Terraforming - kuvaka Nyika itsva munzvimbo itsva

Rimwe zuva zvinogona kuitika kuti kana pakaitika njodzi yepasi rose, hazvizogone kudzoreredza budiriro yePasi kana kudzokera kunharaunda yayaive isati yatyisidzira. Zvakakodzera kuva nenyika itsva yakachengetedzwa uye kuvaka zvese patsva ipapo - zviri nani pane zvatakaita pamusha wedu wepasi. Zvisinei, isu hatizivi nezvemitumbi yomudenga yakagadzirira kugadziriswa nokukurumidza. Mumwe anofanirwa kufunga nezvekuti rimwe basa richadikanwa kugadzirira nzvimbo yakadaro.

1. Kavha yenyaya "Kudhumhana muObhiti"

Kugadzira pasi, mwedzi, kana chimwe chinhu fungidziro, hakuna kumwe (kukuziva kwedu) maitiro ekuchinja mhepo, tembiricha, topography yepasi, kana ecology yepuraneti kana imwe nyika yemudenga kuti ifanane nemhoteredzo yePasi uye iite kuti ive yakakodzera kune yepasi. hupenyu.

Pfungwa yeterraforming yakashanduka mumunda uye musainzi chaiyo. Izwi iro pacharo rakasumwa Jack Williamson (Will Stewart) munyaya pfupi "Collision Orbit" (1), yakabudiswa muna 1942.

Venus inotonhorera, Mars inodziya

Mune chinyorwa chakabudiswa mujenari Science muna 1961, nyanzvi yenyeredzi Carl Sagan proposed. Akafungidzira achidyara algae mumhepo yake yakapoteredza pasi iyo yaizoshandura mvura, nitrogen, uye carbon dioxide kuva makemikari omuviri. Izvi zvinobvisa carbon dioxide kubva mumhepo, izvo zvinoderedza greenhouse effect kusvikira tembiricha yadonha kusvika pakanaka. Kabhoni yakawandisa ichave yakasarudzika pamusoro penyika, semuenzaniso, muchimiro chegirafu.

Nehurombo, zvakazowanikwa gare gare nezvemamiriro eVenus zvakaratidza kuti maitiro akadaro haagoneke. Kana chete nekuti makore aripo ane yakanyanya kuomeswa mhinduro ye sulfuric acid. Kunyangwe dai algae ichikwanisa kubudirira munzvimbo ine ruvengo yemhepo yekumusoro, mhepo pachayo yakangonyanya kuomarara - iyo yakanyanya mhepo yekumanikidza inoburitsa inenge yakachena mamorekuru okisijeni, uye kabhoni inopisa, ichiburitsa COXNUMX.₂.

Nekudaro, kazhinji isu tinotaura nezve terraforming mumamiriro ezvinhu anogona kugadzirisa Mars. (2). Muchinyorwa chinonzi "Planetary Engineering paMars" chakabudiswa mupepanhau Icarus muna 1973, Sagan anoona Red Planet senzvimbo inogona kugarwa nevanhu.

2. Chiono chezvinhanho zvinotevera zve terraforming Mars

Makore matatu gare gare, NASA yakagadzirisa zviri pamutemo dambudziko reinjiniya yemapuraneti, ichishandisa izwi rekuti "ecosynthesis yemapuraneti". Imwe ongororo yakabudiswa yakagumisa kuti Mars inogona kutsigira upenyu uye kuva pasi rinogarwa. Mugore rimwe chetero, chikamu chekutanga chemusangano we terraforming, iyo inozivikanwawo se "planetary modeling", yakarongwa.

Zvisinei, kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira muna 1982 apo shoko rokuti “terraforming” rakatanga kushandiswa nenzira yaro yazvino uno. planetologist Christopher McKay (7) akanyora "Terraforming Mars", iyo yakabuda mu Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. Bepa rakakurukura nezve tarisiro yekuzvitonga kweMartian biosphere, uye izwi rakashandiswa naMcKay rave iro rinofarirwa. Muna 1984 James Lovelock i Michael Allaby akabudisa bhuku rinonzi Greening Mars, rimwe revokutanga kurondedzera mutoo mutsva wokudziyisa Mars uchishandisa ma<em>chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) anowedzerwa mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi.

