Supermarine Spitfire Iyo ine mukurumbira RAF murwi.
Replica yemazuva ano yekutanga Supermarine 300 fighter prototype, inonziwo F.37/34 kana F.10/35 kune Air Ministry tsanangudzo, kana kuti K5054 kune RAF nhamba yekunyoresa.
Iyo Supermarine Spitfire ndeimwe yeakanyanya mukurumbira ndege yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, inoshanda kubva pakutanga kusvika pazuva rekupedzisira rehondo, ichiri imwe yemhando huru dzeRAF kurwira ndege. Zvisere pazvikwata gumi neshanu zvePolish Air Force muUK zvakabhururukawo Spitfires, saka yaive mhando yakanyanya kuwanda mundege yedu. Chii chakavanzika chekubudirira uku? Iyo Spitfire yakasiyana sei nemamwe magadzirirwo endege? Kana kuti pamwe yaive tsaona?
Royal Air Force (RAF) mu30s uye hafu yekutanga ye1930s yakafurirwa zvakanyanya nedzidziso yeGulio Due yekuparadza muvengi nekurova kukuru kwemhepo. Mutsigiri mukuru wekushandiswa kunotyisa kwendege kuparadza muvengi nekubhomba kwemuchadenga aive Chief of Staff weRoyal Air Force, General Hugh Montagu Trenchard, gare gare Viscount uye Mukuru weLondon Mapurisa. Trenchard akashanda kusvika muna Ndira 1933, paakatsiviwa naGeneral John Maitland Salmond, aive nemaonero akafanana. Akatsiviwa muna Chivabvu XNUMX naGeneral Edward Leonard Ellington, ane maonero ekushandiswa kweRoyal Air Force aive asina kumbosiyana neavo vakamutangira. Akanga ari iye akasarudza kuwedzera kweRAF kubva kumapoka mashanu emabhomba kusvika kumapoka maviri evarwi. Pfungwa ye "air fight" yaive nhevedzano yekurova nhandare dzendege dzevavengi dzakagadzirirwa kuderedza ndege dzevavengi pasi apo zvaizivikanwa kuti imba yavo yaive yei. Kune rumwe rutivi, varwi vaifanira kuvatsvaka mumhepo, izvo dzimwe nguva, zvikurukuru usiku, zvakanga zvakafanana nokutsvaka tsono mumurwi wouswa. Panguva iyoyo, hapana akafanoona kuuya kweradar, iyo yaizochinja zvachose mamiriro ezvinhu aya.
Muhafu yekutanga ye30s, kwaive nemapoka maviri evarwi muUK: varwi venzvimbo uye interceptor fighters. Iwo ekutanga aifanira kuve ane chekuita nekudzivirira kwemhepo kweimwe nzvimbo siku nesikati, uye zviratidziro zvekuona zviri munzvimbo yeBritish zvaifanira kunanga kwavari. Naizvozvo, ndege idzi dzakanga dzakashongedzerwa maredhiyo uye, pamusoro pezvo, dzakanga dzine muganhu wokumhara kuitira kuti ive nechokwadi chokuti kushanda kwakachengeteka usiku.
Kune rimwe divi, murwi-interceptor aifanira kushanda padyo nemhenderekedzo yegungwa, akananga kune mhepo zvinangwa zvinoenderana nezviratidzo zvemidziyo yekuteerera, uye obva azvimiririra kuona izvi zvinangwa. Zvinozivikanwa kuti izvi zvaigoneka chete masikati. Pakanga pasinawo zvaidiwa kuti nhepfenyuro yeredhiyo igadzirwe, sezvo pagungwa pakanga pasina nzvimbo dzokuona. Murwi-interceptor aisada kureba, iyo yekuona ndege yevavengi vachishandisa michina yekuteerera haina kupfuura 50 km. Pane kudaro, vaida mwero wepamusoro wekukwira uye mwero mukuru wekukwira kuti vakwanise kurwisa mabhomba evavengi kunyangwe pamahombekombe pakatangwa varwi vehondo, kazhinji kuseri kwechidzitiro chemoto unodzivirira ndege wakaiswa pamahombekombe.
Mumakore ekuma30, murwi weBristol Bulldog aionekwa semurwi wenzvimbo, uye Hawker Fury semurwi wekurwira. Vazhinji vanyori veBritish ndege havasiyanise pakati peaya makirasi evarwi, vachipa fungidziro yekuti United Kingdom, nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero chisingazivikanwe, yakashanda akati wandei evarwi vakafanana.
Isu takanyora nezve idzi dzidziso nuances kakawanda, saka takafunga kutaura nyaya yeSupermarine Spitfire murwi kubva pakona yakati siyanei, kutanga nevanhu vakaita mupiro wakakura mukugadzirwa kweiyi ndege inoshamisa.
