Teresikopu, teresikopu yeredhiyo uye magiravhiti emagetsi ekuona

Munguva ichangopfuura, vazivi venyeredzi vakaita budiriro dzinoshamisa. Kutanga, vakakwanisa kutora mufananidzo wekutanga wepasi rose wegomba dema, watinonyora nezvawo kumwe kunhu mune ino chinyorwa cheMT. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, vakatanga kutora exoplanet HR8799e (1) nemhepo yayo. Uye zvese zvekutenda kune yedu cosmic pfungwa.

Sezvaunoziva, kune marudzi akawanda eteresikopu, akasiyana zvakanyanya mune zvaanopfura. materesikopu optical vanoshandisa chiedza chinooneka. x-ray tarisa zvinhu muwavelength renji ipfupi pane ultraviolet mwenje. Materesikopu ari kuita mu infrared shandisa wavelengths kureba kupfuura chiedza chinooneka, uye ultraviolet - pfupi pane chiedza chinooneka. Pamwe chete vanoumba marudzi edu emu cosmic.

Runyerekupe rwunonzi network yemateresikopu eredhiyo, iyo maantenna makuru ane dhayamita inosvika hafu yekiromita. Vanoshanda mumunda. Kutenda kune network yepasirese yenzvimbo dzekucherekedza dzerudzi urwu, dzinodaidzwa zita, kuti mufananidzo wakakurumbira zvino wegomba dema guru riri pakati peboka renyeredzi Messier 87 wakawanikwa.

Uye kubata zita? Eya, kunzwa uku kungafananidzwa nokumuka Gravitational wave astronomy. ma detectors akadai LIGO pakupedzisira, vanonzwa kudengenyeka kwenzvimbo, iyo inobatanidzwa nekubata.

Kubva kuCanary Islands kuenda kuSouth Africa

Kunyangwe makore gumi apfuura, Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) muCanary Islands ichine girazi rakakura kupfuura chero teresikopu inozivikanwa kwatiri.

Girazi guru rine 36 hexagonal segments. Iyo inotarisisa zvakare ine akati wandei anotsigira zviridzwa seCanariCam, kamera inokwanisa kudzidza yepakati-renji infrared mwenje inoburitswa nenyeredzi nemapuraneti. CanariCam zvakare ine yakasarudzika kugona kuratidza gwara rechiedza chepolarized uye kuvharira kupenya kwenyeredzi, zvichiita kuti exoplanets iwedzere kuoneka.

Isu tinowanzo verenga munhepfenyuro nezve zvakawanikwa zvakaitwa nemateresikopu akati wandei. Kek I uye II ine magirazi e 10 m imwe neimwe, iri paWM Kecka observatory, pedyo nepamusoro peHawaiian volcano Mauna Kea. Materesikopu akabatana pamwechete fomu Keck interferometer, iri imwe yemakurusa munyika.

Yunivhesiti yeCalifornia neLawrence Berkeley Laboratory yakatanga kugadzira michina iyi muna 1977. American muzvinabhizimisi uye philanthropist Howard B. Keck yakapa mamiriyoni makumi manomwe emadhora anodiwa pakuvaka. Kukwira Kek-70 kwakatanga muna 1.

3. Kuenzaniswa kwehukuru hweteresikopu yepasi:

1. Teresikopu Yakakura Kwazvo, 2. Teresikopu Yakakura Yakanyanya, 3. Materesikopu eKeck (Keck I naKeck II), 4. Teresikopu Makumi Matatu, 5. Canary Large Telescope (Gran Telescopio Canarias), 6th Subaru Telescope, 7th South African big telescope . , 8th New Technology Telescope, 9th Giant Magellanic Telescope, 10th Large Large Synoptic Survey Telescope

Kuzivikanwa kwenzvimbo yekuona kwakakura uye mimwe mipiro yakaitwa yakagonesa kuitika kweKeck 2. Muna 2004, yekutanga adaptive optics laser system muteresikopu hombe yakashandiswa pano, iyo inogadzira nzvimbo yenyeredzi yekugadzira inobatsira kana uchitarisa denga segwara. . kugadzirisa kukanganiswa kwemhepo.

Imwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa materesikopu South African Large Telescope (SALT), chiridzwa chikuru chepasi-based optical chiridzwa chiri kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere, chakanangana nekutsvaga kwekuona. Girazi rayo rekutanga rine 91 hexagonal magirazi.

