Izvo zvinoumba munyu, chikamu 4 Bromine

Chimwe chinhu kubva kumhuri yehalogen is bromine. Iyo inobata chinzvimbo pakati peklorini uye ayodhini (pamwe chete kugadzira iyo halogen subfamily), uye zvimiro zvayo zviri pakati nepakati zvichienzaniswa nevavakidzani vayo kumusoro uye pasi peboka. Zvisinei, chero munhu anofunga kuti ichi chinhu chisingafadzi angave akakanganisa.

Semuenzaniso, bromine ndiyo yega mvura pakati pezvisiri-simbi, uye ruvara rwayo zvakare runoramba rwakasiyana munyika yezvinhu. Chinhu chikuru, zvisinei, ndechekuti iwe unogona kuita zviedzo zvinonakidza nazvo kumba.

- Pane chinhu chinonhuwa muno! -

...... akadanidzira mufesi wemakemikari Joseph Gay-Lussacapo, muzhizha ra1826, akamirira French Academy, akaongorora mushumo wokuwanwa kwechimwe chinhu chitsva. Munyori waro akanga asingazikanwi zvikuru Antoine Balar. Gore rakapfuura, mufesi wezvemishonga wemakore makumi maviri nematatu aive achiferefeta mukana wekuwana iodine kubva mukubikisa zvigadziriso zvakasara kubva kucrystallization yedombo remunyu kubva mumvura yegungwa (nzira inoshandiswa kuwana munyu munzvimbo dzinodziya dzakadai seFrench Mediterranean coast). Chlorine yakaputika nemugadziro, ichibvisa iodine kubva mumunyu wayo. Akagamuchira chinhu, asi akacherechedza chimwe chinhu - firimu remvura yakatsvuka nekunhuhwirira kwakasimba. Akaipatsanura achibva aibatanidza. Chaive chasara chaive chimvura chebrown chakasvibira chakasiyana nechinhu chero chipi zvacho chaizivikanwa. Mhinduro dzebvunzo dzaBalar dzakaratidza kuti ichi chinhu chitsva. Naizvozvo, akatumira mushumo kuFrench Academy uye akamirira mutongo wayo. Mushure mekuwanikwa kwaBalar kwakasimbiswa, zita rakakumbirwa chinhu bromine, yakabva muchiGiriki bromos, i.e. kunhuwa nekuti kunhuwa kwebromine hakusi kunakidza (1).

Cherechedza chinyorwa! Kunhuwa kwakashata hakusi iko kwega kwebromine. Ichi chinhu chinokuvadza sepamusoro halogens, uye kana yasvika paganda, inosiya maronda akaoma kupora. Naizvozvo, hapana mhosva iwe unofanirwa kuwana bromine muchimiro chayo chakachena uye udzivise kufema kunhuhwirira kwemhinduro yayo.

chinhu chemvura yegungwa

Mvura yegungwa ine inenge yese bromine iripo pasi rose. Kusangana neklorini kunokonzeresa kuburitswa kwebromine, iyo inoputika nemhepo inoshandiswa kuputira mvura. Mumugamuchiri, bromine inoderedzwa uye yozocheneswa ne distillation. Nekuda kwemakwikwi akachipa uye kushoma reactivity, bromine inoshandiswa chete kana ichidiwa. Kushandiswa kwakawanda kwava chinhu chekare, zvakadai sesilver bromide mukutora mifananidzo, zvinowedzerwa nepeturu ine lead, uye zvinodzima moto wehalon. Bromine chikamu chezinc bromine mabhatiri, uye makemikari ayo anoshandiswa semishonga, dhayi, zvinowedzera kuderedza kupisa kwepurasitiki uye zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira zvirimwa.

Kemikari, bromine haina kusiyana nemamwe halogens: inoumba yakasimba hydrobromic acid HBr, munyu nebromine anion uye mamwe okisijeni acids nemunyu wavo.

