Tekinoroji uye engineering kudhirowa uye kuona kweprojekiti - nhoroondo
Kudhirowa kwehunyanzvi nehuinjiniya kwakagadzirwa sei munhoroondo yese? Muchinjikwa kubva muna 2100 BC kusvikira nhasi.
2100 rpn - Mufananidzo wekutanga wakachengetedzwa wechinhu mune rectangular fungidziro, uchifunga nezvechiyero chakakodzera. Iyo dhizaini inoratidzwa pachifananidzo cheGudea (1teerera)) injiniya uye mutongi
Sumerian guta-nyika yeLagash, iri munharaunda yemazuva ano Iraq.
XNUMX muzana remakore BC - Marcus Vitruvius Pollio anoonekwa sebaba vekugadzira dhizaini, i.e. Vitruvius, muumbi weRoma, muvaki
motokari dzehondo panguva yekutonga kwaJulius Caesar naOctavian Augustus. Akasika uyo anonzi Vitruvian Man - mufananidzo wemurume asina kupfeka akanyorwa mudenderedzwa uye mativi (square).2), kufananidzira kufamba (gare gare Leonardo da Vinci akagovera vhezheni yake yemufananidzo uyu). Akave nemukurumbira semunyori wechinyorwa cheOn the Architecture of Gumi Books, chakanyorwa pakati pe20 ne10 BC uye haina kuwanikwa kusvika 1415 muraibhurari yemonastery yeSt. Gallen muSwitzerland. Vitruvius anotsanangura zvakadzama ese maGreek classical orders nekusiyana kwawo kwechiRoma. Tsanangudzo dzakawedzerwa nemifananidzo yakakodzera - mifananidzo yepakutanga, zvisinei, haina kuchengetedzwa. Munguva yemazuva ano, vanyori vakawanda vane mukurumbira vakaita mifananidzo yebasa iri, vachiedza kudzokorora mifananidzo yakarasika.
3. Imwe yemifananidzo yakaitwa naGuido da Vigevano
Middle Ages - Paunenge uchigadzira zvivako nemapindu, mitemo yejometri inoshandiswa - ad quadratum uye ad triangulum, i.e. kudhirowa maererano nechikwere kana chetatu. Vavaki vecathedral mukuita basa vanogadzira sketches uye mifananidzo, asi pasina mitemo yakasimba uye kumira. Bhuku remadhirowa einjini dzekukomba nachiremba anovhiya wedare uye muvambi Guido da Vigevano, 1335.3) inoratidza kukosha kweaya madhirowa ekutanga semidziyo yekukwezva vatsigiri uye vatengi vanoda kupa mari yekudyara kuvaka.
1230-1235 - Yakagadzirwa albhamu naVillard de Honnecourt (4) Ichi chinyorwa chine mapepa ematehwe akabatanidzwa 33, akafara masendimita 15–16 uye akareba masendimita 23–24. Akavharwa mativi ose nemifananidzo uye mavanga akagadzirwa nechinyoreso uye akadhirowewa kare netsvimbo yomutobvu. Kudhirowa pamusoro pezvivakwa, zvivakwa zvezvivakwa, zvivezwa, vanhu, mhuka nemidziyo zvinoperekedzwa netsananguro.
1335 - Guido da Vigevano ari kushanda paTexaurus Regis Francie, chidimbu chinodzivirira crusade yakaziviswa naPhilip VI. Basa racho rine mifananidzo yakawanda yemichina yehondo nemotokari, kusanganisira ngoro dzine zvombo, ngoro dzemhepo, uye zvimwe hunyanzvi hwekukomba. Kunyange zvazvo hondo yaFiripi isati yamboitika nekuda kwehondo neEngland, album yemauto yaDa Vigevano inotangira uye inotarisira dzakawanda zvezvivakwa zvehondo zveLeonardo da Vinci nevamwe vatangi vezana remakore rechigumi nematanhatu.
4. Page from the album Villara de Onnekura.
1400-1600 - Yekutanga dhirowa yehunyanzvi iri munzira iri padyo nemafungiro emazuva ano, Renaissance yakaunza kuvandudzwa kwakawanda uye shanduko kwete chete muhunyanzvi hwekuvaka, asiwo mukugadzira uye kuratidzwa kwemapurojekiti.