Nekuda kwenzvimbo yayo, SALT inogona kutora mifananidzo isingawanikwe kune inoongorora kuchamhembe kwehemisphere. Teresikopu inotsigirwa nemari neboka renyika dzinosanganisira: Germany, Great Britain, New Zealand, India, South Africa, USA uye ... Poland.

Imwe dhizaini, inozivikanwa kwete chete munharaunda yezvenyeredzi, Hombe twin-lens telescope (Binocular Telescope yakakura, LBT). Magirazi ese ari maviri eteresikopu ari monolithic, rimwe nerimwe rine dhayamita 8,4 m. Nzvimbo yese yezvionioni ndeye 111 m2. Saka, kugona kweLBT kunofananidzwa neteresikopu imwe-mirror ine dhayamita ye11,8 m.

Subaru, teresikopu yeJapan inoshanda muchiedza chinooneka uye infrared range, ine inonzi active optics, ine monolithic mirror ine dhayamita yese ye8,3 m (iyo 8,2 m inoshandiswa pakuona), iyo yakagadzirwa ne welding 55, kazhinji ane hexagonal, zvikamu. Iyo ine 261 actuators kutsiva chero kukanganisa kwegirazi. Ichi chiridzwa chiri paHawaiian Mauna Kea Observatory.

Dry, transparent uye pasina vanhu

hongu Ongororo iri pamusoro ingori sumo yerwendo rwekuenda kuguta guru renyika yenyeredzi, inova Atacama Desert dunhu muChile. Apa ndipo pakavakwa teresikopu yakakura uye ine simba zvikuru pasi rose. Vanofarirwa nemamiriro echisikigo akadai semhepo yakaoma zvakanyanya, matenga akajeka uye vanhu vashoma..

Saka kune, semuenzaniso, chikamu chekumaodzanyemba Gemini Observatory, ine materesikopu maviri e8,1-metres optical ari munzvimbo mbiri dzakasiyana paNyika. Iwo mapatya materesikopu akagadzirwa uye anoshanda nemubatanidzwa unosanganisira US, UK, Canada, Chile, Brazil, Argentina neAustralia. Imwe yeteresikopu mapatya ekuchamhembe (Gemini North, inozivikanwawo seFrederick C. Gillette Telescope) yakavakwa paMauna Kea. Chepiri - Southern semi-detached house (Gemini Maodzanyemba) - yakavakirwa pakakwirira 2500 m pamusoro pegungwa, paGomo reCerro Pajon muChilean Andes.

Parizvino inoonekwa seyakanyanya kuona yekuongorora nyeredzi. Teresikopu Yakakura Kwazvo (VLT, Yakakura Kwazvo kana Yakakura, Telescope), yeEuropean Southern Observatory (ESO). Iseti yemateresikopu mana ane adaptive uye anoshanda optics, ane dhayamita yegirazi re8,2 m imwe neimwe (2), iyo inowedzerwa neina inogadzirika teresikopu yemaziso ine dhayamita ye1,8 m yezvidzidzo zveinterferometric.

Matelesikopu makuru anonzi Antu, Kuyen, Melipal uye Yepun, iyo inobatanidzwa nengano dzemaIndia eko. Pamusoro pazvo, teresikopu ine VISTA (Inooneka uye Infrared Survey Telescope yeAstronomy) ine girazi dhayamita 4,1 m uye VST (VLT Survey Telescope) ine girazi dhayamita 2,6 m.

VLT inowanikwa mu Paranal observatory pachikomo cheCerro Paranal (2635 m pamusoro pegungwa), muAtacama Desert. Pamusoro pechikomo ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzakaoma paNyika. Materesikopu mana makuru akaiswa muzvivakwa zvinodzorwa netembiricha. Iyi dhizaini inodzikisira mhedzisiro inokanganisa kutarisa mamiriro, akadai semhepo turbulence mutelescope chubhu, inogona kuitika nekuda kwekushanduka kwekushisa nemhepo. Maererano neESO, VLT inogona "kuvakazve mifananidzo ine angular resolution mu millisecond range, yakaenzana nekuona magetsi maviri emotokari paMwedzi kubva pasi."

