Megaprojects ari kuvakwa uye akarongwa. Zvinhu zvikuru uye zvinodhura zvichashamisa nyika

Kwapera mazuva apo zvirongwa zvinokosha mamiriyoni zvakafadzwa. Kunyange mazana emamiriyoni evanhu haachafambi. Nhasi, izvi zvinoda mabhiriyoni, uye mari yemapurojekiti makuru inosvika mazana emabhiriyoni. Inflation kune imwe nhanho inokonzeresa izvi, asi handicho chikonzero chakakosha chenhamba huru idzi. Iwo makuru mapurojekiti uye zvirongwa zvezana ramakore rechi XNUMX zvinongori hombe mukuyera.

Nzvimbo yechinyakare ye megaprojects zviratidzo zvemabhiriji makuru uye tunnel. Zvizhinji zvezvivakwa zvinokatyamadza zverudzi urwu zvakavakwa uye zviri kuvakwa munyika, sekunyora kwakaita Young Technician nezvazvo kakawanda. Kufungidzira, zvisinei, hakusati kugutsikana. Vanodhirowa mapurojekiti haasisiri "mega", asi kunyange "giga". Imwe maonero akadaro, semuenzaniso, zambuko mhiri kweBering Strait (1), kureva nzira dzekubatanidza pakati peNorth America neAsia, zvishoma asi zvakadaro zambuko rinoda chinzvimbo rekunzvenga Isthmus yeDarien pakati peNorth neSouth America, iyo parizvino isingafambike nechero mota uye inofanirwa kufambiswa negungwa, zambuko nemugero pakati peGibraltar neAfrica, mugero unobatanidza Sweden neFinland pasina kufanira kushandisa chikepe kana kudarika Gulf of Bothnia, migero inobatanidza Japan neKorea, China kuenda kuTaiwan, Egypt neSaudi Arabia pasi peGungwa Dzvuku, uye Sakhalin-Hokkaido Tunnel inobatanidza Japan neRussia.

Aya mapurojekiti anogona kuverengerwa segiga. Parizvino ivo vanonyanya kufungidzira. Zviyero zviduku, i.e. zvitsuwa zvekugadzira zvakavakwa muAzerbaijan, chirongwa chikuru cheTurkey chokudzorera muIstanbul uye kuvakwa kwemosque itsva muMecca Masjid al-Haram muSaudi Arabia zvinodarika zana remabhiriyoni emadhora. Pasinei nematambudziko akawanda nekushandiswa kwemazano aya akashinga rondedzero ye megaprojects asi, ichava yakareba uye yakareba. Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda zvakasiyana nei vachigamuchirwa.

Mumwe wavo ndiye kukura kwemetropolitan. Sezvo vanhu vanobva kumaruwa vachienda kumaguta uye nzvimbo dzevagari vemo dzichikura, kudiwa kwekudyara kwakakura muzvivakwa kunowedzera. Vanofanirwa kubata nezvekutakura nekufambiswa kwemashoko, kufambiswa kwemvura, maseweji, kuwanisa magetsi. Zvido zvevanhu vakaungana mumaguta zvakanyanya kudarika zvinodiwa nevanhu vakapararira kumaruwa. Haisi chete nezvezvinodiwa zvakakosha, asiwo nezvezvishuwo, zviratidzo zveguta guru. Pane chido chiri kukura chekumira kunze uye kufadza nyika yose. Megaprojects vanova manyuko erudado rwenyika uye chiratidzo chechimiro chekusimudzira upfumi. Chaizvoizvo, iyi ivhu rakaorera remabhizinesi makuru.

Hongu, kunewo boka rezvimwe zvine mufungo zvinangwa zveupfumi. Zvirongwa zvikuru zvinoreva mabasa mazhinji matsva. Kugadzirisa matambudziko ekushaikwa kwemabasa uye kuparadzaniswa kwevanhu vakawanda kwakakoshakugadzira nzvimbo dzekupotera. Kudyara kukuru mumatanho, mabhiriji, madhamu, migwagwa mikuru, nhandare dzendege, zvipatara, skyscrapers, mapurazi emhepo, zvigadziriso zvemafuta ekumahombekombe, aluminium anonyungudutsa, masisitimu ekutaurirana, Mitambo yeOlympic, mhepo nenzvimbo mishoni, particle accelerators, brand new maguta, nezvimwe zvirongwa zvakawanda. . kupisa hupfumi hwose.

Saka, 2021 igore rekuenderera mberi kwekudyara kukuru kwakadai seLondon Crossrail chirongwa, kusimudzira kukuru kweiyo metro system iripo, chirongwa chikuru chekuvaka chakamboitwa muEurope, kuwedzera kweLNG muQatar, chirongwa chikuru cheLNG mu. nyika ine huwandu hwematani 32 miriyoni pagore, pamwe nekutangwa kwehuwandu hwezvirongwa zvakakura, sekuvaka muna 2021 yepasirese yepasirese yemvura yegungwa desalination chirimwa muguta reAgadir, Morocco.