Bromine muongorori

Maitiro ekuita kwebromide anion akafanana nemiedzo yakaitwa yekloridi. Mushure mekuwedzera sirivheri nitrate mhinduro AgNO₃ Iyo isina kunyungudika AgBr precipitate mafomu, kusviba muchiedza nekuda kwekuora kwepikicha. Iyo inonaya ine yero muruvara (kusiyana nechena AgCl uye yero AgI) uye haina kunyungudika zvakanaka kana NH ammonia mhinduro yawedzerwa._3aq (iyo inoisiyanisa kubva kuAgCl, inonyungudika zvakanyanya pasi pemamiriro aya) (2). 

2. Kuenzanisa kwemavara esirivha halides - kuparara kwavo mushure mekusangana nechiedza kunoonekwa pasi apa.

Nzira iri nyore yekuona mabromidhi ndeyekuita oxidizing uye kuona kuvepo kwebromine yemahara. Pakuedzwa iwe uchada: potassium bromide KBr, potassium permanganate KMnO₄, sulfuric acid (VI) mhinduro H₂SO₄ uye organic solvent (semuenzaniso pendi yakaonda). Dururira zvishoma zveKBr uye KMnO mhinduro muchubhu yekuyedza.₄uyezve madonhwe mashoma easidhi. Zviri mukati zvinobva zvaita yero (pakutanga yaive yepepuru kubva kune yakawedzerwa potassium permanganate):

2KMn₄ +10KBr +8H₂SO4 → 2MnSO₄ + zviuru zvitanhatu₂SO₄ +5Br₂ + 8H₂О Wedzera chikamu

3. Bromine yakatorwa kubva muaqueous layer (pasi) inoshandura organic solvent layer tsvuku-brown (kumusoro).

solvent uye zunza test tube kusanganisa zviri mukati. Kana yabviswa, iwe uchaona kuti iyo organic layer yave brownish-tsvuku ruvara. Bromine inonyungudika zvirinani muzvinwiwa zvisiri polar uye inopfuura kubva mumvura ichienda kunyungudika. Zvinoonekwa chiitiko nyama (3). 

Bromine mvura kumba

bromine mvura mushonga wemvura unowanikwa mumaindasitiri nekunyungudutsa bromine mumvura (inenge 3,6 g yebromine mu100 g yemvura). Iyo reagent inoshandiswa seyakapfava oxidizing agent uye yekuona iyo unsaturated hunhu hwe organic komisheni. Zvisinei, bromine yakasununguka chinhu chine ngozi, uye mvura yebromine haina kugadzikana (bromine inoputika kubva mumushonga uye inopindirana nemvura). Naizvozvo, zviri nani kuiwana mune diki workaround uye nekukasira shandisa iyo yekuyedza.

Iwe wakatodzidza nzira yekutanga yekuona bromide: oxidation inotungamira pakuumbwa kwebromine yemahara. Panguva ino wedzera madonhwe mashomanana eH kune potassium bromide KBr solution muflask.₂SO₄ uye chikamu chehydrogen peroxide (3% H₂O₂ inoshandiswa semushonga wekuuraya utachiona). Mushure menguva yakati, musanganiswa unoshanduka wero:

2KBr+H₂O₂ +H₂SO₄ →K₂SO₄ + Br₂ + 2H₂O

Mvura yebromine yakawanikwa inosvibiswa, asi inongonetsa X.₂O₂. Nokudaro, inofanira kubviswa ne manganese dioxide MnO.₂iyo inoparadza yakawandisa hydrogen peroxide. Nzira iri nyore yekuwana iyo kompani kubva kumaseru anoraswa (akadanwa seR03, R06), uko ari muchimiro cherima guru rinozadza zinc mukombe. Isa piniki yemusanganiswa mufurasiki, uye mushure mekuita, dururira kubva kune supernatant, uye reagent yakagadzirira.