Magirazi makuru eteresikopu anoshanda paNyika

• Grand Canary Telescope (GTC): kutumirwa - 2002-2008 / dhayamita - 10,4 m / nzvimbo - Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, Canary Islands, Spain

• Hobby'ego-Eberly'ego Telescope: 1996 / 10 m / McDonald Observatory, Texas, USA

• Kek I uye II: 1993-1996 / 10 m / Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii, USA

• South African Large Telescope: 2005 / 9,2 m / South African Astronomical Observatory, Northern Cape, RPA

• Double Lens Hombe Teresikopu: 2004 / 8,4 m / Mount Graham International Observatory, Arizona, USA

• Subaru Telescope (JNLT): 1999 / 8,2 m / Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii, USA

• Antu, Kueyen, Melipal, Yepun (Teresikopu Yakakura Kwazvo, VLT): 1998-2001 / 8,2 m / Paranal Observatory, Antofagasta Region, Chile

• Mapatya Maodzanyemba neMaodzanyemba: 1999-2001 / 8,1 m / Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii, USA uye Cerro Pachon (CTIO), Coquimbo region, Chile

• Teleskop MMT (yakawanda-mirror telescope): 2000 R. / 6,5 m / Whipple Observatory, Arizona, USA

• Magellan 1 uye 2: 2000-2002 / 6,5 m / Las Campanas Observatory, Atacama Region, Chile

Ramangwana (zvisina chokwadi zvishoma)

Kurongeka kwemateresikopu makuru epasi anogona kugadziridzwa zvachose mumakore mashoma. Imba yemamita XNUMX-mita ichavakwa paMauna Kea Teresikopu yemamita makumi matatu (TMT) ine bhajeti inofungidzirwa yemadhora 1,4 bhiriyoni (4). Kuburikidza kwaro kwakarongwa (kufara kwegomba rinopinda nechiedza) rakakura zvakapetwa kapfumbamwe kupfuura pamusoro pegirazi reKeck, uye rinotarisirwa kubudisa mifananidzo ine kagumi nekaviri kugadziriswa kweiyo yakaiswa mukutenderera. Hubble Space Telescope.

4. Kuonekwa kweteresikopu yemamita makumi matatu muHawaii.

Chile iri kuvaka muEurope Teresikopu yakakura kwazvo (Teresikopu Yakakura Yakanyanya, ELT), ine buri re 39 m (5). Kana ichishanda, ichave yakakura chimiro cherudzi rwayo inoshanda munzvimbo inooneka yechiedza munyika (6) uye.

5. Kuona Teresikopu Yakakura Yakanyanya

Ose ari maviri TMT neELT anofanirwa kutangwa kutenderera 2024, kunyangwe izvi zvisingaite zvachose mune yekutanga. Iyo TMT purojekiti yanga ichishanda kubva kuma90s. Mafoshoro ekutanga akakandirwa pasi chete muna 2014, uye pasina nguva basa rakamiswa nekuda kwekuratidzira kwevagari vemuHawaii vachipokana nekugadzwa kweteresikopu pagomo ravo rinoera reMauna Kea. Kutongwa kwakatanga. Gore rakapera, dare repamusoro-soro reHawaii rakapa mutongo wemvumo yekuvaka, asi zvingaenderera mberi here?

6. Kuenzaniswa kwehukuru hweELT yakarongwa neEtihad stadium muManchester.

Yechitatu yakarongwa hofori yepasi iGiant Magellanic Telescope paLas Campanas Observatory muChile. Girazi rayo rekutanga richave nezvikamu zvinomwe imwe neimwe 8,4 m muhupamhi, ichipa sarudzo yakaenzana negirazi rimwechete 24,5 m dhayamita (7).

7. Yakakura Magellanic Telescope - kuona

Makore mashoma apfuura, GMT yaitarisirwa kutanga kushanda muna 2021. Nhasi zuva racho raziviswa mumakore matatu. Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzinoti teresikopu ichange ine simba rakakwana kutipa maonero akananga mapuraneti ari mune dzimwe nyeredzi, kukwanisa kuona chiedza kubva panguva dzapakuvamba zvikurusa dzedenga, uye zvichida kubatsira kupindura mibvunzo mikurusa muruzivo rwomuchadenga chemazuva ano, kusanganisira maumbirwo anoita mapoka enyeredzi. .zvinhu zvakasviba uye simba rakasviba, pamwe chete nenyeredzi mushure meBig Bang.