XV zana remakore -Kuwanikwazve kwemaonero nemuimbi Paolo Uccello kwakashandiswa mukudhirowa kwehunyanzvi hweRenaissance. Filippo Brunelleschi akatanga kushandisa mutsara maonero mumifananidzo yake, iyo yekutanga yakamupa iye nevateveri vake mukana wekunyatsomiririra zvivakwa zvekuvaka uye michina michina. Pamusoro pezvo, kudhirowa kubva kutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX naMariano di Jacopo, anonzi Taccola, anoratidza kushandiswa kwemaonero kuratidza zvigadzirwa nemachina nenzira kwayo. Taccola yakanyatso shandisa mitemo yekudhirowa kwete senzira yekunyora zvimiro zviripo, asi senzira yekugadzira uchishandisa kuona pabepa. Maitiro ake akasiyana kubva kumienzaniso yekutanga yekudhirowa kwehunyanzvi naVillard de Honnecourt, Abbé von Landsberg naGuido da Vigevano mukushandisa kwavo maonero, vhoriyamu uye shading. Nzira dzakatangwa neTaccola dzakashandiswa uye dzakagadzirwa nevanyori vakazotevera.
Kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX -Matanho ekutanga ezvimiro zvechizvino-zvino tekinoroji kudhirowa, sekuona kwehurongwa, kudhirowa kwemagungano uye yakatsanangurwa chikamu dhizaini, inobva kumifananidzo yaLeonardo da Vinci yakagadzirwa pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Leonardo akakweva kurudziro kubva mubasa revanyori vekare, kunyanya Francesco di Giorgio Martini, mugadziri wezvivakwa uye mugadziri wemashini. Mhando dzezvinhu mukufungidzira dziripowo mumabasa eGerman tenzi wekupenda kubva panguva yaLeonhard Albrecht Dürer. Mazhinji ematekiniki akashandiswa naDa Vinci aive matsva maererano nemisimboti yekugadzira yemazuva ano uye dhizaini yekudhirowa. Somuenzaniso, akanga ari mumwe wevakatanga kupa zano rekugadzira mienzaniso yemapuranga yezvinhu sechikamu chegadziriro yacho.
1543 -Kutanga kudzidziswa kwepamutemo mukudhirowa matekiniki. Venetian Academy of Arts del Disegno yakavambwa. penda, vavezi uye vagadziri vezvivakwa vakadzidziswa kushandisa nzira dzakakwana dzekugadzira uye kuberekazve mapatani mumufananidzo. Chikoro ichi chaive chakakoshawo mukurwisa masisitimu akavharwa ekudzidziswa mumashopu emabasa emaoko, ayo aiwanzopikisa kushandiswa kwetsika uye zviyero mukudhirowa kwedhizaini.
XNUMXth century - Iwo ehunyanzvi madhirowa eRenaissance akanyanya kupesvedzerwa nehunyanzvi misimboti uye magungano, kwete ehunyanzvi. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya akatanga kuchinja mumazana emakore akatevera. Gerard Desargues akatora basa remuongorori wekutanga Samuel Maralois kugadzira hurongwa hweprojekiti geometry iyo yakashandiswa kumiririra masvomhu kumiririra zvinhu mumativi matatu. Imwe yedzidziso yekutanga yeprojekiti geometry, Desargues 'theorem, inotumidzwa zita rake. Panyaya yeEuclidean geometry, akataura kuti kana makona matatu akarara mundege nenzira yekuti mitsara mitatu inotsanangurwa nemapaya anowirirana ema vertices avo anopindirana, ipapo mapoinzi matatu ekupindirana kwemativi anoenderana maviri (kana mawedzero awo. ) ramba uri mucollinear.
