Hutsva hwehunyanzvi mundege nekumhiri

Aviation iri kusimukira munzira dzakasiyana. Ndege dzinowedzera kubhururuka kwadzo, dzinowedzera hupfumi, dzinowedzera aerodynamic uye dzinomhanyisa zvirinani. Kune kuvandudzwa kwekabhini, zvigaro zvevafambi uye nhandare dzendege pachadzo.

Ndege yakatora maawa gumi nemanomwe pasina kuzorora. Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner Ndege yekuAustralia Qantas ine vafambi vanopfuura mazana maviri nevashandi gumi nevatanhatu vari muchikepe vakabhururuka kubva kuPerth, Australia kuenda kuHeathrow Airport muLondon. Motokari yakabhururuka 14 498 km. Yakanga iri rwendo rwechipiri pasirese kureba mushure mekubatana kweQatar Airways kubva kuDoha kuenda kuAuckland, New Zealand. Iyi nzira yekupedzisira inofungidzirwa 14 529 km, iyo yakareba 31 km.

Zvichakadaro, Singapore Airlines yakatomirira kuendeswa kweimwe itsva. Airbus A350-900ULR (ndege refu refu) kutanga sevhisi yakananga kubva kuNew York kuenda kuSingapore. Hurefu hwese hwenzira huchave anopfuura 15 zviuru km. Iyo A350-900ULR vhezheni yakanyatsojeka - haina kirasi yehupfumi. Ndege iyi yakagadzirirwa zvigaro makumi matanhatu nenomwe muchikamu chebhizinesi uye makumi mapfumbamwe nemana muchikamu chehupfumi hwekutanga. Zvine musoro. Pashure pezvose, ndiani angagara rinenge zuva rose akatsvikinyidzana mukamuri yakachipa zvikuru? Pakati pevamwe Nendege refu dzakananga mumakabhini evafambi, zvakawanda uye zvitsva zvinowanika zviri kugadzirwa.

passive bapiro

Sezvo magadzirirwo endege akashanduka, aerodynamics yavo yakaramba ichichinja, kunyangwe isiri yakanyanya, shanduko. Search kuvandudzwa kwemafuta Shanduko dzedhizaini dzinogona kukurumidza kukurumidza, kusanganisira dzakatetepa, mapapiro anochinjika anopa echisikigo laminar kuyerera kwemhepo uye nekushingairira kutonga iyo mhepo.

NASA's Armstrong Flight Research Center muCalifornia iri kushanda pane yainodaidza passive aeroelastic bapiro (STALEMATE). Larry Hudson, mukuru webvunzo mainjiniya paArmstrong Center's Air Load Laboratory, akaudza vezvenhau kuti chimiro ichi chakaumbwa chakareruka uye chinochinjika kupfuura mapapiro echinyakare. Ndege dzenguva yemberi dzekutengesa dzichakwanisa kuishandisa kune yakanyanya dhizaini dhizaini, kuchengetedza uremu uye hupfumi hwemafuta. Panguva yekuyedzwa, nyanzvi dzinoshandisa (FOSS), iyo inoshandisa optical fibers yakabatanidzwa nepamusoro pebapiro, iyo inogona kupa data kubva kuzviuru zvezviyero zvemadhinha uye kushushikana pamabasa.

Ndege cabins - chirongwa

Mapapiro akatetepa uye anochinjika anoderedza kukweva uye uremu, asi zvinoda dhizaini nyowani nekugadzirisa mhinduro. kubviswa kwekudengenyeka. Nzira dziri kugadzirwa dzinobatanidzwa, kunyanya, ne passive, aeroelastic kugadzirisa kwechimiro uchishandisa profiled composites kana kugadzirwa kwesimbi additives, pamwe chete nekushanda kwekutonga kwekufamba kwemapapiro emapapiro kuitira kuderedza kufambisa uye kuputika mitoro uye. nyorovesa mapapiro ekudengenyeka. Semuyenzaniso, Yunivhesiti yeNottingham, UK, iri kugadzira nzira dzekushingairira kudzora zvidzoreso zvendege zvinogona kuvandudza aerodynamics endege. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvikwanisike kuderedza kupikisa kwemhepo ne25%. Nekuda kweizvozvo, ndege inobhururuka zvakanyanya, zvichikonzera kuderera kwemafuta uye COXNUMX emissions.₂.