Pakazara, kutsvagisa kwakawanda uye nhaurirano dzesainzi dzakatoitwa nezve mukana wekupisa pasi rino uye kushandura mhepo yaro. Sezvineiwo, dzimwe nzira dzekufungidzira dzekushandura Mars dzinogona kunge dzatove mukati mehunyanzvi hwetekinoroji hwevanhu. Zvisinei, zviwanikwa zvoupfumi zvinodikanwa nokuda kweizvi zvichava zvakakura zvikuru kupfuura hurumende ipi neipi kana kuti nzanga iye zvino inodisa kugovera nokuda kwedonzo rakadaro.

Methodical approach

Mushure mekuita terraforming yakapinda mukutenderera kwakafara kwemafungiro, chiyero chayo chakatanga kurongeka. Muna 1995 Martin J. Fogg (3) mubhuku rake "Terraforming: Engineering the Planetary Environment" akapa tsananguro dzinotevera dzezvinhu zvakasiyana zvine chekuita nendima iyi:

• engineering yepuraneti - kushandiswa kwetekinoroji kupesvedzera zvimiro zvepasirese zvepasi;
• geoengineering -injiniya yemapuraneti yakashandiswa zvakananga kuPasi. Inongovhara chete iwo macro-engineering pfungwa dzinosanganisira kushandura mamwe maparamendi epasi rose senge greenhouse effect, atmospheric composition, solar radiation, kana shock flux;
• terraforming - maitiro einjiniya yepuraneti, yakanangana, kunyanya, pakuwedzera kugona kwekunze kwepasirese nharaunda kutsigira hupenyu mune inozivikanwa nyika. Kubudirira kwekupedzisira munzvimbo ino kuchave kusikwa kweiyo yakavhurika yepasi ecosystem inotevedzera ese mabasa eiyo terrestrial biosphere, yakagadziridzwa zvizere kuti igarwe nevanhu.

Fogg yakagadzirawo tsananguro dzemapuraneti ane madhigirii akasiyana ekuenderana maererano nekupona kwevanhu paari. Akasiyanisa mapuraneti:

• inogarwa () - nyika ine nharaunda yakafanana zvakakwana nePasi iyo vanhu vanogona kugara mairi zvakanaka uye vakasununguka;
• biocompatible (BP) - mapuraneti ane zvimiro zvemuviri izvo zvinobvumira hupenyu kuti hubudirire pamusoro pavo. Kunyangwe ivo pakutanga vasina iyo, vanogona kuve neyakaomesesa biosphere pasina kudiwa kweterraforming;
• nyore terraform (ETP) - mapuraneti anogona kuita biocompatible kana kugarika uye anogona kutsigirwa neane mwero seti yemapuraneti einjiniya matekinoroji uye zviwanikwa zvakachengetwa pane iri pedyo spacecraft kana marobhoti precursor mission.

Fogg anoratidza kuti muhuduku hwake, Mars yakanga iri pasi rinoenderana nehupenyu, kunyange zvazvo parizvino isingakodzeri mune chero yezvikamu zvitatu - terraforming iri mhiri kweETP, yakaoma zvakanyanya, uye inodhura zvakanyanya.

Kuve nesosi yesimba chinhu chakazara chinodiwa kune hupenyu, asi iyo pfungwa yekukasika kana kugona kwepasi yakavakirwa pane mamwe akawanda geophysical, geochemical, uye astrophysical maitiro.

Kunyanya kufarira ndeyeti yezvinhu izvo, kuwedzera kune zvipenyu zviri nyore paPasi, zvinotsigira zvipenyu zvakaomarara zvakawanda. mhuka. Tsvagiridzo uye dzidziso munzvimbo iyi chikamu chesainzi yepuraneti uye nyeredzi.