Kukwezva pfungwa

Maererano neIndia-America global Strategist, Paraga Khanna, tave kuve budiriro yakabatana pasi rosenokuti ndizvo zvatinovaka. "Tiri kurarama nemari yezvivakwa zvakagadzirirwa huwandu hwevanhu mabhiriyoni matatu sezvo huwandu hwedu hunosvika mabhiriyoni mapfumbamwe," Hanna anodaro mubvunzurudzo. "Chaizvoizvo, isu tinofanirwa kushandisa mari inosvika bhiriyoni imwe yemadhora pazvivakwa zvekutanga zvebhiriyoni rega rega repasi."

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti semapurojekiti ese akarongwa uye akatanga kufambira mberi, isu tinokwanisa kushandisa yakawanda muzvivakwa mumakore makumi mana anotevera kupfuura mumakore mana apfuura.

Mienzaniso yezviratidzo zvakashinga iri nyore kuwana. Megaprojects akadai Grand Canal Nicaragua, Tokyo-Osaka Magnetic Railway muJapan, International Kuedza fusion reactor [ITER] muFrance, chivako chirefu zvikurusa munyika muAzerbaijan, Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor muIndia, uye King Abdullah City muSaudi Arabia. Mumwe mubvunzo - rinhi uye mune zvipi zviitiko - zviratidzo izvi zvichazadzika zvachose. Nekudaro, kazhinji kungoita chiziviso che megaproject kune yakakura propaganda mhedzisiro uye inobatika hupfumi hunobva mukufarira kwakawedzera mukutariswa kwenhau kutenderera guta, dunhu uye nyika.

Nekutarisira kukwezva kutarisa, pamwe India yakatanga makore mazhinji apfuura kuvaka chifananidzo chakareba kwazvo pasi rose, 182-mita chivezwa chaSardar Patel, aive wekutanga Gurukota rezvemukati menyika uye Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weIndia yakazvimirira. Kana tichienzanisa, chifananidzo chaChief Crazy Horse muSouth Dakota, icho chave chiri kuvakwa kwemakumi emakore, chinofanira kunge chiri chinopfuura 170 metres kureba. Zvose zviri zviviri zvivakwa izvi zvinozivikanwa munyika yose uye zvinotaurwa mumabhuku akawanda. Saka dzimwe nguva chifananidzo chikuru chakakwana, uye hazvidikanwi kuchipedzisa.

Maererano Bent Flivbjerg, purofesa wemaneja paYunivhesiti yeOxford, mugove wehupfumi unobatanidzwa mumapurojekiti makuru ikozvino 8% yezvigadzirwa zvepasi rose zvepasi. Pasinei nokuti zvakawanda megaprojects zvinodarika mutengo, uye mazhinji acho ari kutora nguva yakareba kuvaka kupfuura zvakarongwa, iwo chikamu chakakosha chehupfumi hwenyika hwanhasi.

Flivbjerg akacherekedzawo kuti mamaneja epurojekiti vanowanzo fungira mabhenefiti anotarisirwa, kusakoshesa mari, uye kuwedzera mabhenefiti emagariro nehupfumi. Zvisinei, kunyange zvinhu zvikashata, vanhu kazhinji havana basa nazvo. Havana basa nekusaverengerwa kwemitengo-yebhenefitsi, mari yakapambadzwa, kana kurwisana kwezvematongerwo enyika kunodiwa kuti vawane chiedza chegirini. Vanongoda kuti chimwe chinhu chine musoro chiitike munharaunda yavo kana nharaunda, chimwe chinhu chinokwezva nyika.

Nekudaro, isina chinhu megalomania munzvimbo ino iri kuramba ichiderera. Nhoroondo megaprojectssemapiramidhi eEgypt neGreat Wall yeChina anga achitsungirira uchapupu hwekubudirira kwevanhu, kunyanya nekuda kwehuwandu hunoshamisa hwekushanda kwevanhu kwakapinda mukusikwa kwavo. Nhasi inopfuura kukura, mari uye kukosha kweprojekti. Megaprojects inowedzera kuva nehupfumi chaihwo. Kana nyika ikawedzera kushandiswa kwehupfumi hwehupfumi kusvika ku $ 9 trillion pagore, sezvakataurwa naParag Khanna ataurwa pamusoro apa, kukosha kwema megaprojects kuhupfumi kuchawedzera kubva pa8% iripo. GDP yenyika kusvika ku24%, tichifunga nezvese mhedzisiro. Saka, kuitwa kwemazano makuru kunogona kuverengera chikamu chimwe muzvina chehupfumi hwenyika.

Zvinokwanisika kuwedzera zvimwe, kunze kwezvematongerwo enyika uye zvemagariro, zvisingabatsiri zvehupfumi kubva pakuitwa kwemapurojekiti makuru. Iyi ibasa rose rekufemerwa kwetekinoroji inomuka kubva pakuvandudza, kuenzanisa, nezvimwewo. Kune mainjiniya mumapurojekiti emhando iyi, pane nzvimbo yekuzvitutumadza, nekugadzira kusundira miganhu yehunyanzvi hwekugona uye kuziva-sei. Hazvifanirwi kukanganwa kuti zvizhinji zvekuedza kukuru uku kunotungamirira pakusikwa kwezvinhu zvakanaka, nhaka yekusingaperi yetsika dzevanhu.

