Tankettes - chiitiko chakakanganwa mukuvandudzwa kwemauto ehondo

Yekutanga hunyanzvi Morris-Martel One Man Tankette yakavakwa muhuwandu hwemakopi masere. Kubudirira kwayo kwakamiswa nekuda kweiyo Carden-Loyd dhizaini.

Tankette imotokari diki yekurwa, kazhinji ine pfuti yemuchina chete. Dzimwe nguva zvinonzi iyi itangi diki, yakareruka kupfuura matangi emwenje. Zvisinei, kutaura zvazviri, uku ndiko kwaiva kuedza kwekutanga kugadzira mauto, achivapa motokari inovabvumira kuperekedza matangi mukurwisa. Zvakadaro, munyika zhinji kuyedza kushandisa mota idzi nekuchinjana nematangi emwenje - nekumwe kukuvara. Nokudaro, nzira iyi yekukura kwema wedges yakakurumidza kuregwa. Zvisinei, kuvandudzwa kwemichina iyi mune rimwe basa rakasiyana kunoramba kuripo nanhasi.

Nzvimbo yekuzvarwa ye tankette iGreat Britain, nzvimbo yekuzvarwa kwetangi, iyo yakaonekwa panhandare dzehondo dzeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga muna 1916. Great Britain inopfuura pakati penguva yehondo, i.e. kusvika 1931-1933 maitiro ekugadzirisa kwemasimba epasi uye kuvandudzwa kwedzidziso yekushandiswa kwemauto ezvombo uye kumhanya. Gare gare, mumaXNUMX, uye kunyanya muhafu yechipiri yemakore gumi, yakatorwa neGermany neUSSR.

Iyo Carden-Loyd One Man Tankette ndiyo yekutanga modhi yechigaro chimwe chete tankette, yakagadzirwa naJohn Carden naVivian Loyd (makopi maviri akavakwa, akasiyana mune zvakadzama).

Pakangopera Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga, Britain yaive nemapoka mashanu evacheche (mabhuradhi matatu evacheche nemapoka ehondo ega ega), mauto makumi maviri evatasvi vemabhiza (kusanganisira matanhatu akazvimirira, matanhatu akaita mauto matatu emabhiza uye mamwe masere akamira kunze kweBritish Isles) uye mana ehondo matangi. Nekudaro, nechekare mumaXNUMXs pakanga paine hurukuro dzakadzama nezve mechanization yemauto epasi. Izwi rokuti "mechanization" rainzwisiswa zvakanyanya - sekuiswa kweinjini dzinopisa mukati meuto, zvose zviri mumhando yemotokari, uye, semuenzaniso, maketani emagetsi muinjiniya kana dizeli. Zvose izvi zvaifanira kuwedzera kurwisana kwemauto uye, pamusoro pezvose, kuwedzera kufamba kwavo munhandare yehondo. Iyo maneuver, kunyangwe chiitiko chinosiririsa cheHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, yaionekwa seyakajeka pakubudirira kwechero chiitiko padanho rehunyanzvi, rekushanda kana danho rekuita. Mumwe anogona kuti "pasinei", asi mumwe anogonawo kutaura kuti kwaiva nekuda kwechiitiko cheHondo Yenyika Yekutanga kuti basa rekufambisa muhondo rakatora nzvimbo yakakurumbira. Izvo zvakaonekwa kuti kurwa kwenzvimbo, zvine hungwaru kuva hondo yekuparadza uye kupera kwezviwanikwa, uye kubva pakuona kwevanhu, mugero chete "junk", haitungamiri kune kugadzirisa kwegakava. Great Britain yaisakwanisa kuita hondo yekuparadza (kureva chinzvimbo), sezvo vakwikwidzi veBritish vaive nehupfumi hwakawanda uye simba rekushandisa, izvo zvinoreva kuti zviwanikwa zveBritish zvingadai zvakapera kare.

Naizvozvo, kufambisa kwacho kwaive kwakakosha, uye zvaive zvakafanira pazvinenge zvichikwanisika kutsvaga nzira dzekuisa kune angangoita muvengi. Zvaive zvakafanira kukudziridza pfungwa dzendima (kumanikidza) yezviito zvekufambisa uye pfungwa yekugadzira hondo pachayo. MuUK, basa rakawanda redzidziso uye rinoshanda rakaitwa panyaya iyi. Muna September 1925, kekutanga kubvira muna 1914, mafambisirwo makuru ounyanzvi anobatanidza mapoka akawanda akaitwa. Munguva yekufambisa uku, kuumbwa kwakakura kwemichina inonzi Mobile Force yakagadziridzwa, yaisanganisira mauto maviri emabhiza uye brigade inotakurwa nerori. Kufambisa kwevarwi vemabhiza nevarwi vanofamba netsoka kwakava kwakasiyana kwazvo zvokuti kunyange zvazvo varwi vaifamba mumarori pakutanga vakatamira mberi, mune ramangwana vaifanira kupeperetswa kure zvikuru nenhandare yehondo. Izvi zvakaita kuti varwi vetsoka vakasvika panhandare yehondo apo yakanga yatopera.