1799 - Iro bhuku "Descriptive Geometry" nenyanzvi yechiFrench yemasvomhu yezana ramakore reXVIII Gaspard Monge (5), akagadzirirwa pahwaro hwehurukuro dzake dzakapfuura. Tichitariswa kuratidzwa kwekutanga kweinotsanangura geometry uye kugadzirwa kwechiratidziro muhunyanzvi kudhirowa, chinyorwa ichi chakatanga kubva pakuzvarwa kwehunyanzvi hwekudhirowa kwemazuva ano. Monge akagadzira nzira yejometri yekuona chimiro chechokwadi chendege dzemharadzano dzemaumbirwo akagadzirwa. Kunyange zvazvo nzira iyi ichibudisa mifananidzo yakangofanana nemaonero akasimudzirwa naVitruvius kubvira kare, maitiro ake anobvumira vagadziri kugadzira maonero akaenzana kubva kune chero kona kana nzira, vachipiwa maonero ekutanga. Asi Monge akanga asiri nyanzvi yemasvomhu inodzidzira. Akabatanidzwa mukusikwa kwegadziriro yose yezvidzidzo zvekugadzira uye zvekugadzira, izvo zvakanyanya kubva pamitemo yake. Kuvandudzwa kwebasa rekudhirowa panguva iyoyo kwakafambiswa kwete chete nebasa raMonge, asiwo neshanduko yeindasitiri muhuwandu, kudiwa kwekugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvakasara uye kuiswa kwemaitiro ekugadzira mukugadzira. Economics yaive yakakoshawo - seti yedhizaini yedhizaini muzviitiko zvakawanda yakaita kuti zvisave zvakakosha kuvaka marongerwo echinhu chinoshanda.
1822 Imwe yenzira dzakakurumbira dzekumiririra tekinoroji, iyo axonometric dhizaini, yakagadziridzwa naPastor William Farish vekuCambridge mukutanga kwezana ramakore re1822 mubasa rake rekushandiswa kwesainzi. Akatsanangura nzira yekuratidza zvinhu zviri munzvimbo ine mativi matatu-dimensional, rudzi rwekutarisisa kwakafanana kunoburitsa nzvimbo mundege uchishandisa rectangular coordinate system. Chinhu chinosiyanisa axonometry kubva kune mamwe marudzi ekufananidzira fungidziro ndeyechishuwo chekuchengetedza iwo chaiwo mativi ezvakarongwa zvinhu mune imwe nzira yakasarudzwa. Mamwe marudzi eaxonometry anokubvumirawo kuti uchengetedze zviyero zvemakona zvichienderana nendege yakasarudzwa. Farish aiwanzoshandisa mienzaniso kuenzanisira mamwe misimboti muhurukuro dzake. Kuti atsanangure kuungana kwemamodheru, akashandisa hunyanzvi hwekufungidzira kweisometric - kugadzira mepu ine mativi matatu-dimensional nzvimbo mundege, inova imwe yemhando dzakafanana. Kunyange zvazvo pfungwa huru yeisometrics yaivapo kare, akanga ari Farish uyo anozivikanwa zvikuru semunhu wekutanga kugadza mitemo yekudhirowa kweisometric. Muna 120, muchinyorwa chino "Pamusoro peIsometric Perspective," akanyora nezve "kudiwa kwemadhirowa ehunyanzvi ehunyanzvi, pasina kukanganiswa kwemaziso." Izvi zvakaita kuti agadzire misimboti yeisometry. Isometric zvinoreva "mayero akaenzana" nekuti chikero chimwechete chinoshandiswa kureba, hupamhi nekudzika. Izvo zvakakosha zveiyo isometric fungidziro ndeyekuenzanisa makona (XNUMX °) pakati pemasanhu ega ega, kuitira kuti maonero ekudzikiswa kweakisi imwe neimwe akafanana. Kubva pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, isometry yave chishandiso chakajairika kune mainjiniya (6), uye nguva pfupi yakatevera axonometry uye isometry zvakabatanidzwa muzvirongwa zvekutsvagisa zvekuvaka muEurope nekuUnited States.
6. Kudhirowa kwehunyanzvi mukuona kweisometric
80's - Hutsva hutsva hwakaunza madhirowa ehunyanzvi kuchimiro chavo chazvino kwaive kugadzirwa kwekuvakopa nenzira dzakasiyana, kubva pakukopa kuenda kufotokopi. Nzira yekutanga yakakurumbira yekubereka, yakaunzwa muma80s, yaive cyanotype (7) Izvi zvakabvumira kugoverwa kwehunyanzvi kudhirowa kusvika padanho renzvimbo dzekushandira dzega. Vashandi vakadzidziswa kuverenga purani uye vaifanira kunyatsoomerera kune zviyero uye kushivirira. Izvi, zvakare, zvakave nekukanganisa kukuru mukuvandudzwa kwekugadzirwa kwehuwandu, sezvo zvakaderedza zvinodiwa padanho rehunyanzvi uye ruzivo rwemugadziri wechigadzirwa.