Fantasy kubva pakadzika pegungwa kusvika kunzvimbo yakadzika

Pamusoro pemabhiriji makuru, tunnel, zvivakwa zvepamusoro-soro, zvivakwa zvekuvaka zvinokura kusvika kukukura kwemaguta matsva, nhepfenyuro inotenderera nhasi. Futuristic designizvo zvisina mwero wakatsanangurwa. Izvo zvinobva pane chaiyo yehunyanzvi pfungwa senge akawanda mapurojekiti ekuvaka njanji muHyperloop vacuum tunnelsizvi zvinowanzo fungwa maererano nekutakura vanhu. Vanokurudzira mazano matsva akadai setiweki yepasi rose yekufambisa nekuparadzira tsamba, mapasuru nemapasuru. Pneumatic postal system yaitozivikanwa muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Ko kana, munguva yekusimudzira e-commerce, kugadzira zvifambiso zvepasirese?

2. Kuona kwerifiti yemuchadenga

Are located maonero ezvematongerwo enyika. Mutungamiriri weChinese Xi Jinping akazivisa chirongwa ichi makore gumi apfuura. Silk Road, iyo inofanirwa kutsanangudza nzira dzekutengeserana dzeChina nenyika dzeEurasia, uko kunogara hafu yevagari vepasi. Mugwagwa wekare wesirika wakagadzirwa munguva dzeRoma pakati peChina nenyika dzekuMadokero. Iyi purojekiti nyowani inoonekwa seimwe yemapurojekiti makuru ezvivakwa nemutengo unofungidzirwa wemadhora mazana mapfumbamwe emadhora. Nekudaro, hapana chakananga chirongwa chinogona kunzi New Silk Road. Iri panzvimbo yakaoma yekudyara inotungamira nenzira dzakasiyana. Naizvozvo, inoonekwa sechirongwa chezvematongerwo enyika pane chirongwa chakanyatsotsanangurwa chekuvaka.

Kune zvimwe zvishuwo zvakajairwa negwara, kwete mapurojekiti chaiwo izvo zvakanyanya remangwana zviono zvemuchadenga. Space megaprojects inoramba iri munzvimbo yehurukuro, kwete kuita. Izvi zvinosanganisira, semuenzaniso, nzvimbo dzekutandarira, kuchera pane asteroids, orbital magetsi zvidyarwa, orbital lifts (2), interplanetary expeditions, nezvimwe. Zvakaoma kutaura pamusoro pezvirongwa izvi sechinhu chinogoneka. Asi, mukati megadziriro yezvidzidzo zvesainzi zvakasiyana-siyana, pane mhedzisiro inogadzira mamiriro anogona kuitika ekuita kwezviono izvi zvebasa. Semuyenzaniso, zvakazarurwa zvichangoburwa pamusoro pekubudirira kwekufambisa kwesimba kubva kune inotenderera solar arrays kuenda kuNyika.

3. Mafungiro echivakwa chinoyangarara chega chekugara chinoyangarara kubva kuZaha Hadid Architects.

Mumunda wekukwezva, asi kusvika zvino kungoona chete zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuona mvura (3) uye pasi pemvura, zvitsuwa zvinoyangarara - nzvimbo dzevashanyi, mapurazi anoyangarara emiti yepasi uye yegungwa aquaculture, i.e. kurima kwezvirimwa zvemumvura zvepasi pemvura nemhuka, kufamba nechikepe kana pasi pemvura nzvimbo dzekugara, maguta uye kunyangwe nyika dzese.

Mumunda wefuturism, pane zvakare megaclimate uye mamiriro ekunze mapurojekitisemuenzaniso, kutonga kwemamiriro ekunze akanyanyisa akadai sechamupupuri nemadutu, chimvuramabwe nemadutu ejecha, uye kutonga kwekudengenyeka kwenyika. Pane kudaro, tiri kuita mapurojekiti makuru e "kugadzirisa" kushanduka kwegwenga, sezvakaratidzwa neGreat Green Wall muAfrica yezasi kweSahara (4). Iri ipurojekiti yave iripo kwemakore akawanda. Nemiuyoi?

4. Great Green Wall Project muAfrica

Nyika gumi neimwe dziri kutyisidzirwa nekuwedzera kweSahara - Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Mauritania neSenegal vabvumirana kudyara miti kumisa kurasikirwa kwevhu rekurima.

Muna 2007, African Union yakaisa chisungo chekugadzira chipingamupinyi chinoda kusvika zviuru zvinomwe zvemakiromita mukondinendi yese. Chirongwa ichi chaifanirwa kugadzira mabasa anodarika mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu. mabasa uye chengetedza 350 miriyoni mahekita evhu. Zvisinei, kufambira mberi kwave kunonoka. Pakazosvika gore rechina, nyika dzeSahel dzakanga dzapedza 18 muzana chete. project. Izvi zvinonyanya kunaka kuEthiopia, uko 2020 bhiriyoni madzinde akadyarwa. Miriyoni imwe chete nembeu nembesa dzakadyarwa muBurkina Faso, nepo mamiriyoni makumi masere chete ndidzo dzakadyarwa muChad. Zvakatoipa zvikuru, inosvika zana muzana yemiti yakasimwa zvimwe yakafa.