Unogona kushandisa thermonuclear nguva dzose

Mumugwagwa wayo wenzira yekuongorora nyeredzi, NASA inotsanangura nzira huru yekuchinjisa se "yakakwana yemvura zviwanikwa zvemvura, mamiriro anoenderana nekuunganidzwa kweakaoma organic mamorekuru, uye masosi emagetsi kutsigira metabolism." Kana mamiriro epasi akave akakodzera hupenyu hweimwe mhando, kupinza kwehupenyu hwehutachiona hunogona kutanga. Sezvo mamiriro ezvinhu anoswedera pedyo nepasi, hupenyu hwezvirimwa hunogonawo kuunzwa ikoko. Izvi zvichakurumidzisa kugadzirwa kweokisijeni, iyo tichifungidzira ichaita kuti pasi rino pedzisira rikwanise kutsigira upenyu hwemhuka.

PaMars, kushaikwa kwekuita tectonic kwakadzivirira kudzokororwa kwemagasi kubva kumarara emunharaunda, izvo zvakanakira mhepo yePasi. Kechipiri, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti kusavapo kweiyo yakazara magineti yakatenderedza Red Planet kwakatungamira kuparadzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwemhepo nemhepo yezuva (4).

4 isina simba Magnetosphere haidzivirire Martian Atmosphere

Convection mukati meMars, iyo inonyanya simbi, yakatanga kugadzira magineti, zvisinei iyo dynamo yakarega kushanda uye nzvimbo yeMartian yakanyangarika zvakanyanya, pamwe nekuda kwekurasikirwa kwekupisa uye kusimba. Nhasi, simba remagineti muunganidzwa weminda midiki, yemuno senge amburera, kazhinji yakatenderedza kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere. Zvisaririra zvemagineti inovhara inenge 40% yepasi. NASA Mission Research Results Nyanzvi ratidza kuti mamiriro ekunze ari kucheneswa zvakanyanya nesolar coronal mass ejections inobhomba pasi nemapurotoni ane simba guru.

Terraforming Mars yaizofanira kusanganisira maitiro maviri makuru panguva imwe chete - kusikwa kwemhepo uye kupisa kwayo.

Mhepo yakakora yemagasi egreenhouse akadai secarbon dioxide inomisa mwaranzi yezuva iri kuuya. Sezvo tembiricha yakawedzera ichawedzera magasi egreenhouse kumhepo, maitiro maviri aya anosimbisana. Zvisinei, carbon dioxide yoga yaisazokwana kuchengeta tembiricha iri pamusoro penzvimbo inotonhora yemvura - chimwe chinhu chaizodiwa.

Imwe Martian Probe Ichangobva Kuva Nezita Kutsungirira uye ichatangwa gore rino, ichatora kuedza kubudisa oxygen. Tinoziva kuti mhepo isingawanzoitiki ine 95,32% carbon dioxide, 2,7% nitrogen, 1,6% argon, uye inenge 0,13% okisijeni, pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda kunyange zvishoma. Kuedza kunozivikanwa se kufara (5) kushandisa kabhoni dhaikisaidhi uye kubvisa mweya weokisijeni mairi. Ongororo dzemuLabhoreti dzakaratidza kuti izvi zvinogoneka uye nehunyanzvi zvinogoneka. Unofanira kutanga pane imwe nzvimbo.

5. Yellow modules yeMOXIE kuyedza paPerseverance rover.

spacex mukuru, Elon Musk, angadai asiri iye pachake kana asina kuisa masendi ake maviri muhurukuro pamusoro pekugadzirisa Mars. Imwe yemafungiro aMusk ndeyekudzika kumatanda eMartian. mabhomba ehydrogen. Kubhomba kukuru, mukuona kwake, kwaizogadzira simba rinopisa rakawanda nekunyungudusa aizi, uye izvi zvaizobudisa carbon dioxide, iyo yaizoita greenhouse effect mumhepo, ichiteya kupisa.

