogen inowanikwa kubva mumhepo. Pavakaona tsananguro yekuedza kweCavendish, vakanzwa kuti vaive mugwara chairo. Vakadzokorora kuedza kwacho, panguva ino vachishandisa michina yemazuva ano, uye nokukurumidza vakanga vava nemuenzaniso wegasi risingazivikanwi mavari. Ongororo yeSpectroscopic yakaratidza kuti iripo yakaparadzana kubva kune zvinozivikanwa zvinhu, uye zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti iripo seyakasarudzika maatomu. Kusvika parizvino, magasi akadaro haasati azivikanwa (tine O₂N₂, H₂), saka zvairevawo kuvhura chinhu chitsva. Rayleigh naRamsay vakaedza kumugadzira argon (ChiGiriki = nungo) kuita nezvimwe zvinhu, asi pasina. Kuti vazive tembiricha yekudzika kwayo, vakatendeukira kumunhu mumwe chete munyika panguva iyoyo aive nemidziyo yakakodzera. Zvanga zviri Karol Olszewski, purofesa wechemistry paJagiellonian University. Olshevsky akanyunguduka uye akasimbisa argon, uye akatsunga mamwe ayo emuviri paramita.

Mushumo waRayleigh naRamsay muna Nyamavhuvhu 1894 wakakonzera kurira kukuru. Masayendisiti haaigona kutenda kuti zvizvarwa zvevaongorori zvakaregeredza 1% chikamu chemhepo, chiripo paPasi muhuwandu hwakakura kupfuura, semuenzaniso, sirivha. Kuedzwa nevamwe kwakasimbisa kuvepo kweargon. Kuwanikwa kwacho kwaionekwa sekubudirira kukuru uye kukunda kwekunyatsoedza (zvakanzi chinhu chitsva chakavigwa munzvimbo yechitatu yedesimali). Nekudaro, hapana aitarisira kuti kwaizova ...

… Mhuri yese yemagasi.

Helium boka (nhamba yeatomu kumusoro, atomic mass pazasi).

Kunyangwe mhepo isati yanyatsoongororwa, gore rakatevera, Ramsay akafarira chinyorwa chejeology chinyorwa chakashuma kuburitswa kwegasi kubva muuranium ores payakasangana neasidhi. Ramsay akaedza zvakare, akaongorora gasi rakazobuda negirazi rekuona uye akaona mitsara isina kujairika. Kubvunzana ne William Crooks, nyanzvi yekuongorora ma<em>spectroscopy, yakatungamirira kumhedziso yokuti yakagara ichitsvakwa Pasi pano high simba laser. Iye zvino tava kuziva kuti iyi ndeimwe yezvakaora zvigadzirwa zve uranium uye thorium, iri mu ores yezvakasikwa radioactive elements. Ramsay akakumbira zvakare Olszewski kuti anyungudze gasi idzva. Zvisinei, panguva ino midziyo yakanga isingakwanisi kuwana tembiricha yakaderera, uye helium yemvura haina kuwanikwa kusvika 1908.

Helium zvakare yakave gasi remonatomic uye isingashande, senge argon. Izvo zvimiro zvezvinhu zviviri izvi hazvina kukwana mune chero mhuri yeperiodic tafura uye zvakasarudzwa kugadzira boka rakasiyana kwavari. [helowce_uklad] Ramsay akasvika pamhedziso yekuti pane mapundu mairi, uye pamwe nemumwe wake. Morrisem Traversem akatanga imwe tsvakurudzo. Nekunyungudutsa mweya wemvura, vemakemikari vakawana mamwe magasi matatu muna 1898: neon (gr = itsva), krypton (gr. = skryty) i xenon (chiGiriki = mutorwa). Vose zvavo, pamwe chete nehelium, varipo mumhepo muhuwandu hushoma, zvishoma kudarika argon. Iyo kemikari passivity yezvinhu zvitsva yakakurudzira vaongorori kuti vavape zita rakafanana. magasi akanaka. 