Carden-Loyd Mk III tankette, shanduko yeMk II ine mamwe mavhiri ekudonhedza pasi seMk I * (imwe yakavakwa).

Mhedziso kubva pazviitwa yaive yakapusa: mauto eBritish aive nehunyanzvi nzira dzekugadzira michina, asi kushaikwa kweruzivo mukushandiswa kwehunyanzvi nzira (pamwe nekudhonza-kudhonzwa nebhiza) zvaireva kuti kufambisa nemaumbirwo emauto hakuna kubudirira. Zvakanga zvakafanira kukudziridza chiitwa chekufamba kwemauto nemugwagwa, kuitira kuti kufambisa uku kufambe zvakanaka uye kuti mauniti akasimudzwa asvike kunhandare yehondo nenzira kwayo, aine nzira dzese dzinodiwa dzekurwa nekurwa. Imwe nyaya ndeyekuwiriranisa kwekufamba kwemapoka evacheche ane artillery (uye sapper, kutaurirana, kucherechedzwa, anti-ndege zvinhu, zvichingodaro), nemaumbirwo ezvombo anofamba munzira, uye nekudaro kazhinji kubva mumigwagwa inosvikika kune mota dzine mavhiri. Mhedziso dzakadaro dzakatorwa kubva mukufambisa kukuru kwa1925. Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, basa rekufungidzira rakaitwa pamubvunzo wekufamba kwemauto munguva yekugadzira kwavo michina.

Iyo Carden-Loyd Mk IV itangi-varume vaviri yakavakirwa pamhando dzakapfuura, isina denga kana turret, ine mavhiri mana emugwagwa parutivi rumwe norumwe uye mamwe mavhiri ekudonha.

Muna Chivabvu 1927, boka rekutanga renyika rakagadzirwa muGreat Britain. Yakagadzirwa pahwaro hwe7th Infantry Brigade, kubva - sechinhu chevacheche vemotokari - iyo 2nd Battalion yeCheshire Regiment yakavharirwa. Mauto asara ebrigade: Flanking Reconnaissance Boka (boka remapiro reconnaissance) rine makambani maviri emotokari ane zvombo kubva kuBattalion ye3rd Battalion yeRoyal Tank Corps (RTK); Boka guru rekucherechedza makambani maviri, imwe ine 8 Carden Loyd tankettes uye imwe ine 8 Morris-Martel tankettes kubva ku3rd RTC battalion; 5th RTC Battalion ine 48 Vickers Medium Mark I matangi; Mechanized Machine Gun Battalion - Chechipiri Somerset Light Infantry Battalion ine Vickers heavy machine gun, yakatakurwa paCrossley-Kégresse half-tracks nemarori matanhatu eMorris; 2th Field Brigade, Royal Artillery, ine mabhatiri matatu e6-pounder QF field guns uye 9 mm howwitzers, maviri acho anodhonzwa neDragon tractors uye imwe inodhonzwa neCrossley-Kégresse hafu-track; 18th Battery, 114,3th Field Brigade, Royal Artillery - Brich Gun yekuedza bhatiri; bhatiri rakareruka re 20 mm gomo howwitzers rinotakurwa neBurford-Kégresse half-track tractors; Mechanized field company yeRoyal Engineers pamota dze9-wheeled Morris. Mukuru wemauto emuchina uyu aive Colonel Robert J. Collins, aivewo mutungamiriri we94th Infantry Brigade akamira muboka revarwi rimwechete paCamp Tidworth paSalisbury Plain.

Iyo Carden-Loyd Mk VI ndiyo yekutanga yakabudirira tankette kuve yakasarudzika dhizaini mukirasi yayo yakateverwa nevamwe.

Maitiro ekutanga ekugadzirwa kutsva mu3rd Infantry Division, pasi pemurairo weMajor W. John Burnett-Stewart, akaratidza migumisiro yakasanganiswa. Zvakanga zvakaoma kuwiriranisa mafambisirwo ezvinhu zvakasiyana nemotokari dzine zvinhu zvakasiyana.

Zviito zvemauto ane ruzivo nemagetsi zvakaratidza kuti kuedza kungoita maumbirwo aripo evacheche, pamwe chete nepfuti yakanamirwa kwavari uye mauto ekutsigira muchimiro chezvikwata zvekucherekedza, sappers, kutaurirana uye masevhisi, hazviunze mhedzisiro. Mauto ane michini anofanirwa kuumbwa pamisimboti mitsva uye kutungamirwa zvakaringana kuhondo yemauto akasanganiswa ematangi, mauto emotokari, artillery ane michina, uye masevhisi emota, asi muhuwandu hunoenderana zvakakwana nezvinodiwa zvehondo yenhare.

Kubva kuCarden-Loyd tankettes kunouya yakatevedzwa yakarongedzerwa vashandi vekutakura Universal Carrier, yaive yakanyanya kuwanda kweAllied armored mota muHondo Yenyika II.

