Bvunzo: Opel Astra 2.0 CDTI (118 kW) AT Cosmo (5 madhoo)
Zviri mukati
Usatsamwe kana iwe usinganzwisise nhoroondo yeindasitiri yemotokari. Sezvaungave iwe wakacherekedza, isu zvakare tinonakidzwa nekuvhura yemahara online enisaikoropidhiya kukwesha pazivo yedu. Kugadzirwa kweKadetta kwakadzokera muna 1936, apo yaive ichiri Kadetta 1.
Mushure ma1962, Kadett akapihwa tsamba padivi pezita, uye kubvira ipapo akanyorwa semamodeli A, B, C, D naE. Zvino, mugore redzidziso yeSlovenia, Kadett yakapihwa rimwe zita (zita Astra akauya achibva kuUK). Padhuze nenjanji, akaenderera mberi nechinangwa chaOpel mukomputa kirasi.
Iyo Astra F, G uye H yaive hwaro hwakanaka hweiyo modhi itsva yatakaona - ha, gore rapfuura. Kunyangwe mushure mekujairana kwenguva refu nenhoroondo, unofunga kuti inozvitutumadza nhanhatu Volkswagen Gorofu ndiro jaya chairo muboka iri?
KuOpel, vaifanira kunyatsoteerera Generation I, zvisinei netsika yavo yakapfuma, sezvo vaive vatotanga kusangana nematambudziko emari. Zvichida, zvisinei, nhamba dzvuku pabhiri reGM dzaive nemhosva yekuti iyo yazvino Astra haingori bepa idzva mubhuku gobvu, asi chitsauko chitsva. Zvinganetsa kuzvienzanisa neyakatangira nekuti zviri nani.
Ngatitangei kunze. Iyo Astra I iri 170 millimeter yakareba kupfuura chizvarwa chakapfuura uye wheelbase iri 71 millimeter kureba. Kana iwe ukachienzanisa nevakwikwidzi vakaipisisa, iwe unogona kubva waona kuti iyo nyowani Astra ndiyo refu, asiwo yakareba. Iyo Ford Focus chete ndiyo yakafara.
Asi kwete chete urefu ndewe mhosva, asiwo chimiro chemuviri, uye yakafara chassis. Nekuda kwechimiro chinodonha cheakanaka akagadzirwa kufamba kwemuviri, iwe uchafanirwa kukotama kana iwe uchida kutora chigaro mumutsara wechipiri wezvigaro usina kurova musoro wako.
Po hunde Zvisinei nehurefu hwayo, iyo Astra inongova yevhareji pfumbu, sezvo Megane neinobuda Focus inopa avhareji yemarita makumi matatu, nepo giraundi yegorofu iri 30 litres zvishoma.
Zvakanaka, pahunde, iwe unobva watoda kurumbidza iyo system FlexFlooruko rakagadziriswa (rinotakura!) shefu inogona kushandiswa kushandura vhoriyamu repamusoro uye rezasi bhoti pasi, uye kana zvichidikanwa, shefu iyi inogona kuiswa nyore pasi pazasi penzvimbo yakashongedzwa uye yechitatu inowedzerwa nzvimbo. mukwende. Zvakareruka uye zvinobatsira.
Tiri kugara kupi? Ehe, chimiro. ... Usafunge kuti chimiro chakareruka chemuviri uye mwenje unokwezva maziso unoita kuti iyo Astra ive yemitambo pakutanga kuona.
Uine mita muruoko, iwe uchaona kuti iyo nyowani Astra iri kufananidzwa nechizvarwa H. yakawanda nzira (56 millimeters kumberi uye kurovera mamirimita makumi manomwe kumashure), asi panguva imwe chete, vakashamisika kuona kuti, kusiyana nevakwikwidzi vayo, ine yakafara nzira yekumashure, uye kwete yepamberi, sezvazvinowanzo kesi ine pamberi-vhiri rinotyaira mota.
Ichi ndicho chikonzero iyo nyowani Astra inotaridzika semitambo kubva kumashure, sekunge sekutanga kuona kuti ichakwira kumusoro chaiko kwekirasi yayo, uko keke chikamu chetatu chemusika pachikero cheEurope.
