Supermarine Seafire ch.1

NAS 899 iri muHMS Indomitable mukugadzirira Operation Husky; Scapa Flow, June 1943. Chinocherechedzwa ndiyo yakawedzera elevator, iyo yakabvumira ngarava kuti itore ndege ine mapapiro asina kupeta.

Iyo Seafire yaive imwe yemhando dzinoverengeka dzevarwi dzakashandiswa nekubudirira kwakawanda kana kushoma neFAA (Fleet Air Arm) vari muRoyal Navy vatakuri vendege munguva yeHondo Yenyika II. Nhoroondo yakamutonga zvakanyanya. Zvakakodzera here?

Kuongororwa kweSeafire pasina mubvunzo kwakakonzerwa nekuti hapana mumwe murwi weFAA aitarisirwa kunge akabudirira senge ndege, iyo mushanduro yepakutanga yaive nyore kuchinjika kweiyo Spitfire ine mukurumbira. Kukodzera uye mukurumbira wevakupedzisira, kunyanya mushure meHondo yeBritain muna 1940, zvaive zvakakura zvekuti Seafire yakaita se "yaizobudirira". Zvisinei, nekufamba kwenguva, zvakazoitika kuti ndege, inova yakanakisa-yakavakirwa-pasi-yakavakirwa interceptor, haina basa shoma rekushandira kune vatakuri vendege, sezvo dhizaini yayo isingafungi nezve izvo zvinodiwa kune varwi vendege. Zvinhu zvekutanga…

dzidza kubva mukukanganisa

Hondo yeBritish Navy yakaenda kuhondo ine pfungwa isiriyo pamusoro pekushandiswa kwendege dzayo. Vatakuri vendege dzeRoyal Navy vaifanira kushanda zvakaringana kubva kunhandare dzendege dzevavengi kuti dzive kunze kwenzvimbo zhinji dzendege dzavo. Asi, varwi veFAA vaitarisirwa kubata zvikepe zvinobhururuka, kana kuti pamwe ndege dzenguva refu dzekuongorora, dzaizoedza kuronda mafambiro engarava dzeRoyal Navy.

Zvaiita sekuti kana tatarisana nemhandu yakadaro, kumhanya kwakanyanya, kuchinjika kana kuti kukwira kwacho kwaingova umbozha husingakoshi. Ndege dzaishandiswa nekufamba kwenguva refu, izvo zvaibvumira kutenderera kunopfuurira kwemaawa anoverengeka pedyo nengarava. Zvisinei, zvakaonekwa kuti mufambisi wezvikepe aidiwa, achiremedza murwi nenhengo yechipiri yevashandi (chiitiko cheAmerica chete neJapan munyaya iyi chakaita kuti vaBritish vabvume kuti murwi wemhepo aikwanisa kufamba oga). Sokunge izvo zvakanga zvisina kukwana, dzimwe pfungwa mbiri dzisina kururama dzakaitwa.

Sekureva kwekutanga, mhedzisiro yacho yaive ndege yeBlackburn Roc, murwi aisada pfuti yakatwasuka, sezvo turret yakaiswa kumashure kwayo yaizopa mikana mikuru2. Zvinoenderana nepfungwa yechipiri, iyo yakaguma neBlackburn Skua ndege, murwi wendege anogona kunge ari "pasirese", ndiko kuti, anogona kuitawo basa redhive bomber.

Mhando mbiri idzi dzendege hadzina kubudirira zvachose sevarwi, zvakanyanya nekuda kwekusaita kwavo zvakanaka - muchiitiko cheSkua, mhedzisiro yekusawirirana kwakawanda3. Iyo Admiralty yakangoona izvi apo, pa26 Gunyana 1939, mapfumbamwe Skua kubva mutakuri wendege Ark Royal akadhumhana nematatu eGerman Dornier Do 18 mabhoti pamusoro peNorth Sea. Uye apo gore rakatevera (Chikumi 18, 13) mukati medanidziro yeNorway, Skua akaenda pamusoro peTrondheim kunobhomba ngarava yehondo yeScharnhorst ndokusangana nevarwi veLuftwaffe ikoko, vatyairi vendege veGermany vakapfura vasere vavo pasina kurasikirwa.