Inoshanduka geometry

NASA yakabudirira kushandisa tekinoroji nyowani inobvumira ndege kubhururuka kupeta mapapiro pamakona akasiyana. Ndege dzichangoburwa, dzakaitwa paArmstrong Flight Research Center, dzaive chikamu chechirongwa ichi Adaptive bapiro span - Surfactant. Inovavarira kuwana huwandu hwakasiyana hweaerodynamic mabhenefiti kuburikidza nekushandisa inovandudza lightweight chimiro memory alloy iyo inobvumira ekunze mapapiro uye iwo ekutonga nzvimbo kupeta pamakona akanyanya panguva yekubhururuka. Masisitimu anoshandisa tekinoroji nyowani iyi anogona kurema kusvika 80% pasi pemaitiro echinyakare. Chirongwa ichi chikamu cheNASA cheConverged Aviation Solutions chirongwa chiri pasi peAeronautical Research Missions Authority.

Innovative ndege kabhini dhizaini

Kupeta mapapiro mukubhururuka chinhu chitsva icho, zvisinei, chaive chatoitwa muma60 pachishandiswa, pakati pezvimwe, ndege yeXB-70 Valkyrie. Dambudziko nderokuti yaigara ichibatanidzwa nekuvapo kweinjini dzinorema uye dzakakura dzakajairika uye hydraulic systems, iyo yakanga isina hanya nekugadzikana uye hupfumi hwendege.

Zvakadaro, kuitwa kweiyi pfungwa kunogona kuita kuti pave nemichina isingadyi mafuta akawanda kupfuura kare, pamwe nekurerutsa kutakurwa kwemitero kwendege dzenguva refu dzemberi panhandare dzendege. Pamusoro pezvo, vatyairi vendege vachawana mumwe mudziyo wekupindura kushanduka kwemamiriro endege, sekuvhuvhuta kwemhepo. Imwe yemabhenefiti akakosha ekupeta mapapiro ane chekuita nekubhururuka kwepamusoro.

, uye vari kushandawo pane anonzi. fluffy body - bapiro rakasanganiswa. Ichi chigadziro chakabatanidzwa pasina kuparadzaniswa kwakajeka kwemapapiro uye fuselage ye ndege. Kubatanidzwa uku kune mukana pamusoro pezvakajairwa dhizaini dhizaini nekuti chimiro chefuselage pachacho chinobatsira kuburitsa kusimudza. Panguva imwecheteyo, inoderedza kupikisa kwemhepo uye uremu, zvinoreva kuti dhizaini itsva inodya mafuta mashoma uye saka inoderedza CO emissions.₂.

Kupa kweX-48B yakasanganiswa-mapapiro dhizaini

Boundary layer etching

Vanoedzwawo imwe nzira injini marongerwo - pamusoro pebapiro uye pamuswe, kuitira kuti hombe dhayamita injini inogona kushandiswa. Magadzirirwo ane turbofan injini kana magetsi emagetsi akavakirwa mumuswe, "kumedza", iyo inonzi "kumedza", inobva pane zvinogadziriswa zvinogadziriswa. air boundary layerizvo zvinoderedza kukweva. NASA masayendisiti akatarisa pane aerodynamic drag chikamu uye vari kushanda pane imwe pfungwa inonzi (BLI). Vanoda kuishandisa kuderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta, mari yekushandisa uye kusvibiswa kwemhepo panguva imwe chete.

 Jim Heidmann, Glenn Research Center Advanced Air Transportation Technology Project Manager, akadaro panguva yekuratidzwa kwenhau.

Kana ndege ichibhururuka, muganho unoumbwa wakatenderedza fuselage nemapapiro - mweya unofamba zvishoma nezvishoma, izvo zvinogadzira kuwedzera kweaerodynamic. Iyo haisipo zvachose pamberi peinofamba ndege - inoumbwa kana ngarava inofamba nemhepo, uye kumashure kwemotokari inogona kusvika kune akati wandei masendimita gobvu. Muchigadziro chakajairwa, muganhu wemuganhu unongotsvedza pamusoro pefuselage uye wozosanganiswa nemhepo kuseri kwendege. Zvisinei, mamiriro acho ezvinhu achachinja kana tikaisa injini munzira yemuganhu wemuganhu, somuenzaniso, pamagumo endege, zvakananga pamusoro kana shure kwefuselage. Mhepo inononoka yemuganhu inopinda mukati meinjini, iyo inokwidziridzwa uye inodzingwa nekumhanya kukuru. Izvi hazvikanganisi injini simba. Zvakanakira ndezvekuti nekumhanyisa mhepo, tinoderedza kushorwa kunoitwa nemuganhu wemuganhu.