Wona v mukati izvi zvinogona kukukanganisa zvishoma. MaAsters akadaro achatengeswa chete munyika medu, nekuti yedu (yechiGerman) yaive yakashongedzerwa nemidziyo. Chaizvoizvo chakanyanya kuwanda, chinova zvakare chikonzero chemutengo wakakwirira wemuedzo wemuedzo.
Ndokusaka isu takakwanisa kuyedza sarudzo dzese dzehunyanzvi uye dzemagetsi idzo zano raOpel rakagadzirirwa kukwezva vatengi vanoda: semuenzaniso, peta musana wako nezvigaro zvemitambo zvemitambo yekutanga zvinowedzera saizi yechigaro nemamirimita mazana maviri nemakumi masere. , chigaro chinorerekera kuchinjika uye anoshanda macushion.
Yakaputirwa neganda, iwo anonzi ergonomic. zvigaro zvemitambo top-notch, iyo chete yekudzosera ini yandingati kune iyo kukwirira, sezvo Gorofu ichibvumidza chinzvimbo chepasi. Kwemasendimita angu zana nemakumi masere, kukwirira muAstra kwaive kwakanaka, asi nehurefu huchave nematambudziko akati wandei, nekuti unenge watotarisa pasi pemucheto wepamusoro wewindow.
Pamazuva anotonhora echando takafara nezvakawedzerwa nekupisa sitiringiiyo, pamwe chete nenhatu-nhanho kudziya chigaro, inokurumidza kupisa mutyairi akaomeswa nechando. Iwe unoziva, turbo diesel inopisa kupisa zvishoma kupfuura avo peturu vamwe, kunyange ese akanakisa mabrandi anozvirumbidza nekukurumidza kupisa.
Hatitauri chinhu, kudziya matako nemaoko kwakakura, asi zvipembenene zvinokurumidza kuona kuti munguva pfupi iri kutevera tichazofanira kudziya makumbo edu uye kuvhuvhuta mhepo inodziya munzeve dzedu, sezvatakajaira mune zvemazuva ano zvinoshandurwa. .
Zvakanaka, muchitoro cheAuto tinosarudza kutanga neicho chikonzero pane kukonzeresa, saka tinokukurudzira kuti upise futi girazi remhepo kuitira kuti usazombozeya pachando zvachose. Kana tikakwanisa kutaura zvakachengeteka kuti gauji dzeraundi dziri pachena uye dzakanaka, isu tinenge tichinyanya kuregerera kudzamara centre koni ine mabhatani yaonekwa.
Midziyo yakawanda, inosanganisira kufamba, speakerphone, redhiyo ine CD player, maviri-chiteshi otomatiki air conditioning, nezvimwewo ivo vanopa zvakawanda zvingasarudzwa, saka kune zvakare (zvakare) mabhatani mazhinji mukati meruoko rwerudyi rwemutyairi.
Nekudaro, zvakawanda hazviwanzo kureva opacity, saka usavhunduke uye wave mavhezheni ekushandisa ipapo ipapo. Mazhinji eaya masisitimu anogona kudzorwa nemabhatani padhiraivho, kufamba kwechikepe kuruboshwe, uye redhiyo nefoni kurudyi, saka maonero acho haawanzo kuwira pane yakazara nzvimbo koni paunenge uchityaira.
Sekupedzisira sarudzo, bhatani rekumashure rinonyanya kubatsira rinogamuchirwa kana iwe ukadzokera nhanho kumashure kana kudzokera kunzvimbo yekutanga.
Hukuru hwechiitiko chekutyaira nekuda kwenzvimbo yayo yepamusoro yekutyaira (shingai kuti nditi Astra ine zvigaro zvemitambo ndeyechokwadi kukunda kwese kukwikwidza kunyangwe ihwo hushoma hushoma), dhizaini dhizaini dhizaini uye zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro zvinongokanganisa basa nemahwindo windows, uko vagadziri vanomanikidzwa zvishoma. mamwe ma vents yekudzora windows windows.
Senge ma vent ekumusoro pamakona akanyanya e dashboard aisazoita basa ravo (izvo zvavasingakwanise nekuda kweakasiyana maumbirwo akakomberedza gonhi-kune-dash kuonana), ipapo mainjiniya nevakagadziri vanozobatanidza mamwe majekiseni.