Mushure mekuedza kusingabudiriri kuparadzana nemhepo, imwe helium yakawanikwa sechigadzirwa chekuchinja kwemwaranzi. Muna 1900 Frederick Dorn Oraz Andre-Louis Debirn vakacherechedza kubudiswa kwegasi (emanation, sezvavakataura ipapo) kubva muradium, iyo yavakadana radon. Nenguva isipi zvakaonekwa kuti emanations zvakare emit thorium uye actinium (thoron uye actinon). Ramsay uye Frederick Soddy zvakaratidza kuti chinhu chimwe uye ndiyo gasi rinotevera ravakatumidza niton (Latin = kupenya nekuti masampula egasi aipenya murima). Muna 1923, nithon yakazove radon, yakatumidzwa zita renguva refu-yakagara isotope.

Yekupedzisira yekuisa helium inopedzisa iyo chaiyo periodic tafura yakawanikwa muna 2006 paRussia nuclear laboratory muDubna. Zita, rakabvumirwa makore gumi chete gare gare, Oganesson, mukukudza nyanzvi yefizikisi yenyukireya yokuRussia Yuri Oganesyan. Chinhu choga chinozivikanwa pamusoro pechinhu chitsva ndechekuti ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa kusvika parizvino uye kuti mashoma nuclei akawanikwa akararama zvishoma pane millisecond.

Kusawirirana kwemakemikari

Kutenda mumakemikari passivity yehelium yakadonha muna 1962 apo Neil Bartlett akawana musanganiswa weformula Xe [PtF₆]. Kemikari ye xenon makomisheni nhasi yakakura kwazvo: fluorides, oxides uye kunyange asidhi munyu wechinhu ichi anozivikanwa. Mukuwedzera, iwo makemikari echigarire pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu. Krypton yakareruka kupfuura xenon, inoumba akati wandei mafluorides, sezvinoita radon inorema (iyo yekupedzisira radioactivity inoita kuti tsvagiridzo inyanyooma). Kune rimwe divi, matatu akareruka - helium, neon uye argon - haana zvachose makomisheni.

Mishonga yemakemikari emagasi akanaka ane vadyidzani vasina kunaka inogona kufananidzwa nekusawirirana kwekare. Nhasi, pfungwa iyi haisisiri kushanda, uye munhu haafaniri kushamisika kuti ...

Helicopters, kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi: Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt, 1842–1919), Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916) naMorris Travers (1872–1961); mufananidzo kubva muunganidzwa weUniversity College London.

… vapfumi vanoshanda.

Helium inowanikwa nekuparadzanisa mhepo ine liquefied mu nitrogen neokisijeni zvirimwa. Nekune rimwe divi, kunobva helium kunonyanya kuve gasi rechisikigo, iro rinosvika zvishoma kubva muzana zvevhoriyamu (muEurope, hombe yekugadzira helium inoshanda Ndakaramba, muGreater Poland Voivodeship). Basa ravo rekutanga raive rekupenya mumachubhu anopenya. Mazuva ano, kushambadza neon kuchiri kufadza ziso, asi zvinhu zvehelium zvakare hwaro hwemamwe marudzi ema lasers, senge argon laser yatichasangana nachiremba wemazino kana beautician.

Kupa kwenyanzvi yeXenon Ion Probe Dawn pedyo neasteroid Ceres.

Iyo kemikari passivity yezvidyarwa zvehelium inoshandiswa kugadzira mhepo inodzivirira kubva kune oxidation, semuenzaniso, kana welding simbi kana kuisa chisimbiso zvigadzirwa. Mwenje anozadzwa neHelium anoshanda patembiricha yepamusoro (kureva kuti, anopenya zvakanyanya) uye anoshandisa magetsi zvakanyanya. Kazhinji argon inoshandiswa mumusanganiswa nenitrogen, nepo krypton nexenon zvichipa mhedzisiro iri nani. Iko kushandiswa kwekupedzisira kwexenon kwakafanana nekusimudzira zvinhu muIoni rocket injini, iyo inoshanda kupfuura makemikari emafuta emagetsi. Mabharuni emamiriro ekunze nemabharumu evana akazadzwa nehelium yakareruka. Yakasanganiswa neokisijeni, helium inoshandiswa nevasiyana-siyana kushanda pakadzika dzika, iyo inobatsira kudzivirira decompression kurwara. Kunyanya kushandiswa kwehelium kuzadzisa tembiricha yakaderera inodiwa kuti superconductors ishande.

Oxygen-helium musanganiswa unovimbisa kunyura kwakachengeteka.