Yakavakwa muChile. Yakakura Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST, Great Telescope yeSynoptic Surveillance Observing) yakavakirwa pafungidziro yekuti magirazi mahombe haagare ari kiyi pakuvaka teresikopu yakanakisa. Ichava negirazi rine aperture ye "chete" 8,4 m muhupamhi (kazhinji ichiri yakakura), asi inoripa muhuwandu uye nekukurumidza. Yakagadzirwa kuti itarise denga rose rehusiku pane kungotarisa pane chakanangana nemunhu - uchishandisa iyo hombe yedhijitari kamera paPasi kutora mavhidhiyo emavara-anopera nguva.

Sekureva kweLSST Corporation, iri kuvaka teresikopu neDhipatimendi reMagetsi reUS uye National Science Foundation, "LSST ichapa mamepu asina kumboitika matatu-dimensional ekugoverwa kwevanhu muchadenga" anogona kujekesa simba risinganzwisisike rerima. iyo inofambisa kukurumidza kuwedzera kwenzvimbo. Ichabvumirawo kuverengerwa kwakazara kwesolar system yedu, kusanganisira angangoita njodzi asteroids anosvika 100 m muhukuru.

Nzeve dzakakura kudarika maziso

Imwe yezviridzwa zvinozivikanwa pasi rose-based astronomical zviridzwa zvave kushanda kubvira 1963 pedyo neArecibo, Puerto Rico. Iyo teresikopu yeredhiyo ine antenna dhayamita ye305 m, iyo yakakura kudarika girazi rechero teresikopu iripo kana yakarongwa inosvika makumi mana m. aluminium panels.

Chimiro ichi chinoshandiswa muredhiyo nyeredzi, mumhepo uye radar tsvagiridzo nemasangano akati wandei: Cornell University, SRI International, USRA, uye Metropolitan University yePuerto Rico mukubatana neNational Science Foundation. Kuwana teresikopu kunopihwa kuzvikamu zvesainzi pahwaro hwezvikumbiro zvakaongororwa nekomisheni yakazvimirira. Kubva 1963 kusvika 2016, teresikopu yeredhiyo yaive nedhishi hombe pasi rose. Chete muna 2016 yaive yakakura FAST radio telescope muChina.

Chimiro cheArecibo dome chakaita denderedzwa (kwete parabolic semateresikopu mazhinji eredhiyo). Izvi zvinokonzerwa nenzira iyo teresikopu yeredhiyo inonongedza pachiratidzo - ndiro yakamira, asi mugamuchiri ari kufamba. Iyo inogamuchira pachayo yakaiswa pane 900-ton chimiro, yakamiswa pahurefu hwemamita zana nemakumi mashanu patambo gumi nemasere, yakagadzikwa pamatatu akasimbiswa kongiri zvinotsigira. Yechipiri neyechitatu mbiya dzinotarisa mafungu anoratidzwa pane antenna. Kufamba kweanogamuchira kunoita kuti zvikwanise kutungamira teresikopu yeredhiyo kune chero nzvimbo ye150-degree cone yakatenderedza zenith.

Teresikopu yeredhiyo yeArecibo yakaita kuti zviwanikwa zvesainzi zvine mukurumbira zvigoneke. Kutenda kwaari:

• Pana Kubvumbi 7, 1964, isingasviki mwedzi mitanhatu mushure mekutumwa, Mercury yakatenderera Zuva kwete mu88, asi mumazuva makumi mashanu nemapfumbamwe;
• muna 1968, kuwanikwa kweperiodic (33 ms) radio pulses kubva kuCrab Nebula kwakapa humbowo hwekutanga hwekuvapo kwenyeredzi dzenyuturoni;
• muna 1974, Russell Alan Hulse naJoseph Hooton Taylor vakawana yekutanga binary system yepulsars uye nerubatsiro rwayo vakaedza kururamisa kwedzidziso yehukama - iyo yavakazogamuchira Nobel Prize muPhysics;
• muna 1990 nyanzvi yenyeredzi yekuPoland Aleksander Wolszan akayera nguva dzekutenderera kwepulsar PSR 1257+12, izvo zvakamubvumira kuwana mapuraneti matatu ekutanga eextrasolar aitenderera;
• Muna Ndira 2008, prebiotic zvidimbu zvemetamine nehydrogen cyanide zvakaonekwa mugalaxy Arp 220 nekuda kwekuonekwa kweredhiyo spectroscopy.