Imwe nzira ndeye electrolysis yeaqueous solution ye KBr. Kuti uwane mhinduro yakanyatsonaka yebromine, unoda kuvaka diaphragm electrolyzer, i.e. ingoparadzanisa girazi nechidimbu chakakodzera chekadhibhodhi (izvi zvinoderedza kusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvinogadziriswa pama electrodes). Iyo yakanaka electrode ichava girafu tsvimbo inotorwa kubva pakuraswa sero 3 yakataurwa pamusoro, uye iyo yakaipa electrode ichava mbambo yenguva dzose. Simba rinobva pabhatiri resimbi ye4,5V Dururira mhinduro yeKBr mubeaker, isa maelectrodes newaya dzakabatanidzwa, uye batanidza bhatiri newaya. Pedyo neelectrode yakanaka mhinduro inoshanduka yero (iyi ndiyo mvura yako yebromine), uye mabhuru ehydrogen anozogadzira pane negative electrode (4) Pane kunhuhwirira kwakapinza kwebromine pamusoro pegirazi. Dhirowa mushonga nesirinji kana pipette.

4. Homemade diaphragm cell kuruboshwe uye imwe sero mukugadzirwa kwebromine mvura (kurudyi). Iyo reagent inounganidza yakatenderedza iyo yakanaka electrode; Mafuro eHydrogen anoonekwa pane negative electrode.

Iwe unogona kuchengetedza mvura yebromine kwenguva pfupi mumudziyo wakavharwa zvakasimba, wakachengetedzwa kubva kuchiedza uye munzvimbo inotonhorera, asi zviri nani kuiedza pakarepo. Kana iwe wakagadzira mapepa e-iodine starch maererano nekamukira kubva muchikamu chechipiri chemutsara, shandisa donho remvura yebromine kune pepa. Nzvimbo yakasviba ichakurumidza kuoneka, zvichiratidza kuumbwa kweiyo iodine yemahara:

2KI + Kwete.₂ → I₂ + KVg

Sezvinongoita bromine inowanikwa kubva mumvura yegungwa nekuibvisa kubva kubromide ine yakasimba oxidizing agent (), saka bromine inobvisa iodine, iyo isina kusimba kupfuura iyo, kubva kune iodides (zvechokwadi, chlorine ichabvisa iodine).

Kana usina bepa reiodine starch, durura mushonga we potassium iodide muchubhu yekuedza wowedzera madonhwe mashoma emvura yebromine. Mhinduro yacho inosviba, uye kana chiratidzo che starch (kumiswa kweupfu hwembatatisi mumvura) chawedzerwa, chinoshanduka rima bhuruu - mhedzisiro inoratidza kutaridzika kweiyo iodine yemahara.5). 

5. Kuonekwa kwebromine. Pamusoro - iodine-starch bepa, pazasi - mhinduro ye potassium iodide ine starch chiratidzo (kuruboshwe - reagents rekuita, kurudyi - mhedzisiro yekusanganisa mhinduro).

Zviyedzo zviviri zvekicheni.

Pakati pekuedza kwakawanda nemvura yebromine, ini ndinopa maviri ayo aunoda reagents kubva mukicheni. Kutanga, tora bhodhoro remafuta echibharo,

7. Kuita kwemvura yebromine nemafuta emichero. Nzvimbo yepamusoro yemafuta (kuruboshwe) uye pasi pemvura, yakasvibiswa nebromine isati yaita (kuruboshwe), inoonekwa. Mushure mekuita (kurudyi), iyo aqueous layer yakashanduka.

sunflower kana mafuta omuorivhi. Dururira zvishoma mafuta emiriwo muchubhu yekuedza nemvura yebromine uye zunungusa zviri mukati kuitira kuti mareagents anyatsosanganiswa. Sezvo iyo labile emulsion inoparadzanisa, mafuta achange ari pamusoro (akaderera kupfuura mvura) uye bromine mvura inenge iri pasi. Zvisinei, mvura yacho yakarasikirwa neruvara rweyero. Izvi "zvinodzivisa" mhinduro ine aqueous uye inoshandisa iyo kuita nezvikamu zvemafuta (6). 