Martel naCardin-Loyd matangi matangi

Zvisinei, haasi munhu wose aida kugadzira uto nenzira iyi. Vaitenda kuti kuonekwa kwetangi panhandare yehondo kunoshandura zvachose chimiro chayo. Mumwe wevakuru vanokwanisa veRoyal Mechanized Corps yakazotevera, Giffard Le Quen Martel, kaputeni wemasappers muna 1916 (gare gare Lieutenant-General Sir G. C. Martel; 10 Gumiguru 1889 - 3 Gunyana 1958), akabata maonero akasiyana zvachose.

GQ Martel aive mwanakomana waBrigadier General Charles Philip Martel aiona nezvese mafekitori edziviriro ehurumende kusanganisira ROF kuWoolwich. GQ Martel akapedza kudzidza kubva kuRoyal Military Academy, Woolwich muna 1908 ndokuva lieutenant wechipiri wemainjiniya. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, akarwa muuto reinjiniya-sapper, achibatanidzwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, mukuvaka masvingo uye kukunda kwavo nematangi. Muna 1916, akanyora memorandamu ine musoro unoti "Tank Army", umo akaronga kugadzirira zvakare mauto ose nemotokari dzehondo. Muna 1917-1918, Brig. Yakazara paunenge uchigadzira zvirongwa zvekushandisa matangi mune zvinotevera zvinogumbura. Pashure pehondo, akashanda mumauto einjiniya, asi kufarira matangi kwakaramba kuripo. Muyedzo yemagetsi brigade paCamp Tidworth, akaraira kambani ine michina yemasappers. Anga atova muhafu yekutanga yeXNUMXs, akaedza nekuvandudzwa kwematangi mabhiriji, asi aive achiri kufarira matangi. Nemauto aine bhajeti rakaomesesa, Martel akatendeukira kukuvandudzwa kwematangi madiki, emurume mumwechete anogona kushandiswa kugadzira vese varwi nevatasvi vemabhiza.

Prototypes yePolish tankettes (kuruboshwe) TK-2 neTK-1 neBritish Carden-Loyd Mk VI ine yakagadziridzwa undercarriage yakatengwa kuti iongororwe uye yepakutanga muchina werudzi urwu; zvichida 1930

Pano zvakakodzera kudzokera ku1916 memorandamu uye kuona izvo GQ Martel yakapa ipapo. Eya, akafungidzira kuti mauto ose epasi aifanira kuchinjwa kuva uto rimwe guru rine zvombo. Aitenda kuti musoja ari ega asina nhumbi dzokurwa akanga asina mukana wekupona panhandare yehondo yaitongwa nepfuti uye pfuti dzinopfuta. Nokudaro, akasarudza kuti warhead inofanira kunge yakashongedzerwa nemapoka matatu makuru ematangi. Akashandisa mufananidzo wengarava - zvikepe chete zvakarwa pamakungwa, kazhinji zvakashongedzwa nezvombo, asi analogue chaiyo yevacheche, i.e. kwakanga kusina varwi vaishambira kana kuti mumagwa maduku. Zvinenge mota dzese dzehondo dzehondo dzemugungwa kubva mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX dzave dzakagadzirwa nemagetsi mamonsters esimbi ehukuru hwakasiyana (kunyanya chipfunga nekuda kwehukuru hwadzo).

Naizvozvo, GQ Martel yakafunga kuti munguva yemheni-inokurumidza kupisa moto kubva muchina pfuti uye nekukurumidza-moto sniper pfuti, mauto ese epasi anofanirwa kuchinjika kumotokari senge ngarava.

GQ Martel inopa mapoka matatu emotokari dzehondo: matangi anoparadza, matangi ehondo yehondo uye matangi etorpedo (matangi ekufamba).

Chikamu chemotokari dzisiri dzehondo dzinofanirwa kusanganisira matangi ekupa, i.e. mota dzakashongedzerwa dzekutakura zvombo, mafuta edzimotokari, masiura nezvimwe zvinhu kuenda kunhandare yehondo.

Nezve matangi ehondo, iyo huru yehuwandu hwaive hwekurwa matangi. Ehe, ivo vaisafanirwa kuve vaparadzi vematangi, sezvingareva zita - ingori fananidzo nehondo yehondo. Yaifanirwa kunge iri tangi rakareruka rine pfuti dzemuchina, chaishandiswa kugadzirwa kwevacheche. Matangi anoparadza matangi aifanirwa kutsiva ekare evacheche nevatasvi vemabhiza uye kuita zvinotevera mabasa: munzvimbo ye "vatasvi vemabhiza" - kucherechedzwa, kufukidza bapiro uye kutakura zvitunha kuseri kwemitsara yevavengi, munzvimbo ye "vacheche" - kutora nzvimbo uye. kutarisa nzvimbo dzakagarwa, kurwisa mhando imwe chete yemafomati muvengi, kubata uye kuchengetwa kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvenzvimbo, zvigadziko uye matura emuvengi, pamwe nekuvharira matangi ehondo.

