Supercapacitors - yepamusoro uye kunyange yakanyanya
Nyaya yekushanda kwebhatiri, kumhanya, kugona uye kuchengetedzeka yave kuita imwe yematambudziko makuru epasirese. Mupfungwa yekuti kusabudirira munzvimbo ino kunotyisidzira kudzikamisa budiriro yedu yese yehunyanzvi.
Isu munguva pfupi yapfuura takanyora nezve kuputika lithium-ion mabhatiri mumafoni. Kugona kwavo kuchiri kusingagutse uye kunonoka kuchaja zvatsamwisa Elon Musk kana chero imwe yemagetsi mota anofarira kanopfuura kamwe. Isu tanga tichinzwa nezve akasiyana siyana magadzirirwo munzvimbo ino kwemakore akawanda, asi hapasati pasati pave nekubudirira kunopa chimwe chinhu chiri nani mukushandiswa kwemazuva ese. Zvisinei, kwenguva yakati ikozvino kwave kune hurukuro yakawanda pamusoro pekuti mabhatiri anogona kuchinjwa ne-fast-charging capacitors, kana kuti pane yavo "super" version.
Sei ma capacitor akajairwa asingatarisire kubudirira? Mhinduro iri nyore. Kirogiramu yepeturu inenge 4. kilowatt-maawa esimba. Bhatiri mumuenzaniso weTesla rine simba rakapetwa ka30. A kilogram ye capacitor mass inongova 0,1 kWh. Hapana chikonzero chekutsanangura kuti nei akajairwa capacitors asina kukodzera basa idzva. Kugona kwebhatiri yelithium-ion yemazuva ano inofanira kunge yakakura zvakapetwa mazana.
A supercapacitor kana ultracapacitor imhando ye electrolytic capacitor iyo, kana ichienzaniswa neye classical electrolytic capacitors, ine yakanyanyisa high magetsi capacitance (pakurongeka kwezviuru zvakati faradhi), ine voltage inoshanda ye2-3 V. Kubatsira kukuru kwe supercapacitors ndeye ipfupi kwazvo yekuchaja uye yekuburitsa nguva zvichienzaniswa nemamwe maturusi ekuchengetedza simba (e.g. mabhatiri). Izvi zvinokubvumira kuti uwedzere simba rekupa 10 kW pakirogiramu yehuremu hwe capacitor.
Imwe yemhando dze ultracapacitors inowanikwa pamusika.
Zvakabudirira mumarabhoritari
Mwedzi ichangopfuura yakaunza ruzivo rwakawanda nezve nyowani supercapacitor prototypes. Pakupera kwa2016, takadzidza, semuenzaniso, kuti boka revasayendisiti kubva kuYunivhesiti yeCentral Florida rakagadzira. nzira itsva yekugadzira supercapacitors, kuchengetedza simba rakawanda uye nekushingirira kupfuura 30 XNUMX. kuchaja/kuburitsa mativi. Dai taizotsiva mabhatiri neaya ma-supercapacitor, hatizongokwanisa kuchaja smartphone mumasekonzi, asi izvo zvaizokwana kweanopfuura svondo rekushandisa, Nitin Chowdhary, nhengo yeboka rekutsvagisa, akaudza vezvenhau. . . Florida masayendisiti anogadzira ma supercapacitor kubva kumamiriyoni emamicrowire akaputirwa neaviri-dimensional zvinhu. Iyo tambo yetambo yakanaka kwazvo conductor yemagetsi, inobvumira kukurumidza kuchaja uye kuburitsa iyo capacitor, uye maviri-dimensional zvinhu zvakavafukidza zvinobvumira kuchengetwa kwesimba rakawanda.
Masayendisiti kubva kuYunivhesiti yeTehran muIran, vanogadzira porous copper zvimiro muammonia mhinduro sechinhu che electrode, vanoomerera kune imwe pfungwa yakafanana. MaBritish, ivowo, vanosarudza ma gels seaya anoshandiswa mukuonana lenses. Mumwewo munhu akatora mapolima achienda nawo kumusangano. Tsvagiridzo uye pfungwa hadziperi pasirese.
Masayendisiti anobatanidzwa mu chirongwa ELECTROGRAPH (Graphene-Based Electrodes for Supercapacitor Applications), inopihwa mari neEU, yanga ichishanda mukugadzirwa kwakawanda kwezvinhu zve graphene electrode uye kushandiswa kweiyo ionic liquid electrolytes ine hushamwari mumhepo. Vesainzi vanotarisira izvozvo graphene ichatsiva activated carbon (AC) inoshandiswa mumagetsi e supercapacitors.
Vatsvagiri vakagadzira magraphite oxides pano, akaapatsanura kuita mapepa egraphene, ndokuzoisa mapepa mune supercapacitor. Kuenzaniswa neAC-based electrode, magraphene electrode ane zvirinani anonamira zvivakwa uye yakakwirira simba rekuchengetedza simba.
Kukwira vafambi - tram iri kuchaja
Nzvimbo dzekutsvagisa dziri kuita mukutsvagisa uye prototyping, uye maChinese akaisa supercapacitors mukuita. Guta reZhuzhou, mudunhu reHunan, nguva pfupi yadarika rakafumura chitima chekutanga chakagadzirwa neChina chinofambiswa nema supercapacitors (2), zvinoreva kuti haidi mutsetse wepamusoro. Iyo tram inofambiswa nema pantographs akaiswa panzvimbo dzekumira. Kuchaja kwakazara kunotora masekonzi makumi matatu, saka kunoitika panguva yekukwira nekuburuka kwevafambi. Izvi zvinobvumira motokari kufamba 30-3 km pasina simba rekunze, izvo zvinokwana kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo inomira. Pamusoro pezvo, inodzoreredza kusvika ku5% yesimba kana ichibhureki.
Mikana yekushandiswa kunoshanda kwe supercapacitors yakawanda - kubva kune simba masisitimu, masero emafuta, masero ezuva kusvika kumotokari dzemagetsi. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, kutariswa kwenyanzvi kwave kukwidziridzwa pakushandiswa kwema supercapacitor mumotokari dzemagetsi dzakasanganiswa. A polymer diaphragm fuel cell inochaja supercapacitor, iyo inobva yachengeta simba remagetsi rinoshandiswa kusimbisa injini. Iko kukurumidza kuchaja / kuburitsa kutenderera kweSC kunogona kushandiswa kutsvedzerera kunze kweinodiwa peak simba remafuta sero, ichipa ingangoita yunifomu kuita.
Zvinoita sekunge tatova pachikumbaridzo chesupercapacitor revolution. Chiitiko chinoratidza, zvisinei, kuti zvakakosha kudzora kuwedzeredza kwekufarira kuti urege kuvhiringika uye urege kusara uine bhatiri rekare raburitswa mumaoko ako.