Pamusoro pekuti nyika dziri kutora chikamu muiyi megaproject dzine hurombo uye dzinowanzonyura mukukonana kwezvombo, uyu muenzaniso unoratidza kuti mazano anorasika sei nezvemamiriro ekunze epasirese uye mapurojekiti einjiniya kwezvakatipoteredza. Imwe chiyero uye pfungwa yakapusa haina kukwana, nekuti zvakatipoteredza uye zvisikwa zvakaoma kwazvo uye zvakaoma kubata masisitimu. Ndokusaka, pamberi pekushingairira kwakagadziridzwa mega-mapurojekiti, inofanirwa kudziviswa.

Skyscraper Brake Race

Zvinowanzoonekwa saizvozvo megaprojects dzazvino uno, yakatovakwa kana kurongwa uye iri kuvakwa, iri muAsia, Middle East kana Far East. Pane chokwadi mune izvi, asi zviratidzo zvakashinga zviri kuberekwa kune imwe nzvimbo. Muenzaniso - pfungwa yekugadzira chitsuwa chekristaro, hombe mega-chimiro chine hunhu hweshongwe refu uye yakatambanuka ine nzvimbo yakazara ye2 m² muMoscow (500). Nekureba kwemamita 000, ichave imwe yezvivakwa zvakareba pasi rose. Haisi skyscraper chete. Iyo purojekiti inotorwa seguta rakazvimirira mukati meguta, rine mamuseum, mabhaisikopo nemabhaisikopo. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti iyi ndiyo mhenyu, yekristaro moyo weMoscow.

5. Chiratidzo cheCrystal Island muMoscow

Panogona kunge paine chirongwa cheRussia. Pamwe kwete. Muenzaniso weSaudi Arabia, pakupedzisira chivako chenyika chakareba chinopfuura kiromita chaimbozivikanwa seKingdom Tower, unoratidza kuti chinogona kuva chakasiana, kunyange kana kuvaka kwatotanga. Parizvino, kuisirwa mari kwechiArab munzvimbo refu kwazvo pasi rose kwakamiswa. Zvinoenderana neprojekiti, skyscraper yaifanira kudarika 1 km uye iine nzvimbo inoshandiswa ye243 m². Chinangwa chikuru chechivakwa ichi chaive chekuve hotera yeFour Seasons. Nzvimbo yehofisi uye makondomu eumbozha zvakarongwawo. Iyo shongwe yaifanirwawo kugara yepamusoro (yepasi) yekuongorora nyeredzi.

Iine chimiro cheimwe yeanonyanya kushamisa, asi ichiri pasi pezvirongwa zvekuvaka. Falcon Guta reWonders MuDubai. Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti iyo 12 m² bhizinesi uye varaidzo yakaoma ichave nezvimwe zvinomwe zvinoshamisa zvepasirese, kusanganisira. Eiffel Tower, Taj Mahal, mapiramidhi, leaning tower of pisa, Mapindu Anorembera eBhabhironi, The Great Wall of China (6). Pamusoro pezvo, kuchave nenzvimbo dzekutengesera, paki, nzvimbo dzemhuri, nzvimbo dzemitambo, zvikoro zvedzidzo, uye nzvimbo dzinopfuura 5 dzekugara dzinosiyana dhizaini, nzvimbo, uye saizi.

6. Kuunganidzwa kwezvishamiso zvenyika muchirongwa cheFalcon City of Wonders muDubai

Kubva panguva yekugadzira Burj KhalifaPasinei nezviziviso zvine ruzha, mujaho wepamusoro-soro wakaderera zvishoma. Zvivako zvakatumirwa mumakore achangopfuura, kunyangwe muChina, inova skyscraper iri pakati penyika, yakadzikira. semuenzaniso, ichangobva kutumirwa Shanghai Tower, inova skyscraper refu kwete muShanghai chete, asi muChina yese, ine hurefu hwemamita mazana matanhatu nemakumi matatu nemaviri uye nzvimbo yakazara ye632 m². Muguta rekare rezvivakwa zvepamusoro-soro, New York, makore manomwe apfuura, 380st World Trade Center (yaimbova Freedom Tower) yakavakwa panzvimbo yakakwirira yemamita 000 panzvimbo yeWorld Trade Center yakaparadzwa muna 1. Uye hapana chakakwira chisati chavakwa muUSA.

Gigantomania kubva kune imwe mugumo wenyika kuenda kune imwe

Vanotonga mazita emapurojekiti makuru maererano nemari inoshandiswa pavari. mapurojekiti ezvivakwa. Chinonzi ndicho chirongwa chikuru chekuvaka pasi rose chiri kuitika iye zvino. Al Maktoum International Airport muDubai (7). Mushure mekupedzwa kwayo, nhandare yendege ichakwanisa kugashira panguva imwe chete ndege mazana maviri akafara-muviri. Mutengo wechikamu chechipiri chekuwedzera kwenhandare yendege chete unofungidzirwa kudarika mabhiriyoni makumi matatu nemaviri emadhora. Kuvaka kwakarongerwa kupedzwa muna 200, zvisinei chikamu chekupedzisira chekuwedzera chakanonoka uye hapana zuva chairo rekupedzwa.