Kupindira kwaChurchill

Kudiwa kwekukurumidza kutsvaga kutsiva ndege yeRoc neSkua kwakaguma nekugadziriswa kweP.4 / 34 prototype light dive bomber, yakarambwa neRAF, kune zvinodiwa neFAA. Nokudaro, Fairey Fulmar akaberekwa. Yakanga ine chivakwa chakasimba (chinonyanya kudiwa mubasa rendege) uye yakanakisa nguva yekubhururuka kwevarwi venguva iyoyo (anopfuura maawa mana). Pamusoro pezvo, aive akapakatira pfuti sere dzakatwasuka dzine simba rakapetwa kaviri reDutu reHurricane, nekuda kwaro aikwanisa kuitisa pfuti dzakati wandei mukufamba kwenguva refu. Zvakadaro, yaive murwi wezvigaro zviviri zvichibva pakugadzira bhomba reFairey Battle, saka kumhanya kwepamusoro, sirin'i, mafambisirwo uye mwero wekukwira zvaisaenderanawo nevanorwira chigaro chimwe chete.

Uine izvi mupfungwa, kumashure muna Zvita 1939, murairo weFAA wakaenda kuSupermarine nechikumbiro chekugadzirisa iyo Spitfire yebasa remhepo. Zvino, muna Kukadzi 1940, Admiralty yakanyorera kuUshumiri hweMhepo yemvumo yekuvaka makumi mashanu e "naval" Spitfires. Zvisinei, nguva yeizvi yakanga isingafadzi zvikuru. Hondo yakaenderera mberi uye RAF yaisakwanisa kudzikamisa kupihwa kwemurwi wayo wepamusoro. Zvichakadaro, zvaifungidzirwa kuti kusimudzirwa uye kugadzirwa kweava makumi mashanu evarwi veFAA, nekuda kwemaitiro avo akaomarara (akapetwa mapapiro), zvaizoderedza kugadzirwa kweSpitfires nemakopi mazana maviri. Pakupedzisira, pakupera kwaMarch 50, Winston Churchill, panguva iyeyo Ishe Wokutanga weAdmiralty, akamanikidzirwa kusiya basa.

kubva kuchirongwa ichi.

Panguva iyo vaFulmarians pavakapinda mubasa muchirimo cha1940, FAA yakanga yagamuchira nhamba yeGungwa Gladiator biplane fighters. Nekudaro, ivo, senge yavo yakaenzana yenguva-yakavakirwa pasi prototype, vaive nekushomeka kwekurwa. Nzvimbo yendege yeRoyal Navy yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya nekugamuchirwa kwe "Martlets", sekudanwa kweBritish neAmerican-made Grumman F4F Wildcat fighters, uye pakati pe1941 "gungwa" shanduro yeHurricane. Nekudaro, iyo FAA haina kumira kuyedza kutora "yavo" Spitfire.

Yekutanga Seafire - Mk IB (BL676) - yakatorwa mifananidzo muna Kubvumbi 1942.

Sifire IB

Uku kudiwa kweRoyal Navy kuve nemurwi anomhanya muchikepe kwakaratidza, kunyangwe kunonoka, asi nenzira dzese dzakarurama. Mukati mekushanda muMediterranean, zvikepe zveBritain zvakanga zviri pakati pemabhomba uye torpedo bombers dzeLuftwaffe neRegia Aeronautica, izvo varwi veFAA venguva iyoyo vaiwanzotadza kunyange kubata!

Pakupedzisira, mukudonha kwe1941, Admiralty yakatengesa 250 Spitfires ye Air Ministry, kusanganisira 48 muVB yakasiyana uye 202 VC. Muna Ndira 1942, yekutanga yakagadziridzwa Spitfire Mk VB (BL676), ine ventral hook yekubatisa mitsara yemabhureki uye crane hoko dzekusimudza ndege muchikepe, yakaita nhevedzano yekuyedza kusimuka uye kumhara muIllustrias. mutakuri wendege paanchor muFirth yeClyde pamhenderekedzo yeScotland. Iyo ndege nyowani yakanzi "Seafire", yakapfupikiswa se "Sea Spitfire" kudzivirira alliterative dissonance.