Matangi ehondo yehondo aifanirwa kuumba simba guru rinorova uye kuita mabasa emauto ehondo, uye chikamu chepfuti. Vaifanira kukamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu zvakasiyana: zvinorema nekumhanya kwakaderera, asi nhumbi dzine simba uye zvombo muchimiro chepfuti 152-mm, yepakati ine nhumbi dzisina simba uye nhumbi dzokurwa, asi nekumhanya kukuru, uye chiedza - nekukurumidza, kunyangwe vasina nhumbi dzokurwa uye vakashonga. Iwo ekupedzisira aifanirwa kuita reconnaissance kuseri kwemaitiro ezvombo, pamwe nekutevera nekuparadza vaparadzi vevavengi. Uye pakupedzisira, "torpedo matangi", ndiko kuti, vaparadzi vengarava dzehondo, vane zvombo zvinorema, asi zvombo zvishoma zvekumhanya kukuru. Iwo matangi etorpedo aifanirwa kubata matangi ezvikepe zvehondo, azviparadze, uye abude kunze kwemhando yezvombo zvavo ivo pachavo vasati vaparadzwa. Nokudaro, muhondo dzemugungwa, vaizova vaenzanisi vari kure nevafambisi vengarava huru; muhondo yepasi, fananidzo inomuka neyakazotevera yekuAmerica pfungwa yevanoparadza matangi. G.K. Martel akafungidzira kuti "torpedo tank" mune ramangwana inogona kuve yakashongedzerwa nemhando yerocket launcher, iyo yaizonyanya kushanda mukurova zvibodzwa zvehondo. Pfungwa yekugadzira mauto akazara mupfungwa yekushongedza mauto chete nemotokari dzezvombo yakakwezvawo Colonel W. (akazotevera General) John F. C. Fuller, muongorori ane mukurumbira wekushandiswa kwemauto eBritish.

Mukati mebasa rake repashure, Captain uye gare gare Major Giffard Le Ken Martel vakasimudzira dzidziso yekuvaka vaparadzi matangi, i.e. zvakachipa zvikuru, zvidiki, 1/2-seat-armored mota dzakapakata pfuti dzemuchina, dzaifanira kutsiva dzekare dzevacheche nevatasvi vemabhiza. Apo, muna 1922, Herbert Austin akaratidzira kumunhu wose motokari yake duku yakachipa ine 7 hp injini. (saka zita rekuti Austin Seven), GQ Martel akatanga kusimudzira pfungwa yetangi rakadaro.

Muna 1924 akatovaka mufananidzo wemotokari yakadaro mugaraji rake, achishandisa mahwendefa esimbi uye zvikamu zvemotokari dzakasiyana-siyana. Iye pachake akanga ari makanika akanaka uye, sesapper, aiva nedzidzo yeinjiniya yakakodzera. Pakutanga, akapa motokari yake kune vaaishanda navo kumauto achinakidzwa zvikuru kupfuura kufarira, asi nokukurumidza pfungwa yacho yakawana nzvimbo yakaorera. Muna Ndira 1924, kekutanga munhoroondo, hurumende yebato rekuruboshwe reLabour Party yakaumbwa muGreat Britain, ichitungamirwa naRamsay MacDonald. Chokwadi, hurumende yake yakagara kusvikira pakupera kwegore, asi muchina wacho wakatanga kushanda. Makambani maviri emotokari - Morris Motor Company yeCowley, inotungamirirwa naWilliam R. Morris, Lord Nuffield, uye Crossley Motors yeGorton kunze kweManchester - vakapiwa basa rekuvaka motokari zvichienderana nemafungiro uye magadzirirwo eGQ Martel.

Anosvika masere masere matangi eMorris-Martel akavakwa, achishandisa chassis yakatevedzwa kubva kuRoadless Traction Ltd. uye injini yeMorris ine simba re16 hp, iyo yakabvumira kuti motokari isvike pakumhanya kwe45 km / h. Muchigadziro chechigaro chimwe chete, motokari yaifanira kunge yakashongedzerwa nepfuti yemuchina, uye muchidimbu chechigaro chechipiri, pfuti ye47-mm pfupi-barreled yakatorongwa. Mota yainge yave pachena kubva kumusoro uye yainge yati ngwee. Iyo chete Crossley prototype yaifambiswa ne 27 hp ina-cylinder Crossley injini. uye yaive negonye pasi peiyo Kègresse system. Iyi prototype yakabviswa muna 1932 uye yakapihwa kuRoyal Military College yeSainzi sechiratidziro. Zvisinei, harina kurarama nanhasi. Michina miviri - kubva kuMorris neCrossley - yakatevedzwa nehafu, sezvo vese vaive nemavhiri ekutyaira mota kuseri kweiyo undercarriage yaiteverwa. Izvi zvakarerutsa magadzirirwo emotokari.