7. Kuonekwa kwehofori yeAl Maktoum Airport muDubai.

Yakavakwa muSaudi Arabia yakavakidzana. Jabail II Industrial project yakatangwa muna 2014. Pakupedzwa, chirongwa ichi chichasanganisira 800 cubic metres ye desalination chirimwa, angangoita mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu zvidyarwa zvemaindasitiri, uye nzvimbo yekuchenesa oiri ine hunyanzvi hwekugadzira hunosvika 100 cubic metres. madhiramu pazuva, pamwe chete nemakiromita enjanji, migwagwa nemigwagwa mikuru. Iyo purojekiti yese inotarisirwa kupera muna 350.

Inowanikwa muchikamu chimwe chete chenyika Varaidzo uye varaidzo yakaoma Dubailand. Iyo $64 bhiriyoni chirongwa chiri panzvimbo ye278 km2 uye ichave nezvikamu zvitanhatu: mapaki emusoro, nzvimbo dzemitambo, ecotourism, zvivakwa zvekurapa, zvesainzi zvinokwezva uye mahotera. Iyo yakaoma ichasanganisira hotera hombe pasirese ine makamuri 6,5 uye nzvimbo yekutenga inovhara miriyoni yemamita emamita. Kupedzwa kweprojekiti kwakarongerwa 2025.

China iri kuwedzera kune yayo refu runyorwa rwezvivakwa uye zvivakwa megaprojects iri kuenderera mberi South-North Water Transfer Project (8), China. 50% yevanhu vanogara kuchamhembe kweChina. yehuwandu hwenyika, asi huwandu uhu hunopihwa ne20 muzana chete. Zviwanikwa zvemvura zveChina. Kuti iwane mvura kwainodiwa, China iri kuvaka migero mikuru mitatu, yakareba makiromita 48, kuti iunze mvura kuchamhembe kwenzizi huru dzenyika yacho. Chirongwa ichi chinotarisirwa kupera mukati memakore 44,8 uye chichawanisa XNUMX billion cubic metres yemvura gore rega rega.

8. Chinese North-South Project

Iri kuvakwa zvakare muChina. hofori airport. Kana yapera, Beijing International Airport inotarisirwa kudarika Dubai Al Maktoum International Airport, iyo ichiri kuzovakwa maererano nemari yekuvaka, nzvimbo yepasi, nhamba dzevatyairi nendege. Chikamu chekutanga chepurojekiti chakapedzwa muna 2008, nekumwe kuwedzera kwakarongwa kupedzwa panosvika 2025.

Zvinoita sekuti dzimwe nyika dzeAsia dzine godo nechiyero chinokatyamadza cheArabia Peninsula neChina uye zvakare vari kutanga mapurojekiti makuru. Iyo Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor zvirokwazvo iri muligi iri, ine anopfuura makumi maviri ematunhu maindasitiri, maguta masere akangwara, nhandare dzendege mbiri, mapurojekiti emagetsi mashanu, masisitimu maviri ekukurumidza ekufambisa uye maviri ekutakura zvinhu zvichavakwa. Chikamu chekutanga chepurojekiti, mukoto wekutakura zvinhu unobatanidza maguta maviri makuru eIndia, yakanonoka uye inogona kunge isati yagadzirira kusvika 2030, nechikamu chekupedzisira chakarongerwa kupera muna 2040.

Mudiki akatorawo chikamu mumakwikwi muchikamu chemabasa makuru. Sri Lanka. Colombo ichavakwa pedyo neguta guru. Seaport, nzvimbo itsva yezvemari inokwikwidza Hong Kong neDubai. Kuvaka uku, kwakapihwa mari nevaisiri vemari vekuChina uye kwakarongwa kuti kupedzwe pasina kutanga kwa2041, kunogona kuita mari inosvika mabhiriyoni gumi nemashanu emadhora.

Ukuwo, Japan, iyo yave yakakurumbira kwenguva refu nokuda kwenjanji dzayo dzinomhanya zvikuru, iri kuvaka njanji itsva. Chuo Shinkansen Magnetic Railroadizvo zvinokutendera kuti ufambe nekukurumidza. Chitima chinotarisirwa kufamba chinomhanya makiromita 505 paawa uye chinotora vafambi kubva kuTokyo kuenda kuNagoya, kana kuti makiromita 286, mumaminetsi makumi mana. Yakarongwa kupedza chirongwa ichi panosvika 40. Inenge 2027 muzana yeNew Tokyo-Nagoya Line ichaita pasi pevhu, zvinoda kuvakwa kwemigero mitsva mitsva yakawanda.