Oiri yemuriwo ine zvakawanda zveunsaturated fatty acids (yakasanganiswa neglycerol kugadzira mafuta). Maatomu ebromine anojoinha ma bond maviri mumamorekuru emaasidhi aya, achigadzira anofambirana nebromine derivatives. Kuchinja kwemuvara wemvura yebromine chiratidzo chokuti sampuli yekuedza ine unsaturated organic compounds, i.e. makomisheni ane mbiri kana katatu zvisungo pakati peatomu kabhoni (7). 

Yechipiri kicheni kuyedza, gadzira pasoda yekubikira, i.e. sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO.₃, uye mashuga maviri - glucose uye fructose. Unogona kutenga soda uye glucose muchitoro chegirosari, uye fructose pakiosk yechirwere cheshuga kana chitoro chekudya chehutano. Glucose uye fructose zvinoumba sucrose, inova shuga yakajairika. Mukuwedzera, ivo vakafanana muzvivako uye vane maitiro akafanana, uye kana izvi zvakanga zvisina kukwana, vanoshandura nyore kune mumwe nemumwe. Ichokwadi, pane kusiyana pakati pavo: fructose inotapira kupfuura glucose, uye mukugadzirisa inoshandura ndege yechiedza kune imwe nzira. Nekudaro, iwe uchashandisa misiyano muchimiro chemakemikari yekuzivikanwa: glucose is aldehyde uye fructose iketone.

7. Kuita kwekuwedzera kwebromine kune kusunga

Iwe unogona kurangarira kuti kuderedza shuga kunoonekwa uchishandisa iyo Trommer uye Tollens bvunzo. Kuonekwa kwezvidhinha Cu deposit₂O (mukuedza kwekutanga) kana girazi resirivha (mune yechipiri) rinoratidza kuvapo kwekuderedza mishonga yakadai sealdehydes.

Zvisinei, kuedza uku hakusiyanise pakati peglucose aldehyde nefructose ketone, sezvo fructose ichakurumidza kuchinja chimiro chayo kuti ive glucose muhutano hwekuita. Iyo yakanaka reagent inodiwa.

Halogens kufanana 

Kune boka remakemikari emakemikari ane maitiro akafanana kune akafanana. Vanoumba maasidhi eiyo general formula HX uye munyu ane mononegative anions X–, uye aya asidhi haana kuumbwa kubva kumaokisi. Mienzaniso yeakadaro pseudohalogens ndiyo ine chepfu hydrocyanic acid HCN uye isingakuvadzi thiocyanate HSCN. Mamwe acho anotogadzira diatomic mamorekuru, akadai secyanogen (CN).₂.

Apa ndipo panopinda mvura yebromine. Gadzira mhinduro: glucose ine yakawedzera NaHCO₃ uye fructose, uyewo nekuwedzera kwesoda. Dururira yakagadziriswa glucose mhinduro mune imwe yebvunzo chubhu nemvura yebromine, uye mune imwe - mhinduro yefructose, zvakare nemvura yebromine. Musiyano unoonekwa zvakajeka: mvura yebromine yakasvibiswa pasi pesimba remhinduro yeglucose, nepo fructose haina kukonzera shanduko. Iwo mashuga maviri anogona kungosiyaniswa munzvimbo ine alkaline zvishoma (inopihwa ne sodium bicarbonate) uye ine munyoro oxidizing agent, i.e. bromine mvura. Kushandiswa kwemhinduro yakasimba yealkaline (inodiwa kuTrommer neTollens bvunzo) inokonzera kukurumidza kutendeuka kweshuga kune imwe uye kushanduka kwemvura yebromine zvakare nefructose. Kana uchida kuziva, dzokorora bvunzo uchishandisa sodium hydroxide pane kubheka pasoda.