Mauto aisada dhizaini yeMartel, saka ndakagara pane aya masere Morris-Martel wedges. Pfungwa yacho pachayo, zvisinei, yaiyevedza zvikuru nekuda kwemutengo wakaderera wemotokari dzakafanana. Izvi zvakapa tariro yekupinda mubasa rehuwandu hwe "matangi" pamutengo wakaderera wekugadzirisa nekutenga kwavo. Nekudaro, mhinduro yakasarudzika yakatsanangurwa nenyanzvi mugadziri, injiniya John Valentine Cardin.

John Valentine Cardin (1892-1935) aive nechipo chekuzvidzidzisa injiniya. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, akashanda muGuard Corps yeArmy Corps, achishanda matirakita akaronda Holt aishandiswa neBritish Army kukweva pfuti dzinorema uye kugovera matirakita. Mukati mebasa rake rechiuto, akakwira pachinzvimbo chokuva kaputeni. Mushure mehondo, akasika kambani yake inogadzira motokari duku zvikuru mumaduku maduku, asi kare muna 1922 (kana 1923) akasangana naVivian Loyd, uyo wavakasarudza kugadzira motokari duku dzakatevedzwa dzeuto - setirakita kana zvimwe zvinoshandiswa. Muna 1924 vakavamba Carden-Loyd Tractors Ltd. muChertsey kumadokero kweLondon, kumabvazuva kweFarnborough. Muna Kurume 1928, Vickers-Armstrong, ainetsekana zvikuru, akatenga kambani yavo, uye John Carden akava mutungamiriri wehunyanzvi weVickers Panzer Division. Vickers vatove neine mukurumbira uye yakakura kwazvo tankette yeCarden-Loyd duo, Mk VI; A 6-ton Vickers E tangi yakagadzirwawo, iyo yakatengeswa zvakanyanya kune dzimwe nyika uye ine rezinesi muPoland (yayo yenguva refu yekusimudzira ndeye 7TP) kana muUSSR (T-26). Iko kuvandudzwa kwazvino kwaJohn Carden yaive VA D50 mwenje wakateedzerwa mota, yakagadzirwa zvakananga pahwaro hweMk VI tankette uye yaive prototype yeBren Carrier light aircraft carrier. Musi waDecember 10, 1935, John Cardin akafa mutsaona yendege pandege yeBelgian Sabena.

Mumwe wake Vivian Loyd (1894-1972) aive nedzidzo yesekondari uye akashanda muBritish artillery munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Hondo ichangopera, akavakawo mota diki mudiki akateedzana asati ajoinha kambani yeCarden-Loyd. Akave zvakare muvaki wetangi kuVickers. NaCardin, ndiye aive musiki wemhuri yeBren Carrier uye gare gare Universal Carrier. Muna 1938, akaenda kunotanga kambani yake, Vivian Loyd & Co., iyo yakaita kuti Loyd Carrier crawler matirakita akati kurei; anenge 26 akavakwa mukati meHondo Yenyika II (zvikuru nemamwe makambani ari pasi perezinesi kubva kuLoyd).

Tankette yekutanga yakavakwa paCardin-Loyd fekitori munguva yechando ya1925-1926. Yakanga iri bhomba rezvombo zvishoma rine injini yekumashure kumashure kwemutyairi, ine njanji dzakanamirwa kumativi. Mavhiri madiki emugwagwa akanga asina kucheneswa, uye pamusoro pegonye paitsvedzerera pamasiraidhi esimbi. Kutungamira kwaipihwa nevhiri rimwe rakaiswa kumashure fuselage, pakati pemakwara. Matatu prototypes akavakwa, uye pasina nguva muchina mumwe wakavakwa mune yakagadziridzwa vhezheni yeMk I *. Mumotokari iyi, zvaikwanisika kuisa mamwe mavhiri padivi, ayo aityairwa necheni kubva kumberi dhiraivha ekisero. Nekuda kwavo, mota yaigona kufamba nemavhiri matatu - mavhiri maviri ekutyaira pamberi uye rimwe diki vhiri kumashure. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuchengeta matinji mumigwagwa kana uchibuda munhandare yehondo uye kuwedzera kufamba munzira dzakarohwa. Kutaura zvazviri, rakanga riri tangi rine mavhiri. Mk I neMk I * dzakanga dziri motokari dzine chigaro chimwe chete, dzakafanana neMk II yakagadzirwa pakupera kwa1926, iyo yakaratidza kushandiswa kwemavhiri emugwagwa akamiswa kubva pamaoko akarembera, akanyoroveswa nezvitubu. Musiyano wemuchina uyu nekugona kuisa mavhiri zvinoenderana neMk I * chirongwa chainzi Mk III. Iyo prototype yakaedzwa zvakanyanya muna 1927. Zvakadaro, vhezheni yezvigaro zviviri ye tankette ine yakaderera hull yakakurumidza kuoneka. Vaviri vevashandi vemotokari vakaiswa kune rumwe rutivi rweinjini, nekuda kweiyo mota yakawana hunhu, skweya chimiro nehurefu hwakafanana nehupamhi hwemotokari. Imwe nhengo yevashandi yaidzora tankette, uye imwe yakashandisa zvombo zvayo muchimiro chepfuti yemuchina. Karikari yemukati menjanji yaive yakakwenenzverwa, asi chidhiraivho chaive chichiri vhiri rimwe chete kumashure. Injini yaityaira magiya ekumberi, ayo aiendesa kudhonzwa kumanjanji. Izvo zvakare zvaigoneka kubatanidza mamwe mavhiri parutivi, kune iro simba raifambiswa kuburikidza neketani kubva kumberi mavhiri ekutyaira - yekutyaira mumigwagwa ine tsvina. Mota yakaonekwa pakupera kwa1927, uye pakutanga kwa1928, sere seriyeri Mk IV mota dzakapinda muboka rechitatu tank battalion, iro raive chikamu cheExperimental Mechanized Brigade. Aya ndiwo ekutanga Carden-Loyd wedges akatengwa nemauto ndokuiswa mubasa.