IUS, iyo, nehurongwa hwayo hwemigwagwa mikuru, inomira pasina kupokana pamusoro peiyo rondedzero yemapurojekiti anodhura, haisati yave kuzivikanwa nezvemapurojekiti matsva akadaro. Zvisinei, hazvigoni kutaurwa kuti hapana chiri kuitika ikoko. Kuvakwa kwenjanji yekumhanya-mhanya muCalifornia, iyo yakatanga muna 2015 uye inotarisirwa kupedzwa muna 2033, inofanira kubatanidza masere emaguta gumi makuru eCalifornia, zvechokwadi muligi.

Kuvakwa kuchaitwa mumatanho maviri: nhanho yekutanga ichabatanidza Los Angeles neSan Francisco, uye nhanho yechipiri ichawedzera njanji kuenda kuSan Diego neSacramento. Zvitima zvichange zviri zvemagetsi, izvo zvisina kujairika muUS, uye zvichange zvichifambiswa zvachose nemagetsi anovandudzwa. Nhanho dzinofanira kunge dzakafanana neEuropean high-speed railways, i.e. kusvika ku300 km/h. Huwandu huchangoburwa hwekuti njanji itsva yekuCalifornia ichaita $80,3 bhiriyoni. Nguva yekufamba kubva kuLos Angeles kuenda kuSan Francisco ichaderedzwa kusvika maawa maviri nemaminetsi makumi mana.

Ichavakwa zvakare muUK. Megaproject Koleiova. Chirongwa cheHS2 chakatenderwa nehurumende. Ichaita $125 bhiriyoni. Chikamu chekutanga, chinofanira kupedzwa muna 2028-2031, chichabatanidza London neBirmingham uye zvinoda kuvakwa kwemakiromita mazana maviri emitsara mitsva, zviteshi zvitsva zvakawanda uye kuvandudzwa kwezviteshi zviripo.

MuAfrica, Libya yanga ichiita chirongwa cheGreat Man Made River (GMR) kubvira 1985. Muchidimbu, yaive chirongwa chikuru chekudiridza pasirese, ichidiridza mahekita anopfuura 140 evhu rinorimika uye kuwedzera zvakanyanya kuwanikwa kwemvura yekunwa mumaguta mazhinji eLibya. Iyo GMR inogamuchira mvura yayo kubva kuNubian Sandstone pasi pevhu aquifer. Chirongwa chaive chekuti chirongwa ichi chipedziswe muna 2030, asi sezvo kurwa uye kukakavara zvave kuitika muLibya kubva 2011, ramangwana reprojekiti harina kujeka.

MuAfrica, mamwe akarongwawo kana kuti ari kuvakwa mapurojekiti makuru emvuraizvo zvinowanzokonzera kukakavara, uye kwete zvezvakatipoteredza chete. Kuvakwa kweGreat Renaissance Dam paNairi muEthiopia kwakatanga muna 2011 uye nhasi kunoonekwa seimwe yemapurojekiti anoshamisa kwazvo muAfrica. Ichi chirimwa chemagetsi chemvura chinotarisirwa kuunza 2022 gigawatts yemagetsi kana chirongwa ichi chapera muna 6,45. Dhamu iri rakaita mari inosvika mabhiriyoni mashanu emadhora kuvakwa. Matambudziko epurojekiti haana kungoripa muripo wakakwana wevagari venzvimbo vakadzingwa, asiwo mumhirizhonga muNairi, muEgypt neSudan, nyika dziri kunetsekana kuti dhamu reEthiopiya rinotyisidzira kukanganisa kufambiswa kwemvura.

Zvimwe zvinonetsa chirongwa chikuru chemuAfrica chemvura, Inga 3 Dam muDemocratic Republic of the Congo. Kana rikavakwa, rinenge riri dhamu guru muAfrica. Zvisinei, inoshorwa zvakasimba nemasangano ezvakatipoteredza uye vamiririri vevagari vemo, avo vaizofanira kutamiswa kuti vaite basa racho.

Kuchengetedzwa kwemaguta ekare - kuvakwa kwemaguta matsva

Mapurojekiti anofadza pamwero mukuru womunzvimbomo ari kuitika munzvimbo dzakawanda kupota nyika. Nekudaro, iyi inowanzo mienzaniso yeinjiniya inoshamisa uye kuronga kwakashinga kunounza kufarira kwepasirese. Mienzaniso zvivakwa zvinodzivirira Venice kubva kumafashama. Kurwisa iyi tyisidziro, basa rakatanga muna 2003 paMOSE, hurongwa hwemabhirioni emadhora mazana matanhatu nechidimbu. Iyo mega projekiti, iyo yaifanirwa kutangwa muna 6,1, haizopedzike kusvika 2011.