Nozzles kana isu tikabata basa redu nemazvo, taizozvidzora takadzikama, asi iyo yekufefetera (kana kupisa) muAstra inogona kungotsanangurwa sevhareji. Zvinotora chinguva kudzora windows uye kudziisa tsoka dzako, saka zano rekuseka retsoka dzakatsamwa hadzisi dzese dzakashata.
Inotaridza senge matura... Nepo Opel ichizvirova dundundu nezvekuti mangani zvinhu zvidiki zvehukuru hwakasiyana uye maumbirwo anogona kuchengetwa mumadhirowa mazhinji, nzvimbo dzinonyanya kubatsira dzinongova pakati nepakati. Kusanganisira iyo yekunwa gomba, iyo ingori saizi imwe chete, ichiri nzira refu kubva kutonhodza iyo air conditioner.
Isu takapawo minus kune yakaoma-kusvika pabhodhi komputasechikamu chevhiringi rekuruboshwe rinoda kutenderedza dhata, asi isu tinokurudzira kutanga wiper yekumashure. Kune vamwe, mudhiraivho unoda kudzikiswa kana iwe uchida kuona chimwe chinhu kuseri kwemota pamazuva ekunaya, nepo iyo Astra, iwe unongodzvanya chigunwe chako pamusoro pevhiri rekurudyi chairo uye wiper inotanga kutamba isingadonhe. chidhiraivho.
Panyaya yehunyanzvi hwekuita, Oplovci haana kuodza moyo, vaizove vane mwero, vakatofadza! Ngatitangei nechishamiso chikuru, nhanhatu-kumhanya otomatiki kutapurirana. Iwo magiya haana kubatanidzwa nemaoko maviri, ayo akabva aenda pamhino dzevamwe muhofisi yekupepeta.
Tinobvuma Pachena Tinotamba Gorofu DSG chinhu chakanaka chaizvo, asi mubvunzo ndewkuti, tinonyatsochida here? Aihwa. Mushure memazuva gumi nemana neiyo Astra otomatiki kutapurirana, iyo zvakare inobvumidza yakateedzana giya shanduko, isu tinotonyanya kugutsikana.
Gearbox inoshanda zvinyoro-nyoro uye nekumhanyisa zvakakwana, kunyangwe iwe uri pakati pevanokurumidza kutyaira vane tsvuku tsvuku muhuro kana pakati pevanotyaira vane ngowani pamisoro yavo. Kunyangwe kuzengurira kwemutyairi, kana iwe ukanyatsodzvanya pacer yekuwedzera uye ipapo woiburitsa, haivhiringidze muchina, uyo unozunza zvirimo mukati memota.
Iyo system inoshandawo pane gearbox. FlexRide, iyo inoshandura hunhu hweAstra itsva. Iyo FlexRide ndeyemagetsi inogadziriswa kuvhunduka iyo yakaoma muchirongwa cheSport uye yakanyanya kugadzikana muchirongwa cheTour.
Pamwe pamwe nekrisimasi, iyo yemagetsi yekuwedzera chinongedzo (kudavirira), iro dhibhodhi dhizaini (chena yeiyo Kuratidzwa uye inopenya tsvuku kune iyo Sport), iwo magetsi emagetsi kudhiraivha (kudavirira) uye iko kwataurwa kutaurwa kuita. seta nekudzvanya bhatani pane iyo centre koni.
Mune chirongwa Kuratidzwa inochinja kare uye mu Sport modhi ichave ine hukasha nega giya. Pamwechete, isu taitarisira zvimwe kubva kuFlexRide system, kunyanya muchirongwa cheMitambo, asi shanduko ine mwero muhunhu hwemota haina kana kumboshata.
Mubvunzo, zvisinei, wakafanana neiyo yekaviri-batira kutapurirana: zvakafanira zvachose? Kutaura chokwadi, ini ndaizopindura mune zvisina kunaka, sezvo huwandu pakati pekunyaradza nemitambo nzira idiki kwazvo, uyezve, iyo base chassis (kumiswa kwega kumberi uye kwakachipa ekisero shaft ine Watt chinongedzo kumashure) yakanakira madhiraivhi ane simba.
OPC vhezheni zvingangoita zvakanyanya. Iyo chete yakashata kubhokisi regear yaive yakanzi ndeyemumhanyi chete, nekuti gearshift scheme mune yakateedzana modhi ndiyo inopesana neiyo inomhanya. Ah, aripi mazuva ekare akanaka apo Opel akabudirira mumusangano uye DTM?