Iyo magnetic field yakatenderedza Mars inodzivirira marsonouts kubva kune cosmic mwaranzi uye kugadzira mamiriro ekunze akapfava pamusoro pepasi. Asi zvirokwazvo haugone kuisa chidimbu chihombe chesimbi mukati mayo. Naizvozvo, nyanzvi dzinopa imwe mhinduro - isa w nzvimbo yekusunungura L1 muMars-Sun system jenareta mukuru, iyo inogadzira simba rakasimba remagineti.

Pfungwa iyi yakaunzwa pamusangano wePlanetary Science Vision 2050 naDr. Jim Green, mutungamiriri wePlanetary Science Division, chikamu cheNASA chekuongorora mapuraneti. Nekufamba kwenguva, iyo magineti yaizotungamira mukuwedzera kwemuchadenga kudzvanywa uye avhareji tembiricha. Kuwedzera kwe4 ° C chete kwaizonyungudutsa ice munzvimbo dzepolar, kuburitsa CO yakachengetwa₂izvi zvichakonzera simba regreenhouse effect. Mvura ichayerera ikoko zvakare. Sekureva kwevagadziri, nguva chaiyo yekuitwa kweprojekiti ndeye 2050.

Nekudaro, mhinduro yakatsanangurwa muna Chikunguru apfuura nevaongorori veHarvard University haivimbisi kutenderedza pasi rese kamwechete, asi inogona kunge iri nzira yakaganhurwa. Vesainzi vakauya nazvo kuvakwa kwedzimba yakagadzirwa nematehwe matete silica airgel, iyo yaizove yakajeka uye panguva imwechete inopa dziviriro kubva kune UV mwaranzi uye inodziya pamusoro.

Munguva yekufananidza, zvakazoitika kuti iyo yakatetepa yeairgel, 2-3 cm, inokwana kupisa pamusoro nepamusoro pe50 ° C. Kana tikasarudza nzvimbo dzakakodzera, saka tembiricha yezvimedu zveMars ichawedzerwa kusvika -10 ° C. Ichange ichiri yakaderera, asi muhuwandu hwatinogona kubata. Uyezve, zvaizoita kuti mvura iri munzvimbo idzi irambe iri mumvura gore rose, iyo, pamwe chete nekuwana chiedza chezuva nguva dzose, inofanira kukwana kuti zvinomera zvikwanise kuita photosynthesis.

Ecological terraforming

Kana iyo pfungwa yekudzoreredza Mars kuti iite sePasi inonzwika inonakidza, saka iyo inogona kuitika yeimwe miviri ye cosmic inosimudza nhanho yeakanakisa kusvika nth degree.

Venus yakatotaurwa. Zvishoma zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndizvo zvinofungwa terraforming mwedzi. Geoffrey A. Landis kubva kuNASA yakaverengerwa muna 2011 kuti kugadzira mhepo yakatenderedza setiraiti yedu ine simba re 0,07 atm kubva mumhepo yakachena kunoda kupihwa kwe200 bhiriyoni matani eokisijeni kubva kune imwe nzvimbo. Muongorori akataura kuti izvi zvinogona kuitwa uchishandisa kuderedzwa kweokisijeni kubva kumatombo emwedzi. Dambudziko nderekuti nekuda kwekuderera kwegiravhiti, iye achakurumidza kurasikirwa nayo. Nezvemvura, zvirongwa zvekare zvekubhomba nzvimbo yemwedzi nema comets zvinogona kusashanda. Zvinoitika kuti kune yakawanda yemunharaunda H muvhu remwedzi₂0, kunyanya kumativi eSouth Pole.

Vamwe vanogona kukwikwidza terraforming - pamwe chete chidimbu - kana paraterraforming, iyo inosanganisira kugadzira pane imwe nzvimbo miviri. nzvimbo dzakavharwa kuvanhu (6) izvi ndezvi: Titan, Callisto, Ganymede, Europa uye kunyange Mercury, mwedzi waSaturn Enceladus uye nepuraneti diki Ceres.