Iyo 1928 Mk V prototype ndiyo yaive yekupedzisira kugadzirwa neCarden-Loyd Tractors Ltd. Yakasiyana nemota dzakambopfuura dzine chidhiraivho chikuru uye nzira dzakatambanudzwa. Zvisinei, haina kutengwa nemauto.

Carden-Loyd pasi peiyo Vickers brand

Vickers vakatogadzira nyowani tankette prototype, iyo Mk V*. Musiyano mukuru waive shanduko huru mukumiswa. Mavhiri emumugwagwa mahombe pazvigadziko zverabha akashandiswa, akaturikwa ari maviri pamabhogi ane akajairika kubatwa nekuvhunduka ane yakachinjika mashizha chitubu. Iyi mhinduro yakave nyore uye inoshanda. Motokari yacho yakavakwa mumakopi mapfumbamwe, asi shanduro yakatevera yakava budiriro. Panzvimbo pechidhiraivho kuseri, inoshandisa mabatiro eparutivi kuti ipe musiyano wesimba rekufambisa kumakwara. Nekudaro, kutendeuka kwemuchina wakaitwa senge pamotokari dzemazuva ano dzakateedzerwa dzehondo - nekuda kwekumhanya kwakasiyana kwematinji ese ari maviri kana nekumisa imwe yenzira. Ngoro yaisagona kufamba nemavhiri, paingova negonye. Kutyaira kwaive kwakavimbika Ford injini, yakabva kune yakakurumbira Model T, ine simba re22,5 hp. Mafuta emafuta mutangi aiva 45 litres, ayo akanga akakwana kufamba anenge 160 km. Iyo yakanyanya kumhanya yaive 50 km / h. Nhumbi dzemotokari dzaive kurudyi: yaive 7,7 mm air-yakatonhorera Lewis muchina pfuti kana pfuti yakanyoroveswa nemvura yeVickers.

zvakafanana caliber.

Waive muchina uyu wakapinda mukugadzirwa kwehuwandu. Muzvikamu zviviri zvakakura zvemakopi 162 ne104, motokari dzinokwana mazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu nenhanhatu dzakaunzwa mushanduro yekutanga ine prototypes uye sarudzo dzakasarudzika, uye dzakagadzirwa 266. Dzimwe dzemotokari idzi dzakagadzirwa nevehurumende Woolwich Arsenal plant. Vickers vakatengesa single Mk VI wedges ine rezinesi rekugadzira kunyika dzakawanda (Fiat Ansaldo kuItaly, Polskie Zakłady Inżynieryjne muPoland, USSR State Industry, Škoda muCzechoslovakia, Latil muFrance). Mutori mukuru wekune dzimwe nyika akagamuchira mota dzakavakwa neBritish yaive Thailand, iyo yakagamuchira makumi matatu Mk VI uye makumi matatu Mk VIb mota. Bolivia, Chile, Czechoslovakia, Japan nePortugal imwe neimwe yakatenga mota 325 dzakavakwa kuUK.

Soviet heavy tank T-35 yakakomberedzwa ne tankettes (light reckless tanks) T-27. Yakatsiviwa neT-37 uye T-38 amphibious reconnaissance matangi ane zvombo zvakaiswa mune inotenderera turret.

MuUK, matangi eVickers Carden-Loyd Mk VI akashandiswa zvakanyanya muzvikamu zvekucherekedza. Nekudaro, pahwaro hwavo, tangi yemwenje Mk I yakasikwa, yakagadziridzwa mune dzakazotevera shanduro muma1682s. Yakanga iine kumiswa kwe tankette yakagadziriswa semutsivi weMk VI kubva iyo Scout Carrier, Bren Carrier uye Universal Carrier mhuri dzevatakuri vezvombo vakatakura zvombo zvakadzika, yakavharwa yepamusoro hull uye turret inotenderera ine pfuti yemuchina kana pfuti yemuchina. heavy machine gun. Musiyano wekupedzisira weMk VI light tank yakavakwa muhuwandu hwemotokari gumi dzakashandiswa muhondo panguva yekutanga yeHondo Yenyika II.