Imwe yezvakakura-yakavakirwa pasi-yakavakirwa nyeredzi zviridzwa maredhiyo antenna masisitimu. Atacama Mamirimita Makuru/Submillimeter Array (ALMA). Ivo vari pabani reChainantor muChilean Andes, panzvimbo yakakwirira inopfuura 5 metres. m pamusoro pegungwa.” Nzvimbo inocherekedza zvinhu iri pakakwirira zvokuti vanoongorora nyeredzi vanoshanda ipapo vanofanira kushandisa masiki okisijeni. Iyo ine 66 materesikopu eredhiyo akaitwa nemazvo akareba mamita 12 ne7. ALMA chikamu cheboka reEvent Horizon iro munguva pfupi yapfuura “rakaona” buri dema.

ALMA inoshanda muhuwandu hwe31,3-950 GHz. Iyo ine kunzwisiswa kwepamusoro uye kugadzirisa kupfuura iripo submillimeter wavelength teresikopu yakadai seJames Clerk Maxwell Telescope kana mamwe maredhiyo teresikopu network senge. Submillimeter sensor (SMA) Oraz IRAM Plateau de Boer.

Mwaranzi yewavelength iyi inowanzobva kuzvinhu zvinotonhora zvikuru uye zviri kure zvikuru zviri muchadenga, zvinosanganisira makore egasi neguruva umo munoberekerwa nyeredzi itsva, uye kubva kumakwara enzou ari kure ari kumucheto kwechadenga chinooneka. Nzvimbo pane idzi wavelengths haisati yanyatsoongororwa, nekuti kucherechedzwa kwakakosha kunoda zviridzwa zviri munzvimbo inovimbisa kwete chete yakanaka mamiriro ekunze ekutarisa, asiwo yakaderera humidity.

8. Kuonekwa kwehurongwa hwemakiromita akaenzana muWestern Australia.

Iyo network yeredhiyo teresikopu ine yakazara nharaunda ye1 km yakarongwa kwemakore² - Square kilometers array (SKA). Ichavakwa kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere, muSouth Africa neAustralia (8), uko kucherechedzwa kweMilky Way kuri nyore uye uko kukanganiswa kwemagetsi kushoma. Zvinotarisirwa kuti pachava nevanopfuura 100 zviuru. low frequency antennas ari muAustralia uye mazana emaantenna muSouth Africa. Kana seti iyi yapedzwa, SKA ichava mambo weteresikopu yeredhiyo, nekunzwa kwakakura zvakapetwa ka50 kupfuura chero teresikopu yeredhiyo yakambovakwa. Simba rakadaro rinogona kudzidza zviratidzo zvechadenga makore mabhiriyoni 12 apfuura! Iyo yakaoma ichashanda mu frequency renji kubva 70 MHz kusvika 10 GHz.

Anthony Schinkel, director weInfrastructure Consortium CSIRO SKA, iyo yekuAustralia yekutsvagisa agency inotungamira chikamu cheAustralia chirongwa, akaudza vezvenhau.

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Mari yacho inoda hupfumi hwakakosha, kusanganisira nzvimbo ye65 sq.m. tambo dzefiber optic dzinoshandiswa kufambisa data kubva kuantenna kuenda kuSKA supercomputer zvishandiso.

Inotarisirwa kunge ichishanda panosvika 2030. Nzvimbo yekucherechedza iri kuvakwa nemubatanidzwa wenyika dzakawanda, unosanganisira Australia, Great Britain, Canada, China, India, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden neNetherlands, pamwe neBotswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar. , Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia neZambia.

Gore rakapera, muna Chikunguru, yakagamuchirwa neSouth Africa. MeerKAT radio telescopic network, nhevedzano ye64 antenna munzvimbo isina mvura zhinji yeKaroo. Antenna imwe neimwe ine dhayamita ye13,5 m, uye pamwe chete vanoshanda seteresikopu hombe, yakagadzirirwa kuunganidza masaini eredhiyo kubva muchadenga. Mune ramangwana, ichave chikamu cheyakambotaurwa intercontinental array yeskweya makiromita. Mushure mekutangwa kweMeerKAT, masayendisiti akabatanidza ine simba MeerLITCH Optical Telescopeyekudzidza panguva imwe chete yekuona uye neredhiyo yezviitiko zvemuchadenga.