Kune rumwe rutivi rwenyika, guta guru reIndonesia, Jakarta, rine zvinetso zvokunyura zvishoma nezvishoma mugungwa, zvinotiyeuchidza nezveVenice. Kufanana neVenice, guta rinopindura kune iyi tyisidziro iripo nekuvaka masvingo makuru. Iyi yakaoma, yakareba makiromita makumi matatu nemashanu, inonzi Great Garuda (9) inotarisirwa kupedzwa ne2025 nemutengo we40 bhiriyoni. Nekudaro, nyanzvi dzinopokana kuti iyi mega-purojekiti ichave yakasimba zvakakwana kuchengetedza guta reIndonesia kubva kumvura yegungwa…

9. Garuda Project muJakarta

Great Garuda chimwe chinhu chakafanana neguta idzva reIndonesia rinofanirwa. Egypt inodawo kuvaka guta guru. Makiromita makumi mana kumabvazuva kweCairo hombe uye yakazara nevanhu, guta idzva rakachena richavakwa panosvika 2022 nemutengo wemadhora mabhiriyoni makumi mana nemashanu. Yakanyatsorongwa uye inofambiswa nesimba rezuva, inoyevedza neakareba-akareba skyscrapers, Parisian-style zvivakwa zvemafurati, inoyevedza nzvimbo yakasvibira yakapetwa kaviri saizi yeNew York's Central Park, uye theme park yakapetwa kana saizi yeDisneyland. Kune rimwe divi reGungwa Dzvuku, Saudi Arabia inoda kuvaka guta idzva rakangwara rinopihwa simba rose nesimba rinodzokororwa panosvika 45 kuburikidza nepurojekiti inonzi Neom (2025).

10. Yakarongwa guta guru NEOM paGungwa Dzvuku

Thermonuclear fusion uye yakanyanyisa telescope

Kubva kuna Fr.Mupata-saizi kutinhira setiraiti ndiro, kune zvigadziko zvepolar kumucheto kwePasi uye zvakanyanya kuisirwa zvigadziriso zvinotibatsira kupinda muchadenga - aya ndiwo maratidziro anoita mega-sainzi mapurojekiti. Heino tarisiro yemapurojekiti esainzi anoenderera anokodzera zita rekuti megaprojects.

Ngatitange nebasa reCalifornia National igniter, iyo inogara laser yakakura kwazvo pasi rose, inoshandiswa kupisa uye kudzvanya mafuta ehydrogen, kutanga kuita kwenyukireya fusion. Mainjiniya uye makondirakiti akavaka nzvimbo yacho pamusoro penhandare dzenhabvu nhatu, vachichera 160 55 cubic metres yevhu uye vachizadza anopfuura 2700 cubic metres. cubic metres ekongiri. Kwemakore gumi ekushanda pachivakwa ichi, zvinopfuura zviuru zviedzo zvakaitwa, nekuda kwatave pedyo. simba rinoshanda synthesis.

Nzvimbo inosvika bhiriyoni imwe yemadhora inosvika 1,1 bhiriyoni iri panzvimbo yakakwirira inopfuura makiromita matatu pamusoro pegungwa muChile's Atacama Desert parizvino iri kuvakwa. Teresikopu yakakura kwazvo, ELT(11) inova teresikopu yakakura kwazvosezvayakambovakwa.

Mudziyo uyu uchaburitsa mifananidzo yakajeka kakapetwa kagumi nenhanhatu kupfuura iyi. The Extremely Large Telescope, inoshandiswa neEuropean Southern Observatory, iyo inotoshandisa chimwe chezvinhu zvikurusa zvemuchadenga paVery Large Telescope (VLT) iri pedyo, ichadzidza exoplanets. Chimiro ichi chichange chakakura kudarika cheRoman Colosseum uye chichakurira zviridzwa zvese zviripo zvemuchadenga paNyika. Girazi rayo guru, rakagadzirwa ne798 magirazi madiki, richava nehupamhi hunoshamisa hwemamita makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe. Kuvaka kwakatanga muna 39 uye kunotarisirwa kutora makore masere. Chiedza chekutanga parizvino chakarongerwa 2017.

11 Teresikopu Yakakura Yakanyanya

Iyo zvakare iri kuvakwa muFrance. ITERkana International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. Ichi chirongwa chikuru chinosanganisira nyika makumi matatu neshanu. Mari inofungidzirwa kuti yechirongwa ichi inosvika mabhiriyoni makumi maviri emadhora. Izvi zvinofanirwa kunge zviri budiriro mukugadzirwa kwesimba rinoshanda rethermonuclear.

IEuropean Split Source (ESS), yakavakwa muna 2014 muLund, Sweden, ichava nzvimbo yepamusoro-soro yekutsvakurudza mumunda. manyuturoni munyika kana yagadzirira panosvika 2025. Basa rake rakafananidzwa nemaikorosikopu inoshanda pachikero chesubatomic. Mhedzisiro yetsvakiridzo yakaitwa kuESS inofanirwa kuwanikwa kune vese vanofarira - nzvimbo iyi ichave chikamu cheEuropean Open Science Cloud chirongwa.

Zvakaoma kuti ndisataure purojekiti inotsiva pano Hombe Hadron Collider muGeneva, inonzi Future Circular Collider, uye Chinese accelerator design Circular Electron Positron Collider inopeta katatu saizi yeLHC. Yokutanga inofanira kupedzwa muna 2036, uye yechipiri muna 2030. Zvisinei, aya megaprojects ezvesayenzi, kusiyana neaya akarondedzerwa pamusoro apa (uye atova kuvakwa), anomiririra tarisiro isina kujeka.

