Matangi. Makore zana ekutanga, chikamu 1
Matangi. Makore zana ekutanga, chikamu 1
Makore zana chaiwo apfuura, musi waGunyana 100, 15, muminda yePicardy paRwizi Somme kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweFrance, matangi gumi nemaviri eBritish akatanga kupinda mumhirizhonga. Kubva ipapo, tangi yakagadziridzwa zvakarongeka uye nanhasi inobata basa rakakosha panhandare yehondo.
Chikonzero chekuonekwa kwematangi chaiva chido, chakaberekerwa mukurwisana kweropa mumadhaka eHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, apo varwi vemativi ose maviri vakateura ropa rakawanda, vasingakwanisi kubuda kunze kwemamiriro ezvinhu.
Hondo dzehondo hadzina kukwanisa kuputsa nzira dzechinyakare dzekurwa, dzakaita semotokari dzehondo, dzaisakwanisa kupinda nepamafenzi ewaya dzine minzwa nemakoronga akaoma kunzwisisa. Muchina waigona kuita izvi wakabata ngwariro yaShe wepanguva iyoyo Wokutanga weAdmiralty, Winston S. Churchill, kunyange zvazvo zvamazvirokwazvo rakanga risiri basa rake. Dhizaini yekutanga yakatariswa yaive mota pavhiri "ine makumbo", ndiko kuti, zvitsigiro zvinofambiswa zvakaiswa zvakatenderedza denderedzwa revhiri, iro rakachinjika kune iyo nzvimbo. Pfungwa yevhiri rakadaro ndeyaBrama J. Diplock, injiniya wekuBritain akavaka matirakita asiri munzira ane mavhiri akadaro paPedrail Transport Company yake muFulham, sabhabhu yeLondon. Chokwadika, uyu wakanga uri mumwe we“migumo yakafa” yakawanda; mavhiri ane "makumbo-rails" akaratidza kuti haasi nani kunze kwemugwagwa pane mavhiri emazuva ose.
Iyo caterpillar chassis yakatanga kuiswa mukugadzirwa naMaine mupfuri Alvin Orlando Lombard (1853-1937) pamatirakita ekurima aakavaka. Pamugero wekutyaira, akaisa seti ine makonye, uye pamberi pemota - pachinzvimbo chemberi - skids yekutungamirira. Muhupenyu hwake hwose, "akabudisa" 83 yematekita aya emvura, achiisa muna 1901-1917. Akashanda sesando nekuti yake yaakagadzira yeWaterville Iron Works muWaterville, Maine, aigadzira mota dzinongopfuura shanu pagore kwemakore gumi nematanhatu iwayo. Gare gare, kusvika 1934, "akagadzira" dhiziri gonye matirakita pamwero wakafanana.
Kumwe kuvandudzwa kwemotokari dzakatevedzwa kwanga kuchiri kubatanidzwa neUnited States uye maviri mainjiniya ekugadzira. Mumwe wavo ndiBenjamin Leroy Holt (1849-1920). Paive nefekitori diki yemavhiri emotokari muStockton, California yaive yeHolts, Stockton Wheel Company, yakatanga kugadzira matarakita emapurazi echiputi mukupera kwezana ramakore re1904. Muna Mbudzi 1908, kambani yakaunza tirakita yayo yekutanga yedhiziri, yakagadzirwa naBenjamin L. Holt. Mota idzi dzaive neaxle yekumberi yaitsiva skids yaimboshandiswa nemavhiri, saka dzaive mota dzinenge dziri pakati nepakati sedzakazotevera. Muna XNUMX chete, rezinesi rakatengwa kubva kukambani yeBritish Richard Hornsby & Sons, maererano nei huremu hwese hwemuchina hwakawira pane yakatevedzwa chassis. Sezvo nyaya yekudzora mutsauko wekutyaira pakati penzira dzekuruboshwe nekurudyi isina kumbogadziriswa, nyaya dzekuchinja dzakagadziriswa nekushandisa ekisero yekumashure ine mavhiri anodhiraivha, kutsauka kwayo kwakamanikidza mota kuti ichinje nzira. .
Nenguva isipi kugadzirwa kwakanga kwava kuita. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika I, Kambani yeHolt Manufacturing yakapa matirakita anopfuura zviuru gumi akatengwa nemauto eBritain, America neFrance. Kambani iyi, yakatumidzwa zita rekuti Holt Caterpillar Company muna 10, yakava kambani huru ine zvidyarwa zvitatu muUnited States. Sezvineiwo, zita rechirungu regonye ndiro "track" - kureva mugwagwa, nzira; kugonye, inzira isingaperi, inogara ichitenderera pasi pemavhiri emotokari. Asi mutori wemifananidzo wekambani Charles Clements akaona kuti tirakita yaHolt yaikambaira segonye - gonye reshavishavi. Ndiko kuti "caterpillar" kuChirungu. Yaiva nokuda kwechikonzero ichi kuti zita rekambani rakachinjwa uye gonye rakaonekwa muchiratidzo chekutengeserana, ihwowo maruva.