Paul Groot wepaRadboud University kuNetherlands akaudza AFP.

Teresikopu hombe yeredhiyo yambotaurwa FAST (9), yakavakwa neChina muGuizhou Province, ine telescope yemamita XNUMX spherical ine dhayamita yembiya inenge yakaenzana nenhandare dzenhabvu makumi matatu. Kufanana neredhiyo redhiyo yeArecibo, ine antenna yakagadziriswa uye inofambisa mafungu masensa pamusoro pedome yayo, kuitira kuti igone kudzidza zvinhu zvisiri pa zenith - uye inogona kuongorora zvinhu zviri kure kubva ku zenith pane chiridzwa cheArecibo.

9. FAST radio telescope muChina

FAST inoshanda muhuwandu hwe0,7-3 GHz. Chinangwa chetsvakiridzo yeteresikopu yeredhiyo kuunganidzwa kweiyo hydrogen isina kwayakarerekera muMilky Way nemamwe magalaxi, kutariswa kwemapulsars (zvese mugwara redu renzou nemhiri), kudzidza kwemamorekuru munzvimbo yepakati penyeredzi, kutsvaga nyeredzi dzakasiyana uye kutsvaga. kune hupenyu hwekunze kwenyika (mukati megadziriro ye SETI software) Zvinotarisirwa kuti FAST ichakwanisa kuona kutapurirana kwechiratidzo chevatorwa vari chinhambwe chinodarika 1 mita. makore akareruka.

FAST inotarisirwa kutangwa mukupera kwa2019. Nekudaro, nguva pfupi yadarika China yakatendera chirongwa chekuvaka imwe, yakatokura teresikopu yeredhiyo. Yakarongerwa kutanga kushanda muna 2023.

Matelesikopu eredhiyo makuru epasi

• Spherical Telescope ine XNUMXm Aperture (FAST): kutumwa - 2019 (chirongwa) / parabolic antenna dhayamita - 500 m / nzvimbo - Pingtang, Guizhou Province, China

• Arecibo Observatory: 1963/305 m / Arecibo, Puerto Rico

• Radio teresikopu Zeleny Bank im. Robert S. Beard: 2002 / 100 makore 110 m / Green Bank, West Virginia, USA

• Teresikopu yeredhiyo yeEffelsberg: 1971/100 m / Yakaipa Münstereifel, Germany

• Lovella Radio Telescope: 1957/76 m / Jodrell Bank Observatory, Macclesfield in Cheshire, UK

Chiono che cosmic chiri kupera simba

Munguva pfupi yapfuura takanyora nezveteresikopu yemuchadenga mumushumo wakasiyana, pachiitiko chekupera kwemabasa avo. Teresikopu yeKepler. Kubva ipapo, pakave nekutadza kwakawanda kunoita kuti masayendisiti, kunyanya muUS, azvinetse nezve "meso avo mudenga". Materesikopu emuchadenga, akatanga nguva yawo muna 1990, ari kuchembera kunze kwekunge asisachashandi kana kutyoka. Uye haana nzira kana chido chikuru chezvamatongerwe enyika chokuvatsiva.

Chirongwa chekutarisa nzvimbo chakananga chakatangwa mu70s uye 80s uye chaisanganisira mamishini mana makuru eteresikopu aifukidza huwandu hwese hwechiedza muchadenga.

Compton Gamma Observatory rakashandiswa kubata kuputika kune simba zvikurusa kuchisiko chapose pose.

Spitzer Space Telescope yakashandiswa kutsvaga infrared radiation kubva kune exoplanets uye nyeredzi dzichangozvarwa.

Chandra X-ray Observatory inogona kuongorora kudzika kwemakomba matema uye yakawana humbowo hwekuvapo kwezvinhu zvakasviba uye simba rakasviba. Chakanyanya kuratidzwa chaive, chokwadi, chinooneka uye ultraviolet mwenje. Hubble Space Telescope.

Comptona Telescope yakamira kushanda muna 2000 apo dambudziko negyroscope yayo, iyo yakabvumira teresikopu kutenderera, yakamisa mudziyo. Spitzer iri kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma kubva paNyika uye inopedza basa rayo painorasikirwa nekubatana nekuraira centre gore rinotevera. Kurasikirwa uku kwaitarisirwa, asi matambudziko z Hubble naChandra, izvo zvakaonekwa pakutanga kwegore, akanga ari matambudziko asingatarisirwi ekupedzisira.