Masayendisiti akagadzira zvinopfuura gumi nemaviri zvirongwa zvendege umo mhinduro yakadaro inogona kushandiswa. Sangano rinotarisira kuti imwe yadzo ichashandiswa mundege yeX bvunzo, iyo NASA inoda kushandisa mumakore gumi anotevera kuyedza tekinoroji yekufambisa ndege.

Kuona zvigaro zvitsva mundege

Twin brother vachataura chokwadi

Digital mapatya ndiyo nzira yemazuva ano yekudzikisa zvakanyanya mutengo wekugadzirisa michina. Sezvinoreva zita, mapatya edhijitari anogadzira kopi chaiyo yezviwanikwa vachishandisa data rakaunganidzwa pane mamwe mapoinzi mumashini kana zvishandiso - iwo ikopi yedhijitari yemidziyo iri kutoshanda kana kugadzirwa. GE Aviation nguva pfupi yadarika yakabatsira kugadzira mapatya ekutanga edhijitari pasi rose. Chassis system. Masensa anoiswa panzvimbo dzinowanzo kutadza, ichipa chaiyo-nguva data, kusanganisira ye hydraulic pressure uye bhureki tembiricha. Izvi zvakashandiswa kuongorora hupenyu hwasara hwechassis uye kuona kutadza nekukurumidza.

Nekutarisa dhijitari mapatya sisitimu, tinokwanisa kugara tichitarisa mamiriro ezviwanikwa uye kugamuchira yambiro yekutanga, fungidziro, uye kunyangwe chirongwa chekuita, tichitevedzera "ko kana" mamiriro - zvese kuitira kuwedzera kuwanikwa kwezviwanikwa. midziyo nekufamba kwenguva. Makambani anodyara mari mumapatya edhijitari achaona kudzikiswa kwe30 muzana munguva dzekutenderera kwemaitiro akakosha, kusanganisira kugadzirisa, sekureva kweInternational Data Corporation.  

Augmented chokwadi chemutyairi

Imwe yezvakanyanya kukosha zvitsva mumakore achangopfuura kwave budiriro zviratidzo uye sensors vatyairi vanotungamira. NASA neEuropean masayendisiti ari kuyedza izvi mukuyedza kubatsira vatyairi kuona nekudzivirira matambudziko nekutyisidzira. Chiratidziro chakanga chatoiswa mungowani yemutyairi wendege F-35 Lockheed Martinuye Thales neElbit Systems dziri kugadzira mhando dzevatyairi vendege dzekutengesa, kunyanya ndege diki. Iyo yekupedzisira kambani SkyLens system ichakurumidza kushandiswa paATR ndege.

SkyLens neElbit Systems

Synthetic uye yakanatswa yakatoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumajeti makuru ebhizinesi. vision systems (SVS / EVS), iyo inobvumira vatyairi kuti vamhanye mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka. Vanowedzera kusangana mukati zvirongwa zvekuona zvakasanganiswa (CVS) yakanangana nekuwedzera ruzivo rwevatyairi vendege nezvemamiriro ezvinhu uye kuvimbika kwehurongwa hwendege. Iyo EVS system inoshandisa infrared (IR) sensor kuti ivandudze kuoneka uye inowanzosvikwa kuburikidza neHUD kuratidza (). Elbit Systems, zvakare, ine masensa matanhatu, anosanganisira infrared uye inooneka mwenje. Iri kuramba ichikura kuti ione kutyisidzira kwakasiyana-siyana senge madota anoputika mumhepo.

Bata skriniyakatoiswa mubhizinesi jet cockpits, ivo vari kuenda kundege ine Rockwell Collins inoratidza yeBoeing 777-X itsva. Vagadziri veAvionics vari kutarisawo nyanzvi dzekuziva kutaura seimwe nhanho yekudzikisa mutoro pakombi. Honeywell ari kuyedza nayo huropi basa rekutarisa Kuti uone kana mutyairi wendege aine basa rakawandisa rekuita kana kuti pfungwa dzake dzinodzungaira pane imwe nzvimbo "mumakore" - zvingangove zvakare nezve kugona kudzora mashandiro emutyairi.