Perfectionist Henry Royce
Imwe yemabviro makuru ekubudirira kweSpitfire yaive gwenya rayo remagetsi, iyo isingaite yengano Rolls-Royce Merlin injini, yakagadzirwa pakutangisa kwemunhu akasarudzika saSir Henry Royce, uyo, zvisinei, haana kumirira kubudirira. ye "mwana" wake.
Frederick Henry Royce akaberekwa muna 1863 mumusha weChirungu pedyo nePeterborough, anenge makiromita 150 kuchamhembe kweLondon. Baba vake vakaita chigayo, asi pavakashaya mari, mhuri yakatamira kuLondon kunotsvaka chingwa. Muno, muna 1872, baba vaF. Henry Royce vakafa, uye pashure pegore rimwe bedzi rechikoro, Henry ane makore 9 okukura aifanira kuwana chokurarama nacho. Aitengesa mapepanhau mumugwagwa uye akaendesa teregiramu nemari shoma. Muna 1878, paakanga ava nemakore 15, chimiro chake chakavandudzika sezvaakashanda somudzidzi mumashopu eGreat Northern Railway paPeterborough uye, nokuda kwerubatsiro rwemari rwatete vake, akadzokera kuchikoro kwemakore maviri. Basa mumashopu aya rakamupa ruzivo rwemakanika, izvo zvakamufadza zvikuru. Mechanical engineering yakava chido chake. Apedza zvidzidzo zvake, akatanga kushanda pafekitari yezvishandiso muLeeds asati adzokera kuLondon kwaakabatana neElectric Light and Power Company.
Muna 1884, akanyengetedza shamwari yake kuti vavhure pamwe chete musangano wekuisa mwenje wemagetsi mudzimba, kunyangwe iye aingova nemapaundi makumi maviri ekudyara (panguva iyoyo yaive yakawanda kwazvo). Wekishopu iyi, yakanyoreswa seFH Royce & Company muManchester, yakatanga kusimukira zvakanaka. Musangano uyu wakabva watanga kugadzira mabhasikoro dynamos nezvimwe zvinhu zvemagetsi. Muna 20, isisiri musangano, asi fekitori diki yakavhurwa muManchester, yakanyoreswa seRoyce Ltd. Yakagadzirawo macranes emagetsi nemimwe michina yemagetsi. Zvisinei, kuwedzera kukwikwidzana kubva kumakambani ekunze kwakakurudzira Henry Royce kuti achinje kubva kumagetsi emagetsi kuenda kune indasitiri yemagetsi, yaaiziva zviri nani. Yakanga iri nguva yemotor nemotokari, izvo vanhu vakatanga kufunga zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya.
Muna 1902, Henry Royce akatenga motokari duku yeFrench Decauville kuti ashandise pachake, yakagadzirwa ne2 hp 10-cylinder mukati memoto injini. Hongu Royce aive nezvakawanda zvaaitaura pamota iyi, akabva aibvisa, ndokunyatsoiongorora, ndokuidzokorora ndokuitsiva nemamwe matsva akati wandei maererano nepfungwa yake. Kuvambira muna 1903, mukona yeuriri hwefekitari, iye navabetseri vaviri vakavaka michina miviri yakafanana yakaunganidzwa kubva pamativi akashandiswazve kubva kuRoyce. Mumwe wacho akachinjirwa kune mumwe waRoyce uye muridzi biyake Ernest Claremont, uye mumwe wacho akatengwa nomumwe wavatungamiriri vekambani, Henry Edmunds. Akafadzwa zvikuru nemotokari uye akasarudza kusangana naHenry Royce pamwe chete neshamwari yake, mutyairi wemujaho, mutengesi wemotokari uye aifarira ndege Charles Rolls. Musangano uyu wakaitwa muna Chivabvu 1904, uye muna Zvita chibvumirano chakasainwa icho Charles Rolls aifanira kutengesa mota dzakavakwa naHenry Royce, nechisungo chekuti ivo vanzi Rolls-Royce.
Muna Kurume 1906, Rolls-Royce Limited (yakasununguka kubva kumabhizinesi ekutanga eRoyce neCompany) yakavambwa, iyo fekitari itsva yakavakirwa paDerby, pakati peEngland. Muna 1908, imwe itsva, yakakura zvikuru Rolls-Royce 40/50 modhi yakaonekwa, yainzi Silver Ghost. Yakanga iri budiriro huru yekambani, uye muchina, wakakwenenzverwa zvakakwana naHenry Royce, wakatengeswa zvakanaka kunyangwe mutengo wawo wakakwira.