Iwo ekutanga-pa-bhodhi bvunzo akaburitsa pachena kudhirowa kweSeafire - kusaona zvakanaka kubva kujongwe kuenda mberi. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nemhino yendege yakareba yakavhara dhiza rechikepe, uye neDLCO4 mune "nhatu-point" kumhara (pamwe chete kusangana kwemavhiri matatu ekumhara giya). Nekunomhara kwakaringana, mutyairi wendege haana kuona dhiza remamita makumi mashanu ekupedzisira - kana akadaro, zvaireva kuti muswe wendege wakanyanya kukwirisa uye hoko yaisazobata tambo. Nechikonzero ichi, vatyairi vendege vakarairwa kuti varambe vachimhara. Nenzira, vatyairi veFAA gare gare "vakadzora" yakakura uye inorema Vought F50U Corsair varwi nenzira imwechete, iyo maAmerican aisakwanisa kurarama nayo.

Pamusoro pekuisa zvikorekedzo zvekudzika nekusimudza (uye kusimbisa airframe munzvimbo idzi), kushandurwa kweSpitfire Mk VB kuenda kuSeafire Mk IB kwaisanganisira kutsiviwa kweredhiyo, pamwe nekuiswa kwehurongwa hwekuzivikanwa kwenyika. transponder uye anogashira masaini ekutungamira kubva Type 72 mabhekoni akaiswa pane vanotakura ndege veRoyal Navy. Nekuda kwekuchinja uku, kuremerwa kwendege kwakawedzera ne5% chete, iyo, yakasanganiswa nekuwedzera kushorwa kwemhepo, yakakonzera kuderera kwekumhanya kukuru ne8-9 km / h. Pakupedzisira 166 Mk VB Spitfires akavakirwazve FAA.

Yekutanga Seafire Mk IB yakagamuchirwa muFAA chete musi waChikumi 15, 1942. Pakutanga, ndege dzeiyi shanduro, nekuda kwezera ravo uye dhigirii rebasa, dzaifanira kuramba dziri muzvikamu zvekudzidzira - mazhinji acho akange ambovakwazve muchiyero. Mk VB kubva kunyange mukuru Mk I Spitfires! Nekudaro, panguva iyoyo, kudiwa kweRoyal Navy kwevarwi vendege kwaive kwakakura - kunze kwemakonikoni, zuva rekumhara reNorth Africa (Operation Torch) rakanga rava kusvika - zvekuti boka rese re801st NAS (Naval Air Squadron) raive rakashongedzerwa neSeafire. Mk IB yakamira pane inotakura ndege Furious. Kushaikwa kwemapapiro ekupeta uye zvakanamirwa nekatsi harisi dambudziko, sezvo iyo Furious yaive yakashongedzerwa neakakura T-akaita dhizaini anosimudza, asi makatapu akange asina.

Kwapera gore, apo yakawanda yeshanduro itsva yeSeafires yakatumirwa kuzovhara nzvimbo dzekugara muSalerno, hafu yegumi nemaviri yekare Mk IBs yakatorwa kubva kumapoka echikoro. Vakaendeswa kune zvinodiwa zve842nd US Division, yakamira pamusoro pekuperekedza ndege inotakura Fencer, iyo yakavhara convoys muNorth Atlantic uye muU.SR.

Zvombo zveMk IB zvaive zvakafanana nezveSpitfire Mk VB: maviri 20 mm Hispano Mk II cannoni ane 60-kutenderera chigubhu magazini imwe neimwe uye ina 7,7 mm Browning muchina pfuti ine mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu epfuti. Pasi pefuselage zvaive zvichikwanisika kuturika imwe tangi yemafuta ine simba re 350 litita. Seafire speedometers inoyerwa kuratidza kumhanya mumapfundo, kwete mamaira paawa.

Sapphire IIC

Panguva imwe chete nekushandurwa kweMk VB Spitfire kuenda kuRoyal Navy, imwe nzira yeSeafire yakavakirwa paSpitfire Mk VC yakatanga kugadzirwa. Kuendeswa kweMk IIC yekutanga kwakatanga muzhizha ra1942, panguva imwe chete neyekutanga Mk IBs.