Japanese Type 94 tankettes yakashandiswa panguva yeHondo yeSino-Japan uye nguva yekutanga yeHondo Yenyika II. Yakatsiviwa neType 97 nepfuti ye37 mm, yakagadzirwa kusvika 1942.

Summation

Munyika zhinji, kugadzirwa kwemarezinesi etankettes hakuna kuitwa zvakananga, asi kugadziridzwa kwavo kwakaunzwa, kazhinji zvakanyanya kushandura dhizaini yemuchina. MaItaliya akavaka mota makumi maviri neshanu chaidzo maererano nehurongwa hwaCarden-Loyd pasi pezita rekuti CV 25, ichiteverwa nemotokari dzinosvika zviuru zviviri nemazana manomwe nemakumi matatu nemotokari dzeCV makumi matatu neshanu dzakakwidziridzwa - dzekupedzisira dziine pfuti mbiri. Mushure mekutenga michina mishanu yeCarden-Loyd Mk VI, Japan yakafunga kugadzira dhizaini yayo yakafanana. Mota iyi yakagadzirwa neIshikawajima Motorcar Manufacturing Company (yava Isuzu Motors), iyo yakabva yavaka 29 Type 2700s vachishandisa zvinhu zvakawanda zveCarden-Loyd. Kusimukira kwavo kwaive muchina une hull yakavharwa uye turret imwe chete ine 33 mm muchina pfuti yakagadzirwa neHino Motors seType 35; 167 zvidimbu zvakagadzirwa.

MuCzechoslovakia muna 1932, kambani yeČKD (Českomoravská Kolben-Daněk) kubva kuPrague yakanga ichigadzira motokari pasi perezinesi kubva kuCarden-Loyd. Motokari inozivikanwa seTančík vz. 33 (wedge wz. 33). Mushure mekuedza iyo yakatengwa Carden-Loyd Mk VI, maCzechs akasvika pakugumisa kuti shanduko dzakawanda dzinofanira kuitwa kumichina. Zvina prototypes zveyakagadziridzwa vz. 33 ine 30 hp Prague injini. dzakaedzwa muna 1932, uye muna 1933 kugadzirwa kwakawanda kwemichina 70 yerudzi urwu kwakatanga. Vakashandiswa munguva yeHondo Yenyika II

uto reSlovakia.

MuPoland, kubva munaAugust 1931, mauto akatanga kugamuchira TK-3 wedges. Ivo vakatangirwa nemaprototypes maviri, iyo TK-1 uye TK-2, yakanyatso hukama neyekutanga Carden-Loyd. TK-3 yaitove nekamuri yekurwira yakavharwa uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvinogadziridzwa zvakaunzwa munyika yedu. Pakazara, muna 1933, dzinenge mazana matatu emotokari dzerudzi urwu dzakavakwa (kusanganisira 300 TKF, pamwe neiyo prototypes yeTKV uye TKD inozvifambisa-inomhanyisa anti-tank pfuti), uyezve, muna 18-1934, zvakanyanya 1936 yakagadziridzwa mota. zvakaendeswa kuPolish Army TKS nenhumbi dzokurwa dzakavandudzwa uye chirimwa chemagetsi muchimiro cheinjini yePolish Fiat 280B ine 122 hp.

Kugadzirwa kwakakura kwemichina yakavakirwa paCarden-Loyd mhinduro yakaitwa muUSSR pasi pezita reT-27 - kunyangwe zvishoma kudarika kugadzirwa muItari uye kwete yakakura kwazvo pasirese. MuUSSR, dhizaini yepakutanga yakagadziridzwawo nekuwedzera mota, kuvandudza kufambiswa kwesimba uye kuunza yayo yega 40 hp GAZ AA injini. Zvombo zvaisanganisira imwe 7,62 mm DT muchina pfuti. Kugadzirwa kwakaitwa muna 1931-1933 pamiti Nhamba 37 muMoscow uye paGAZ plant muGorki; Zvose zve3155 T-27 motokari dzakavakwa uye imwezve 187 mumutsara weChT-27, umo pfuti yemuchina yakatsiviwa nemoto unopisa moto. Marori aya akaramba achishanda kusvika pakatanga USSR kutora chikamu muHondo Yenyika II, ndiko kuti, kusvika muzhizha uye matsutso a1941. Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo dzainyanya kushandiswa sematarakita epfuti dzakareruka uye semotokari dzekufambisa mashoko.