7. Kopi yekudhirowa kwehunyanzvi
1914 - Pakutanga kwezana ramakore re1914, mavara akashandiswa zvakanyanya mumifananidzo yehunyanzvi. Zvisinei, pakasvika gore rechi100, tsika iyi yakanga yaregwa neinenge XNUMX% munyika dzakabudirira. Mavara mumadhirowa ehunyanzvi aive nemabasa akasiyana-aishandiswa kumiririra zvinhu zvekuvaka, aishandiswa kusiyanisa pakati pekuyerera uye mafambiro muhurongwa, uye kungoshongedza mifananidzo yemidziyo navo.
1963 - Ivan Sutherland, mune yake Ph.D. thesis kuMIT, ari kugadzira Sketchpad yekugadzira (8) Yakanga iri yekutanga CAD (Compute Aided Design) chirongwa chakashongedzerwa negraphical interface - kana uchikwanisa kuidaidza kudaro, nekuti zvese zvayakaita kugadzira xy diagrams. Magadzirirwo esangano akaiswa muSketchpad atanga kushandiswa kwezvirongwa zvakanangana nechinhu muCAD uye CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) masisitimu.
8. Ivan Sutherland anotanga Sketchpad
Ma60. - Mainjiniya kubva kumakambani makuru akadai seBoeing, Ford, Citroën neGM vari kugadzira zvirongwa zvitsva zveCAD. Nzira dzekugadzira dzinobatsira nekombuta uye dhizaini yekuona iri kuita nzira yekurerutsa mapurojekiti emotokari nendege, uye kukurumidza kusimudzira matekinoroji matsva ekugadzira, kunyanya maturusi emuchina ane kudzora nhamba, hakuna kukosha. Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwakakosha kwesimba remakomputa zvichienzaniswa nemichina yanhasi, dhizaini yekutanga yeCAD yaida simba rakawanda remari uye reinjiniya.
9. Porter Pierre Bezier nemaitiro ake emasvomhu
1968 -Kugadzirwa kweXNUMXD CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) nzira dzinonzi kune injiniya wechiFrench Pierre Bézier.9) Kufambisa dhizaini yezvikamu uye maturusi eindasitiri yemotokari, akagadzira iyo UNISURF system, iyo yakazove hwaro hwekushanda kwezvizvarwa zvinotevera zveCAD software.
1971 - ADAM, Automated Drafting uye Machining (ADAM) inooneka. Yaive chishandiso cheCAD chakagadzirwa naDr. Patrick J. Hanratty, ane kambani yeManufacturing and Consulting Services (MCS) inopa software kumakambani makuru akadai saMcDonnell Douglas neComputervision.
Ma80. -Kufambira mberi mukugadzirwa kwezvishandiso zvemakomputa zvemuenzaniso wakasimba. Muna 1982, John Walker akatanga Autodesk, chigadzirwa chikuru chakakurumbira uye chakakurumbira 2D AutoCAD chirongwa.
1987 - Pro / ENGINEER inosunungurwa, ichizivisa kushandiswa kwekuwedzera kwemaitiro ekugadzirisa maitiro uye basa parameter inosunga. Mugadziri weichi chiitiko chakakosha mukugadzira yaive kambani yeAmerica PTC (Parametric Technology Corporation). Pro/ENGINEER yakasikirwa Windows/Windows x64/Unix/Linux/Solaris neIntel/AMD/MIPS/UltraSPARC processors, asi nekufamba kwenguva mugadziri wacho akadzikisa zvishoma nezvishoma nhamba yemapuratifomu anotsigirwa. Kubva 2011, mapuratifomu anotsigirwa chete masisitimu kubva kuMS Windows mhuri.
10. Kugadzira marobhoti muchirongwa cheCAD chemazuva ano
1994 - Autodesk AutoCAD R13 inooneka pamusika, i.e. iyo yekutanga vhezheni yechirongwa chekambani inozivikanwa inoshanda pamatatu-dimensional modhi (10) Yakanga isiri chirongwa chekutanga chakagadzirirwa 3D modelling. Mabasa emhando iyi akagadzirwa mukutanga 60s, uye muna 1969 MAGI yakaburitsa SynthaVision, yekutanga inotengeswa yakasimba modelling chirongwa. Muna 1989, NURBS, inomiririra yemasvomhu yemhando dze3D, yakatanga kuoneka paSilicon Graphics workstations. Muna 1993, CAS Berlin yakagadzira inodyidzana NURBS simulation chirongwa chePC chinonzi NöRBS.
2012 - Autodesk 360, gore-yakavakirwa dhizaini uye modelling software, inopinda mumusika.