Iwo maSeafires matsva haana kusikwa kubva pakuvakwazve kwendege dzakapedzwa, sezvakaitika kuMk IB, asi akasiya chitoro chatove mukugadzirisa kwekupedzisira. Asi ivo vaive vasina mapapiro anopeta - ivo vakasiyana neMk IB kunyanya mumigodhi yematepi. Ehezve, ivo vaivewo nezvese maficha eSpitfire Mk VC - vaive vakashongedzerwa uye vaine mapapiro akagadziridzwa kuti agadzirwe pfuti yechipiri (inonzi universal type C wing), ine yakasimbiswa chimiro chekutakura mabhomba. Nokuda kwechinangwa chimwe chete, Spitfire Mk VC chassis yakasimbiswa, iyo yakaratidza kuva chinhu chinodiwa zvikuru cheSeafire, ichibvumira kushandiswa kwematangi emafuta emhepo ane simba re205 litita.

na1,5 o'clock.

Nekune rimwe divi, iyo Mk IB yaive yakareruka kupfuura iyo Mk IIC - uremu hwavo hwaive 2681 uye 2768 kg, zvichiteerana. Pamusoro pezvo, iyo Mk IIC ine anti-resistance catapult. Sezvo ndege dzese dzaive nemagetsi akafanana (Rolls-Royce Merlin 45/46), iyo yekupedzisira yaive nekuita kwakaipisisa. Pagungwa, Seafire Mk IB yaiva nepamusoro-soro ye 475 km / h, nepo Mk IIC yakasvika 451 km / h. Kuderera kwakafanana kwakaonekwa muyero yekukwira - 823 m uye 686 m paminiti, zvichiteerana. Nepo Mk IB yaigona kusvika kureba kwemamita 6096 mumaminitsi masere, Mk IIC yakatora zvinopfuura gumi.

Uku kudonha kunoonekwa mukuita kwakatungamira Admiralty nekuzeza kusiya mukana wekudzoreredza Mk IIC nechipiri chepfuti. Rudzi rwemubhadharo rwakanga rwuri kuiswa kwekupedzisira kwekudyisa pfuti kubva patepi, uye kwete kubva pachigubhu, iyo yakawedzera kaviri mutoro wezvombo kwavari. Nekufamba kwenguva, maSeafire Mk IB neIIC injini dzakawedzera kudzvanya kwadzo kwepamusoro kusvika 1,13 atm, ichiwedzera kukurumidza kumhanya mukubhururuka uye kukwira.

Nenzira, kubva kune ejection nozzles, iyo yakaderedza kukurumidza kukuru kweMk IIC nekusvika 11 km / h, pakutanga pakanga pasina pfungwa. Vatakuri vendege dzeBritish panguva iyoyo, kunze kwevatsva (senge Illustrious), vaive vasina midziyo yakadaro, uye macatapults ari muAmerican-akaita escort aircraft carriers (akaendeswa kuBritish pasi pechibvumirano cheLend-Lease) aisaenderana. pamwe neSeafire zvakabatanidzwa.

Kuedza kwakaitwa kugadzirisa nyaya yekudzikisa kupambwa nekuyedza kuiswa kweinodanwa. RATOG (jet take-off device). Maroketi akasimba akaiswa ari maviri maviri mumidziyo yakagadzikwa mujinga memapapiro maviri.

Iyo sisitimu yakazove yakaoma kwazvo kushandisa uye ine njodzi - zviri nyore kufungidzira mhedzisiro yekupfura pfuti kubva kune rimwe divi. Pakupedzisira, mhinduro iri nyore kwazvo yakasarudzwa. Iyo Seafire, seSpitfire, yaingova nenzvimbo mbiri dzepasi pasi: yakatsauka (inenge pakona chaiyo) yekumhara kana kudzoserwa. Kuitira kuti zvigadzike pakona yakanakisa yekubvisa-madhigirii gumi nemasere, mapuranga emapuranga akaiswa pakati pezviputi nebapiro, izvo mutyairi wendege akakanda mugungwa mushure mokusimuka, achidzikisa mapapiro kwechinguva.