France inozvirumbidza nekugadzirwa kukuru kwematannettes munyika. Pano, zvakare, zvakasarudzwa kugadzira mota diki inoteedzerwa zvichibva pane tekinoroji mhinduro dzeCarden-Loyd. Zvisinei, zvakasarudzwa kugadzira motokari kuitira kuti irege kubhadhara maBritish kune rezinesi. Renault, Citroen naBrandt vakapinda mumakwikwi emotokari itsva, asi pakupedzisira, muna 1931, dhizaini yeRenault UE ine Renault UT two-axle crawler trailer yakasarudzwa kuti igadziriswe. Dambudziko, zvisinei, raive rekuti nepo mune dzimwe nyika dzese marudzi eCarden-Loyd tankettes aibatwa semotokari dzehondo (yainyanya kuitirwa zvikwata zvekucherekedza, kunyangwe muUSSR neItaly vaibatwa senzira yakachipa yekugadzirwa kwerutsigiro rwezvombo. zvikwata zvevacheche), yaive muFrance kubva pakutanga kuti Renault UE yaifanirwa kunge iri tirakita yezvombo uye mota yekutakura zvombo. Yaifanirwa kukweva pfuti dzakareruka uye madhaka anoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwevacheche, kunyanya anti-tank uye anti-ndege pfuti, pamwe nedhaka. Kusvika 1940, 5168 yemichina iyi yakavakwa uye imwe 126 pasi perezinesi muRomania. Kusati kwatanga hutsinye, yaive tankette yakakura kwazvo.

Zvisinei, motokari yeBritish, yakagadzirwa zvakananga pahwaro hweCarden-Loyd tankettes, yakaputsa zvinyorwa zvekuzivikanwa zvachose. Sezvineiwo, kaputeni pakutanga akamurongera basa muna 1916. Martela - ndiko kuti, yaive mota yekutakura vacheche, kana kuti, yaishandiswa kugadzira pfuti dzevacheche, kunyangwe yaishandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana: kubva pakuzivikanwa kusvika kune tirakita yezvombo zvishoma, mota dzekurwa, kuburitswa kwekurapa. , kutaurirana, kutenderera, nezvimwewo. Kutanga kwayo kunodzokera kuVickers-Armstrong D50 prototype, yakagadzirwa nekambani pachayo. Aifanira kunge ari mutakuri wepfuti yemuchina wekutsigirwa kwevacheche, uye mune iri basa - pasi pezita reMutakuri, Machine-Gun No 1 Mako 1 - mauto akaedza prototypes ayo. Mota dzekutanga kugadzira dzakapinda basa nemauto eBritish muna 1936: Machine Gun Carrier (kana Bren Carrier), Cavalry Carrier uye Scout Carrier. Kusiyanisa kudiki pakati pemotokari kwakatsanangurwa nechinangwa chavo - semotokari yevacheche muchina-pfuti mayunitsi, semutakuri wevatyairi vemabhiza uye semotokari yezvikwata zvekucherekedza. Zvisinei, sezvo kugadzirwa kwemichina iyi kwakanga kwakada kufanana, zita rokuti Universal Carrier rakabuda muna 1940.

Munguva kubva 1934 kusvika 1960, anosvika 113 emotokari idzi dzakavakwa pamafekitori mazhinji akasiyana muGreat Britain neCanada, inova rekodhi yakazara yemotokari dzehondo munyika munhoroondo yavo yese. Idzi dzakanga dziri ngoro dzaigadzira michina mikuru yevarwi; aishandiswa kuita mabasa mazhinji akasiyana. Inobva kumotokari dzakadai iyo mushure mehondo, inorema inoteedzerwa yevatakuri vezvombo inoshandiswa kutakura mauto uye kutsigira munhandare yehondo. Hazvifanirwe kukanganwa kuti Universal Carrier yaive chokwadi chekutanga kuteverwa pasirese mutakuri wevashandi vezvombo. Vatakuri vemazuva ano, hongu, vakakura uye vanorema, asi chinangwa chavo chakafanana - kutakura varwi vetsoka, kuvadzivirira zvakanyanya kubva kumoto wevavengi uye kuvapa rutsigiro rwemoto pavanoenda kuhondo kunze kwemotokari.

Zvinowanzogamuchirwa kuti wedges imagumo akafa mukuvandudzwa kwemauto ane zvombo uye mechanized. Kana tikavabata sematangi, sechinzvimbo chakachipa chemotokari yehondo (iyo tankettes inosanganisira, semuenzaniso, iyo yeGerman Panzer I matangi emwenje, ayo kukosha kwehondo kwakaderera), saka hongu, yaive magumo mukuvandudzwa kwe motokari dzehondo. Zvisinei, tankettes dzaisafanira kunge dziri matangi, izvo zvakakanganwa nemamwe mauto akaedza kuvashandisa sechitsivi chetangi. Idzi dzaifanira kunge dziri mota dzevacheche. Nekuti, sekureva kwaFuller, Martel naLiddell-Hart, mauto aifanira kufamba uye kurwa mumotokari dzehondo. Kune "vaparadzi matangi" muna 1916, pakanga paine mabasa ave kuitwa nevanofambisa mota pamotokari dzehondo dzevacheche - dzakangofanana.

Onawo >>>

TKS matangi ekucherekedza