Megaprojects inogona kuchinjwa nekusingaperi, nokuti urongwa hwezviroto, zvirongwa, zvirongwa zvekuvaka uye zvinhu zvakatovakwa, izvo, zvechokwadi, zvinowanzova nemabasa anoshanda, asi pamusoro pezvose zvinofadza, zvinoramba zvichikura. Uye zvichaenderera mberi nekuti zvishuwo zvenyika, maguta, mabhizinesi nevezvematongerwo enyika hazvimbodzikire.

Iwo anodhura zvakanyanya mega mapurojekiti munyika yenguva dzese, zvese zviripo uye zvisati zvagadzirwa

(Cherechedza: Mitengo iri mumitengo yazvino yeUS$)

• Channel Tunnel, UK neFrance. Yakagamuchirwa muna 1994. Mutengo: $ 12,1 bhiriyoni.

• Kansai International Airport, Japan. Yakagamuchirwa muna 1994. Mutengo: $ 24 bhiriyoni.

• Big Dig, mugwagwa wemugero chirongwa pasi pedhorobha reBoston, USA. Yakagamuchirwa muna 2007. Mutengo: $ 24,3 bhiriyoni.

• Toei Oedo Line, mutsara mukuru weTokyo Subway ine zviteshi makumi matatu nemasere, Japan. Yakagamuchirwa muna 38. Mutengo: $ 2000 bhiriyoni.

• Hinckley Point C, NPP, UK. Mukukudziridza. Mutengo: kusvika $29,4 bhiriyoni.

• Hong Kong International Airport, China. Yakatanga kushanda muna 1998. Mutengo: $ 32 bhiriyoni.

• Trans-Alaska pipeline system, USA. Yakagamuchirwa muna 1977. Mutengo: $ 34,4 bhiriyoni.

• Kuwedzera kweDubai World Central Airport, United Arab Emirates. Mukukudziridza. Mutengo: $ 36 bhiriyoni

• Chirongwa cheKudiridza Rwizi rweGreat Man-Made, Libya. Ichiri kuvakwa. Mutengo: pamusoro pe36 bhiriyoni.

• International Business District Smart City Songdo, South Korea. Mukukudziridza. Mutengo: $39 bhiriyoni

• Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed ​​​​Railway, China. Yakagamuchirwa muna 2011 Mutengo: $ 40 bhiriyoni

• Three Gorges Dam, China. Yakagamuchirwa muna 2012 Mutengo: $ 42,2 bhiriyoni

• Itaipu Dam, Brazil/Paraguay. Yakagamuchirwa muna 1984. Mutengo: $ 49,1 bhiriyoni.

• Mapurojekiti ekufambisa echiGerman anobatanidza njanji, migwagwa uye network yemvura pasi pezita rinozivikanwa reUnity, Germany. Ichiri kuvakwa. Mutengo: $50 bhiriyoni.

• Kashagan mafuta munda, Kazakhstan. Inotanga kushanda muna 2013. Mutengo: $50 bhiriyoni.

• AVE high-speed rail network, Spain. Ichiri kuwedzera. Kukosha ne2015: $ 51,6 bhiriyoni

• Seattle City Rail Expansion Project, Sound Transit 3, USA. Mukugadzirira. Mutengo: $ 53,8 bhiriyoni

• Dubailand theme park and entertainment complex, United Arab Emirates. Mukugadzirira. Mutengo: $ 64,3 bhiriyoni.

• Honshu-Shikoku Bridge, Japan. Yakagamuchirwa muna 1999. Mutengo: $75 bhiriyoni.

• California High-Speed ​​​​Rail Network Project, USA. Mukugadzirira. Mutengo: $ 77 bhiriyoni.

• Maodzanyemba kuenda kuNorth Water Transfer Project, China. Munzira. Mutengo: $ 79 bhiriyoni.

• Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project, India. Mukugadzirira. Mutengo: $ 100 bhiriyoni.

• Mambo Abdullah Economic City, Saudi Arabia. Mukukudziridza. Mutengo: $ 100 bhiriyoni

• Guta riri pazvitsuwa zvekugadzira Forest City, Malaysia. Mukugadzirira. Mutengo: $ 100 bhiriyoni

• The Great Mosque yeMecca, Masjid al-Haram, Saudi Arabia. Munzira. Mutengo: $ 100 bhiriyoni.

• London-Leeds High Speed ​​​​Rail, High Speed ​​​​2, UK. Mukugadzirira. Mutengo: $ 128 bhiriyoni.

• International Space Station, chirongwa chepasi rose. Mutengo: $ 165 bhiriyoni

• Chirongwa cheguta reNeom paGungwa Dzvuku, Saudi Arabia. Mukugadzirira. Mutengo: 230-500 mabhiriyoni emadhora.

• Chitima chePersian Gulf, nyika dzePersian Gulf. Mukukudziridza. Mutengo: $250 bhiriyoni.

• Interstate Highway System, USA. Ichiri kuwedzera. Mutengo: $ 549 bhiriyoni