Zvichida ndingadai ndisina kana kumbovarangarira dai ndisina kutora bhuku ravo, mune iro rondedzero yenhoroondo kubva muna 1936 kusvika muna 2009 mukomputa kirasi pane mazhinji mamodheru inoratidzwa nekuzvikudza nemotokari dzemijaho. Rangarira Sepp Haider, Walter Röhrl nevamwe vanomhanyisa saiye?
Sezvineiwo, iyo Astra inonzwa zvakanaka muguta, kunze kweguta uye munzira huru. Kuonekwa kweguta kuchapihwa nemasikati anomhanya mwenje mukati LED tekinoroji, hurongwa hwekujekesa husiku AFL +.
Iyo AFL system ine adaptive bi-xenon mwenje, yakagadzirwa uye inogadzirwa paHella Saturnus chirimwa muLjubljana, inopa kusvika mapfumbamwe mashandiro (kushandura kusimba uye huwandu hwechiedza zvichienderana nemamiriro emigwagwa uye traffic traffic) uye inobatsira nemwenje wakanakisa, uye iyo yakazara vanhu kutapurirana kweguta kwakanyatsotora turbodiesel ine simba kwazvo.
The downside chete ndeye ruzhainokonzerwa nemudhudhudhu mangwanani anotonhora, asi vavakidzani vako chete ndivo vanozozvinzwa, kwete vafambi vako. Pamugwagwa mukuru, takawana ma decibel akawandisa kubva pasi pevachafira sezvo hurungudo dzaibhururuka kubva pasi pematai echando, asi yaingovawo wega ruzha rwaivhiringidza rwaingonzwika nevanonyanya kunzwa.
Nekudaro, iyo Astra yakanyarara kwazvo munzira yakatetepa, pamwe neanosvika 130 km / h uye 180 km / h nekuda kwekusanzwika kwayo kwakanaka. Chigadzirwa chitsva chaOpel zvirokwazvo ndechimwe cheakanakisa mukirasi yacho, uye ikozvino isu tinoda kuyedza 1-litre peturu injini (6 kW / 85 hp) uye kunyanya iyo 115-litre CDTI (1 kW / 7 hp). -sale vhezheni. Ehezve, nemari shoma.
Kunyangwe isu tichifunga nezveOpel keke kana makenduru seanokwikwidza, iyo nyowani Astra pasina mubvunzo ichasiya mucherechedzo wayo. Pamwe izvozvi zvakava zvishoma kujekesa kwandiri nei GM yakachinja pfungwa yayo pamusoro pekutengeswa kwemabasa eEuropean. Mushure meCorsa neInsignia, ivo vanozove nezvakawanda zvishuwo zvavakashandisa zvine simba mumakore apfuura.
Chiso chakatarisana. ...
Vinko Kernc: Iyo iri imwe nyaya kana mota "yakatakurirwa" nemidziyo kubva kunzvimbo dzese dzinogona kuitika. Saka iyi Astra inogona kuratidzika seyakasiyana zvachose (zviripachena: zvirinani) kubva kuAstra iyo inotsanangura nhoroondo yemota, asi zvirinani kune imwe nhanho mhedzisiro dzatakaita pakubhabhatidza pakutanga kwaGumiguru gore rapfuura dzinoshanda: kana zvisiri yakanakisa asi sarudzo. mukirasi, asi padyo chaizvo. Muchokwadi, ini ndinogona kungomupa mhosva yekusave akanyatso kugona kudzora izvo "zvechipiri" zvishandiso. Uye unokurumidza kujaira.
Saša Kapetanovič: Nechekare iyo-yemasuo mashanu vhezheni inotora iri yemitambo uye compact dhizaini. Ini ndinofungidzira kuti OPC ichananzva minwe yako. Nechomukati, iwe unogona kunzwa simba reInsignia, izvo zvakanaka, kunyanya maererano nehunyanzvi uye zvigadzirwa. Iyo bvunzo vhezheni yaive yakashongedzerwa uye ini ndinofungidzira kuti mazhinji acho achaonekwa munzira. Nekudaro, iro rinonyangadza rinogona kupararira muSlovenia nekukurumidza kupfuura runyerekupe pamusoro paDamjan Murka. Ameni, tinogona kutaura kuOpel nekuda kwekuda kweGore Idzva.