Aviation anofarira Charles Rolls kakawanda akasimbirira kuti kambani iende mukugadzirwa kweinjini dzendege nendege, asi akakwana Henry Royce aisada kutsauswa uye kutarisisa injini dzemotokari nemotokari dzakavakwa pahwaro hwadzo. Mhosva yacho yakavharwa pakafa Charles Rolls musi waChikunguru 12, 1910 aine makore 32 chete. Akanga ari muBritain wokutanga kufa mutsaona yendege. Pasinei nerufu rwake, kambani yakachengetedza zita reRolls-Royce.
Pakatanga Hondo Yenyika I muna 1914, hurumende yakarayira Henry Royce kuti atange kugadzira injini dzendege. Iyo State Royal Aircraft Factory yakaraira 200 hp in-line injini kubva kukambani. Mukupindura, Henry Royce akagadzira injini yeEagle, iyo yakashandisa gumi nemaviri (V panzvimbo ye-in-line) panzvimbo yemasilinda matanhatu, vachishandisa mhinduro kubva kuSilver Ghost motokari injini. Iyo inoguma simba unit kubva pakutanga yakagadzira 225 hp, ichipfuura zvinodiwa, uye mushure mekuwedzera injini kumhanya kubva 1600 kusvika 2000 rpm, injini yakazogadzira 300 hp. Kugadzirwa kwechikwata ichi chemagetsi kwakatanga muhafu yechipiri ye1915, panguva iyo simba rejini dzakawanda dzendege harina kusvika 100 hp! Pakarepo mushure meizvi, shanduro duku yevarwi yakaonekwa, inozivikanwa seFalcon, iyo yakagadzira 14 hp. ine simba re190 litres. Idzi injini dzakashandiswa semagetsi emurwi ane mukurumbira Bristol F2B. Pahwaro hwechikamu chesimba ichi, 6-cylinder in-line 7-litre injini ine simba re 105 hp yakagadzirwa. — Hawk. Muna 1918, shanduro yakawedzerwa, 35-litre yeEagle yakagadzirwa, ichisvika kune simba risati ramboitika re675 hp panguva iyoyo. Rolls-Royce yakazviwana iri mumunda weinjini dzendege.
Munguva yehondo, Rolls-Royce, kunze kwekugadzira mota, yakaramba iri mubhizinesi remotokari. Henry Royce haana kungogadzira mhinduro dzakakwana dzeinjini dzinopisa mukati, asi akaunza vagadziri vane tarenda rakafanana. Mumwe weaya aiva Ernest W. Hives, uyo, pasi pekutungamirirwa uye kutariswa kwepedyo kwaHenry Royce, akagadzira injini dzeEagle uye zvigadzirwa kusvika kumhuri yeR, imwe yacho yaiva A. Cyril Lawsey, mugadziri mukuru weMerlin yakakurumbira. Akabudirirawo kuunza injiniya Arthur J. Rowledge, injiniya mukuru weNapier Lion. Iyo die-cast aluminum cylinder block nyanzvi yakadonha neNapier manejimendi ndokuenda kuRolls-Royce kuma20s, kwaakaita basa rakakosha mukuvandudza injini yekambani ye20s ne30s, iyo 12-cylinder V-twin. injini. Kestrel. injini. Yakanga iri yekutanga injini yeRolls-Royce kushandisa aruminiyamu block yakajairika kune matanhatu masilinda akateedzana. Gare gare, akaitawo basa rinokosha mukusimudzira mhuri yeMerlin.
Kestrel yaiva injini yakabudirira zvikuru - 12-cylinder 60-degree V-twin injini ine aluminium cylinder block, kubviswa kwe 21,5 litres uye kurema kwe435 kg, nekubuda kwe700 hp. mushanduro dzakagadziridzwa. Iyo Kestrel yakachajiswa nechikamu chimwe chete, single-speed compressor, uye nekuwedzera, iyo yekutonhodza system yakamanikidzwa kuti iwedzere kushanda zvakanaka, kuitira kuti mvura patembiricha inosvika 150 ° C haina kushanduka kuita utsi. Pahwaro hwayo, shanduro yakawedzerwa yeBuzzard yakasikwa, ine vhoriyamu ye 36,7 malita uye uremu hwe520 kg, iyo yakagadzira simba re800 hp. Injini iyi haina kubudirira uye vashoma vakagadzirwa. Zvisinei, pahwaro hweBuzzard, injini dzeR-mhando dzakagadzirwa, dzakagadzirirwa kumhanyira ndege (R for Race). Nechikonzero ichi, aya aive chaiwo emagetsi emagetsi ane yakakwirira revs, yakakwira compression uye yakakwira, "inotenderera" kuita, asi nekudhura kwekusimba.