Kunyange zvazvo Chandra akadzokera kunetiweki mazuva mashomanana mushure mekukundikana mune imwe yegyroscopes yakamanikidza teresikopu kuti ive yakachengeteka, matambudziko aHubble akagadziriswa, asi chiratidzo chenyevero chakavhenekerwa nemasayendisiti akawanda muU. Vaifunga kuti michina iyi haina kugara nekusingaperi, uye nhasi hapana chinhu chiri padhuze chinogona kutsiva nzvimbo yezvivakwa zvemuchadenga.

Flagship purojekiti yeNASA inoenderera mberi yekutarisa muchadenga James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)asi kutumirwa kweiyo 10 bhiriyoni unit inogara ichinonoka - nekuda kwekugadzira kana kukanganisa kwekudyara. NASA ichangobva kuzivisa kuti Webb haisi kuzotanga kusvika 2021 pakutanga.

Kunyangwe ikazobudirira, JWST inongopa infrared yekutarisa. Tarisiro yetsvakiridzo mune mamwe mativi emwenje wemwenje haina kujeka zvachose. Hazvizivikanwe kuti chii chichatsiva teresikopu yeHubble.

NASA zvakare haina kuronga kuve nechero huru X-ray yekutarisa yakagadzirira kuenderera mberi neChandra mishoni. Neimwe nzira, pachinzvimbo cheCompton, diki rakaonekwa Fermi Telescopezvisinei, yava nemakore gumi, zvichireva kuti yapfuura nguva yaitarisirwa kuti ishande nemakore anosvika mashanu. Naizvozvo, Hubble inotarisirwa kuramba iri mu orbit kusvika angangoita 2027, uye pamwe yakato rebesa, kudzamara JWST yave muchadenga.

Sezvineiwo, mamwe masangano emuchadenga enyika ari kushanda pazvirongwa zvakafanana, asi kuita kwavo kuchatorawo nguva. IEuropean Space Agency iri kuvaka X-ray Observatory ATHENAiyo ichatangwa mu30s.

Muna 2016, China yakazivisa kuti ichavaka teresikopu yayo yekuona ine ndima yekuona yakapetwa kaXNUMX yeHubble. Zvisinei, hazvizivikanwi kuti riini. Nekudaro, muchadenga, isu tatova netiweki yevane mwero "vadiki nevepakati vaongorori" vanodhura zvishoma pane mapurojekiti makuru. Mumwe wavo akadzingwa basa Kufambisa Exoplanet Kuongorora Satellite (TES)yakanangana nekutsvaga nyika dzisingazivikanwe.

Ndeapi materesikopu achagadzirwa uye anotumirwa muchadenga pakupedzisira, iyo inonzi US ichasarudza. NAS Decade OngororoA, yakarongerwa 2020. Iye achafunga, kunyanya, mukana wekuita chirongwa Yakakura Ultraviolet Optical Infrared Surveyor (LUVOIR), ine dhayamita yegirazi yemamita 15. Inoonekwa seshanduro yakavandudzwa yeteresikopu yeHubble. SaHubble, chiridzwa ichi chinoona chadenga chiri muultraviolet, infrared uye mafungu anooneka.

Imwe chirongwa chiri kutariswa Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx). Chinangwa chayo ndechekuona zvinogona kugarika exoplanets dzakatenderedza solar nyeredzi. HabEx ichashandisa nyeredzi hombe (10) kuvhara nyeredzi, ichibvumira teresikopu kuti idzidze exoplanets mune zvisati zvamboitika.

10. Kuona basa remuchadenga coronograph (nyeredzi mumvuri)

Angango tsiva Chandra lynx, teresikopu yechadenga yakarongwa iyo ichazarura nzvimbo "isingaoneki" muhukuru hwemagetsi eX-ray. Pakupedzisira, pane dhizaini Origins Space Telescope is a far-infrared observatory iyo inopinda mumakore eguruva kuti iwane maonero akajeka enyeredzi uye exoplanets munzvimbo dzinogadzira nyeredzi.

Vanogona kutorwa seshanduro yechizvarwa chinotevera. Herschel Space Observatory, basa rekuEurope rakaona matenga ari mu infrared kwemakore mana uye rakapedzwa muna 2013.