Zvinodhura zvakadii mumaeuro
Kwayedza mota zvishongedzo:
Pende yesimbi 450
Mashure emagetsi windows 375
Kukurumidza kupisa kwemotokari 275
Mukati meganda uye neshungu pamberi zvigaro 1.275
Kugadziridza mukwende wenhumbi 55
Kupaka mubatsiri 500
Heated mudhiraivho 100
Speakerphone
Radio DVD 800 Navi 1.050
Cosmo / Sport 1.930 package
Alyosha Mrak, mufananidzo: Aleш Pavleti.
Opel Astra 2.0 CDTI (118 kW) AT Cosmo (5 madhoo)
Tenzi data
| Kutengesa: | GM Maodzanyemba Kumabvazuva kweEurope |
|---|---|
| Base muenzaniso mutengo: | 15.290 € |
| Muedzo wemuenzaniso mutengo: | 30.140 € |
| Simba: | 118kW (160 KM) |
| Kumhanyisa (0-100 km / h): | 9,2 s |
| Yekukurumidza kumhanya: | 209 km / h |
| ECE kushandiswa, musanganiswa wakasanganiswa: | 5,8l / 100km |
| Vimbiso: | Makore maviri general uye mobile garandi, makore matatu varnish garandi, makore gumi nemaviri ngura garandi. |
| Kuongorora kwakarongeka | 15.000 km |
Mutengo (anosvika 100.000 makiromita kana makore mashanu)
Ruzivo rwehunyanzvi
| injini: | 4-cylinder - 4-stroke - in-line - turbodiesel - mberi-yakaiswa transversely - kubereka uye sitiroko 83 × 90,4 mm - kutama 1.956 cm? - compression 16,5: 1 - simba guru 118 kW (160 hp) pa 4.000 rpm - avhareji yepiston kumhanya pamasimba makuru 12,1 m/s - chaiyo simba 60,3 kW/l (82 hp) / l) - yakanyanya torque 350 Nm pa1.750 l . min - 2 overhead camshafts (timing belt) - 4 mavharuvhu pa cylinder - common rail fuel injection - exhaust gas turbocharger - charge air cooler. |
|---|---|
| Kutamisa simba: | injini-inotyairwa pamberi mavhiri - 6-nokukurumidza otomatiki hutachiwana - giya reshiyo I. 4,15 2,37; II. 1,56 maawa; III. 1,16 maawa; IV. 0,86; V. 0,69; VI. 3,08 - musiyano 7 - marimu 17 J × 215 - matayi 50/17 R 1,95, kutenderera denderedzwa XNUMX m. |
| Chinzvimbo: | kumhanya kwepamusoro 209 km/h - 0-100 km/h kukurumidza mu9,2 s - kushandiswa kwemafuta (ECE) 7,9/4,6/5,8 l/100 km, CO2 emissions 154 g/km. |
| Kutakura uye kumiswa: | limousine - 5 mikova, 5 zvigaro - kuzvitsigira muviri - kumberi single kumiswa, makumbo echitubu, matatu-akataura wishbones, stabilizer - rear axle shaft, Watt parallelogram, coil springs, telescopic shock absorbers - front disc brakes (forced cooling), kumashure madhisiki, ABS mechanical parking rear wheel brake (chinja pakati pezvigaro) - rack uye pinion chidhiraivho, magetsi emagetsi chidhiraivho, 2,6 anotendeuka pakati pemapoinzi akanyanya. |
| Misa: | mota isina chinhu 1.590 kg - inobvumidzwa huremu hwese 2.065 kg - inobvumidzwa huremu hwetrailer ine brake: n/a, isina mabhureki: n/a - inobvumidzwa denga mutoro: 75 kg. |
| Zviyero zvekunze: | upamhi hwemotokari 1.814 mm, pamberi penzira 1.544 mm, kumashure track 1.558 mm, clearance 11,4 m. |
| Kukura kwemukati: | upamhi pamberi 1.480 mm, shure 1.430 mm - chigaro kureba pamberi chigaro 500-560 mm, shure chigaro 500 mm - chidhiraivho dhayamita 370 mm - mafuta tangi 56 L. |