Seafire L.IIC uye LR.IIC

Hondo yekutanga yeSifires, iyo yakaitika muGungwa reMediterranean pakupera kwa1942, yakaratidza kudiwa kwekukurumidzira kuvandudza kushanda kwavo. The Junkers Ju 88, muvengi anotyisa zvikuru weRoyal Navy, akanga akaenzana nekumhanya kwepamusoro (470 km / h) seSeafire Mk IB uye aikurumidza kupfuura Mk IIC. Zvakatoipisisa, dhizaini yeSpitfire (uye nokudaro Seafire) yakachinjika zvekuti yakadzokororwa "yakaoma" kumhara pane mutakuri wendege yakakonzera deformation yeinjini cowling mapaneru uye mavhavha ezvombo racks, matekinoroji emagetsi, etc. kupikisa kwemhepo, izvo zvinotungamira kune kumwe kuderera kwekuita.

Mwenje yegungwa ine injini yeMerlin 45 yakagadzira kumhanya kwepamusoro kwe5902 m, uye ngarava dzine injini yeMerlin 46 pakakwirira mamita 6096. Panguva imwecheteyo, hondo dzakawanda dzemhepo dzegungwa dzakaitwa pasi pe3000 m. Nechikonzero ichi, Admiralty akatanga kufarira injini yeMerlin 32, iyo inovandudza simba guru pakukwirira kwe 1942 m. kusvika 1,27 HP Kuti ishandiswe zvakazara, chifambiso chine mabladhi mana chakaiswa.

Mhedzisiro yacho yaiorora. Iyo itsva Seafire, yakasarudzwa L.IIC, inogona kusvika pakumhanya kwe508 km/h pagungwa. Akasimuka pakumhanya kwemamita 1006 paminiti, mumaminitsi 1524 chete yakasvika mamita 1,7. Panguva iyi yakakwirira kwaari, aigona kukurumidza kusvika 539 km / h. Pakuzara kwakazara, chiyero chekukwira chakawedzera kusvika 1402 metres paminiti. Pamusoro pezvo, iyo L.IIC yaive nemahombekombe mapfupi pasi kunyangwe isina maflaps akatambanudzwa kupfuura maSeafire ekare ane 18 madhigirii akawedzera. Nokudaro, sarudzo yakaitwa yekutsiva injini dzose dzeMerlin 46 muSeafire Mk IIC neMerlin 32. Kushandura kune L.IIC standard yakatanga kutanga kwaMarch 1943. Yekutanga squadron (807th NAS) yakagamuchira seti yendege yeshanduro nyowani pakati paMay.

Kutevera muenzaniso weRAF, iyo yakabvisa mapapiro emamwe maMk VC Spitfires, nhamba yeL.IIC Seafires yakagadziridzwa nenzira imwecheteyo. Kubatsira kwemhinduro iyi yaive yekumhanya kwepamusoro uye yakakwira zvishoma (ne8 km / h) kumhanya munhanho yekubhururuka. Nekune rumwe rutivi, ndege dzine mapapiro dzakabviswa, kunyanya dzine zvombo zvakazara uye tangi remafuta rekunze, dzaive dzisingaite chidhiraivho uye dzisina kugadzikana mumhepo, izvo zvaingonetesa kubhururuka. Sezvo kugadziridzwa uku kwaigona kuitwa nyore nyore nevashandi vepasi, sarudzo yekubhururuka nemazano kana kuti pasina yakasiiwa kune vatungamiriri vemauto.

Yakakwana ye372 Seafire IIC uye L.IIC ndege dzakavakwa - Vickers-Armstrong (Supermarine) yakagadzira 262 zvikamu uye Westland Ndege 110 zvikamu. MaIIC akajairwa akaramba ari pabasa kusvika Kurume 1944, uye maIIC akajairwa kusvika pakupera kwegore iroro. Inenge 30 Seafire L.IICs yakagadziridzwa nemakamera maviri eF.24 (akaiswa mufuselage, imwe yakamira, imwe diagonally), ichigadzira shanduro yekuongorora mifananidzo, yakasarudzwa LR.IIC.