Kuvandudza Gravitational Wave Detectors

LIGO detectors (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) uye Virgo detectors muna April mushure mekuzorora vakatangazve kuvhima nzvimbo-nguva ripples, kureva, masaisai emagetsi.

Kunzwa kwedu kwe cosmic kubata kungangonzwa kunotevera kudedera zvakare.

- akadaro Prof. Christopher Berry weNorthwestern University USA.

Kusvika pari zvino, vayera kudhumhana kwegomba dema gumi uye kudhumhana kumwe chete pakati penyeredzi mbiri dzemanyutroni - zvinhu zvakakora zvisingaite zviri pedyo nekuwanda kuZuva, asi zvisingapfuure guta diki. Nekudaro, iko zvino, kungoona masaisai esimba regiravhiti haisisiri iyo inonyanya kunakidza chinangwa. Nhasi, madhigirii anoshanda zvakanyanya chinangwa chakafanana seteresikopu, asi pachinzvimbo chechiedza vanoyera giravhiti.

Muna Kukadzi wegore rino, masangano eAmerica neBritish akazivisa kuti LIGO gravitational wave detector ichavandudzwa zvakanyanya mune ramangwana.

Iyo US National Science Foundation ichabatsira kuchirongwa ichi Yakawedzerwa LIGO Plus (ALIGO+) $20,4 miriyoni, neUK Research ichiwedzera imwe $13,7 miriyoni.Australia ichapawo mupiro wemari. Iyo yekuwedzera ichashanda kune ese ari maviri nzvimbo iyo LIGO iripo. Sechikamu cheizvi, mudziyo uchave wakafumiswa, kusanganisira 300-mita refu vacuum kamuri iyo inobvumidza iwe kushandura zvimiro zvemalaser anoshandiswa mu detector uye kuderedza ruzha rwekumashure.

LIGO ine maviri ma-interferometers akafanana neL, imwe muHanford, Washington uye imwe muLivingston, Louisiana. Ose ma interferometers akareba 4 km. LIGO yakashanda kubva 2002-2010, ndokuzovharwa kuti iwedzere uye yakatanga zvakare muna 2015. Nguva pfupi pashure pacho, kuonga kwaari, kuwanwa kwakakurumbira kwemafungu egiravhiti kwakaitwa. Kubva ipapo, chekutarisa chave nekuwedzera kudiki kwakawedzera kunzwa kwayo ne50%.

ALIGO + ichave chishandiso chinoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura kuseta yakashandiswa kusvika zvino. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekuona, panosvika 2022 detector ichanyoresa zviitiko zvegiravhiti zvakati wandei pazuva.

Kuwedzera kuchawedzera kwete chete kuwanda, asiwo kunaka kwekutarisa. Kutenda kuderedzwa kweruzha, semuenzaniso, masayendisiti achakwanisa kuona kuti maburi matema akatenderera sei kusati kwabatanidzwa. Parizvino hatikwanisi kuita ongororo dzakadai. Iyo vacuum chamber inoderedza kudzvanywa pamagirazi uye kuderedza kushanduka kwephoton. Mukuwedzera, magirazi achagamuchira jira idzva, iro rinofanira kuderedza ruzha rwekupisa nechikamu chechina. Basa rekutanga rinoitwa pasi peALIGO + rinofanira kutanga kutenderera 2023.

11. Kufananidzwa kwemagirazi ehukuru hweteresikopu iripo uye yakarongwa.

Inorongwawo kuvaka cosmic gravitational wave detector LISA Pathfinder. Zvisinei, iyi inguva yemberi iri kure - yekutanga 30s.

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Zviwanikwa zvikuru zvatiri kuita nezviridzwa zvine simba zvikuru zvemuchadenga zvinotikurudzira kuti tivake nzvimbo itsva, dzine simba rakawanda uye dzinonyatsonzwisisa (11). Kana isu tisingakwanise kubhururuka kuenda kunzvimbo dziri kure dzechadenga panguva ino, saka zvirinani tiri kuedza kutarisa mazviri zvakanyanya sezvatinogona. Tinovimba kuti pfungwa dzedu dzemuchadenga dzichatiudza kwekuenda kana tave nehunyanzvi hwekuita nekukurumidza uye kwakadzika nzvimbo yekufamba.