| Bhokisi: | Trunk vhoriyamu yakayerwa uchishandisa yakajairwa AM seti yemasutukesi e5 Samsonite (278,5 L yakazara): 5 nzvimbo: 1 sutukesi yendege (36 L), 1 sutukesi (68,5 L), 1 bhegi (20 L). |
Zviyero zvedu
| T = 0 ° C / p = 940 mbar / rel. vl. = 65% / Matai: Dunlop SP Nguva yechando Sport M + S 215/50 / R 17 H / Mamiriro ezvinhu: 10.164 km | |
| Kumhanyisa 0-100km: | 9,1s |
|---|---|
| 402m kubva kuguta: | Makore 16,6 ( 138 km / h) |
| Yekukurumidza kumhanya: | 209km / h (WE.) |
| Minimum kudyiwa: | 7,1l / 100km |
| Kunonyanyisa kudyiwa: | 10,3l / 100km |
| bvunzo yekushandisa: | 7,9 l / 100km |
| Braking daro pa130 km / h: | 77,9m |
| Braking daro pa100 km / h: | 43,9m |
| AM tafura: | 41m |
| Ruzha pa50 km / h mu3th giya | 56dB |
| Ruzha pa90 km / h mu3th giya | 62dB |
| Ruzha pa90 km / h mu4th giya | 61dB |
| Ruzha pa90 km / h mu5th giya | 60dB |
| Ruzha pa90 km / h mu6th giya | 58dB |
| Ruzha pa130 km / h mu4th giya | 64dB |
| Ruzha pa130 km / h mu5th giya | 62dB |
| Ruzha pa130 km / h mu6th giya | 61dB |
| Idling ruzha: | 38dB |
| Zvikanganiso zvekuyedza: | pasina mubvunzo |
Chiyero chese (344/420)
Iyo yakasimba kwazvo turbo dhiziri uye otomatiki matanhatu-kumhanya kufambisa kuhwina musanganiswa kune zvakanyanya kudiwa, uye iyo FlexRide system inongozadzisa iyo i, kunyangwe isiri kudiwa chaizvo. Mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare, vhezheni yepasirese ichaonekwa, iyo ichagadzira (yakanyanya mwero) nzvimbo yemuganhu, uye vanokurumidza vanofanira kumirira OPC.
Kunze (12/15)
Kumwe kunhu pakati peCorsa neInsignia, iyo yatinonyatsofunga kuti chinhu chakanaka. Zvinowirirana, kana zvisiri zvakanaka.
Interior (97/140)
Iyo yemukati haisi hombe kana ergonomic. Kana tikataura nezve chinzvimbo chekutyaira, saka nezvigaro zvemitambo ndicho chimwe chezvakanakisa, kana kutokunda!
Injini, kufambisa (58
/ Poshi)Injini nimble, asi yakarongedzwa uye yakanakisa (yakasarudzika) otomatiki kutapurirana. Zvakare pakati pezvakanakisa maererano nekubata.
Kutyaira kuita (62
/ Poshi)FlexRide inobatsira kune chinzvimbo chiri nani pamugwagwa, epakati mabhureki mabhureki.
Kuita (27/35)
Kutendeseka, hauchazozvida futi. Muchokwadi, inototaridzika kunge yakanaka mutambo.
Chengetedzo (49/45)
Anoshanda marambi, mwero ESP, maairbagi mana uye maviri emaketeni maairbags ... Muchidimbu: 5 nyeredzi dzeEuro NCAP!
The Economy
Yemakwikwi mutengo, (pazasi) avhareji garandi, zvine mwero kurasikirwa kwekukosha kuri kushandiswa.
Tinorumbidza nekuzvidza
injini
otomatiki gearbox
zvigaro zvepamberi
kudziya chidhiraivho
nyaradzo (kunyangwe kana kunyanya pakumhanya kwakanyanya!)
chinogadziriswa chinokatyamadza absorbers, simba mudhiraivho, accelerator chitiviri uye otomatiki hutachiwana
batidza wiper yekumashure
chinogadziriswa trunk
bvunzo muchina mutengo
zvinonetsa kusvika kune-pane-bhodhi komputa
inotonhora injini ruzha (kunze)
nzvimbo diki muzvigaro zvekumashure muhurefu hwese
nzvimbo uye kushomeka kwekushandisa kweiyo chinwiwa imba yekuchengetera
ruzha kubva pasi pemapapiro