Zvisinei, kuvandudzwa kwounyanzvi mukamuri rokutakurwa kwendege hakubatsiri zvishoma kana vatyairi vendege vanenge vangoneta. Mike Sinnett, mutevedzeri wemutungamiri weBoeing wekugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa, munguva pfupi yapfuura akaudza Reuters kuti anofanotaura "41 mabasa achadiwa mumakore makumi maviri anotevera." ndege dzekutengesa ndege. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanhu vanopfuura zviuru gumi vachazodiwa. vatyairi vendege vakawanda. Ndozviwanepi? Chirongwa chekugadzirisa dambudziko iri, zvirinani muBoeing, kushandiswa kweungwaru hwekugadzira. Iyo kambani yakatoburitsa hurongwa hwekusikwa kwayo cockpit pasina vatyairi vendege. Nekudaro, Sinnett anotenda kuti zvimwe hazvizove chokwadi kusvika 2040.

Hapana mahwindo?

Makabhini evafambi inzvimbo yehunyanzvi umo zvakawanda zviri kuitika. Oscars anotopihwa munzvimbo ino - Crystal Cabin Awards, i.e. mibairo kune vanogadzira uye vanogadzira vanogadzira masisitimu ane chinangwa chekuvandudza kunaka kwemukati wendege kune vese vafambi nevashandi. Zvese zvinoita kuti hupenyu huve nyore, hunowedzera nyaradzo uye kugadzira mari inopihwa mubairo pano - kubva pane-bhodhi chimbuzi kuenda kumakinari emukwende wemaoko.

Zvichakadaro, Timothy Clark, Mutungamiriri weEmirates Airlines, anozivisa: ndege isina mahwindoiyo inogona kunyange kupenya zvakapetwa kaviri sezvivakwa zviripo, izvo zvinoreva kukurumidza, zvakachipa uye zvakanyanya kushamwaridzana zvakatipoteredza mukuvaka nekushanda. Mukirasi yekutanga yeBoeing 777-300ER itsva, mahwindo akatotsiviwa nemasikirini ayo, nekuda kwemakamera uye fiber optic connections, anogona kuratidza maonero ekunze pasina misiyano inooneka kune ziso rakashama. Zvinoratidzika kuti hupfumi hahuzobvumiri kuvakwa kwe "glazed" ndege, iyo vazhinji vanorota. Pane kudaro, isu tinowanzo kuve nefungidziro pamadziro, sirin'i, kana zvigaro zviri pamberi pedu.

Kabhini pfungwa ine denga rinoona denga

Gore rapfuura, Boeing yakatanga kuyedza vCabin mobile app, iyo inobvumira vafambi kuti vagadzirise mwenje wemwenje munzvimbo yavo yepedyo, kufonera vashandi vendege, kuodha chikafu uye kunyange kutarisa kana chimbuzi chisina. Zvichakadaro, nharembozha dzakachinjirwa kumidziyo yemukati senge Recaro CL6710 bhizinesi chigaro, yakagadzirirwa kubvumidza nharembozha kutenderedza chigaro kumashure nekudzoka.

Kubva 2013, vatongi veUS vanga vachiedza kubvisa kurambidzwa kwekushandisa nharembozha mundege, vachiratidza kuti njodzi yekukanganisa hurongwa hwekufambiswa kwemashoko pabhodhi ikozvino yakadzikira uye yakaderera. Kubudirira munzvimbo ino kuchabvumira kushandiswa kwemafoni ekufambisa panguva yekubhururuka.

Isu tiri kuona zvakare inofambira mberi pasi pekubata otomatiki. Delta Airlines muUS iri kuyedza kushandisa biometrics yekunyoresa mufambi. Dzimwe nhandare dzendege pasi rose dziri kutoedza kana kuyedza tekinoroji yekuziva kumeso kuti ienderane nemifananidzo yepasipoti neyevatengi vavo kuburikidza nekuongorora zvitupa, izvo zvinonzi zvinokwanisa kutarisa zvakapetwa kaviri vafambi paawa. Muna Chikumi 2017, JetBlue yakabatana neUS Customs uye Border Dziviriro (CBP) nekambani yeIT yepasi rose SITA kuyedza chirongwa chinoshandisa biometric uye tekinoroji yekuzivikanwa kwechiso kuratidza vatengi pavanokwira.

Gumiguru apfuura, International Air Transport Association yakafanotaura kuti panosvika 2035 huwandu hwevafambi hwaizopeta kusvika 7,2 bhiriyoni. Saka pane chikonzero nei uye kune ani wekushandira pane zvitsva nekuvandudza.

Aviation yeramangwana:

Animation yeBLI system: 

Boundary layer yekupinda animation | NASA Glenn Research Center