6. Chiono chehunyanzvi chechikamu cheterraforming

Kana tikaenda mberi, kune exoplanets, iyo yatinowedzera kusangana nenyika dzine kufanana kukuru nePasi, ipapo tinoerekana tapinda muchikamu chitsva chehurukuro. Tinogona kuziva mapuraneti akaita seETP, BP uye pamwe kunyange HP ikoko kure, i.e. izvo zvatisina mugadziriro yezuva. Ipapo kuwana nyika yakadai inova dambudziko rakakura kupfuura tekinoroji uye mutengo weterraforming.

Zvikumbiro zvakawanda zveinjiniya yemapuraneti zvinosanganisira kushandiswa kwemabhakitiriya ane genetically modified. Gary King, a Louisiana State University microbiologist anodzidza zvipenyu zvakanyanyisa paPasi, anoti:

"Synthetic biology yakatipa seti yakanaka yezvishandiso zvatingashandisa kugadzira mhando nyowani dzezvipenyu dzakanyatsoenderana nehurongwa hwatinoda kuronga."

Musayendisiti anotsanangura tarisiro ye terraforming, achitsanangura:

"Tinoda kudzidza ma microbes akasarudzwa, kutsvaga majini ane basa rekurarama uye anobatsira kune terraforming (sekupokana nemwaranzi uye kushaikwa kwemvura), tozoshandisa ruzivo urwu kune genetically mainjiniya akagadzirwa tupukanana."

Musayendisiti anoona matambudziko makuru mukukwanisa kusarudza nekugadzirisa utachiona hwakakodzera, achifunga kuti zvinogona kutora "makore gumi kana kupfuura" kukunda chipingamupinyi ichi. Anotaurawo kuti bheji yakanakisa ingave yekugadzira "kwete rudzi rumwe rwehutachiona, asi akati wandei anoshanda pamwechete."

Panzvimbo pekuita terraforming kana kuwedzera kune terraform nharaunda yevatorwa, nyanzvi dzakataura kuti vanhu vanokwanisa kujairana nenzvimbo idzi kuburikidza nemajini engineering, biotechnology, uye cybernetic ekuwedzera.

Lisa Nip yeMIT Media Lab's Molecular Machines Team, yakati synthetic biology inogona kubvumira masayendisiti kugadzirisa genetic vanhu, zvidyarwa, uye mabhakitiriya kuti agadzirise zvipenyu kune imwe nyika.

Martin J. Fogg, Carl Sagan kutsanya Robert Zubrin i Richard L.S. TyloNdinotenda kuti kuita kuti dzimwe nyika dzigarike - sekuenderera mberi kwenhoroondo yehupenyu hwekuchinja kwenzvimbo yePasi - hazvibvumirwe zvachose. basa rehunhu hwevanhu. Zvinoratidzawo kuti pasi redu rinozoguma risisashande zvakadaro. Mukufamba kwenguva, unofanira kufunga nezvekuda kutama.

Kunyange zvazvo vatsigiri vanodavira kuti hapana chokuita neterraforming yemapuraneti asingabereki. nyaya dzetsika, kune pfungwa dzokuti chero zvazvingava kunenge kusina kunaka kupindira mune zvakasikwa.

Tichifunga mabatiro akaitwa vanhu Nyika, zvakanakisa kusafumura mamwe mapuraneti kune zviitiko zvevanhu. Christopher McKay anopikisa kuti terraforming ndeyechokwadi chete kana isu tine chokwadi chekuti nyika yekunze haisi kuvanza hupenyu hwekuzvarwa. Uye kunyangwe tikakwanisa kuiwana, hatifanire kuedza kuishandura kuti tishandise isu pachedu, asi toita nenzira yekuti. enderana nehupenyu hwevatorwa uhwu. Kwete neimwe nzira.

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