Michina yekuvaka inorema

Midziyo yekuvaka iboka remidziyo inoshandiswa mubasa rekuvaka. Iwe unogona kuverenga nezve kuti tekinoroji yemichina iyi yakagadziridzwa sei mune chinyorwa pazasi.

3000 rpne - VI vpne Mhando yekutanga yecrane yaive crane yekare (1) inonzi shaduf, yaimboshandiswa kusimudza mvura yekudiridza. Yakatangwa muMesopotamia. Iyo shaduf yakabva yaonekwa mune yekare nzira yeEgypt kutenderera 2000 BC. Crane yekusimudza mitoro inorema yakatangwa nevaGiriki vekare. Humbowo hwekuchera matongo hunoratidza kuti pasati papfuura 515 BC. hunhu hutsva hunotanga kuoneka pamatombo ematemberi echiGiriki.

1. Kudhirowa kwekireni yekare

XNUMX muzana remakore BC Injiniya weRoma Vitruvius, mugwaro rake On Architecture, akatsanangura michina inorema uye chinangwa chayo muRoma yekare. Mimwe midziyo yaanotsanangura yakafanana nepombi dzemazuva ano (2). Makoni aya aiwanzova emapuranga uye aiwanzoshandisa mavhiri ekutsigira kutyaira. VaRoma vakagadzirawo mamwe marudzi ehunyanzvi hwekuvaka, semuenzaniso. copra-like magadzirirwoizvo zvaiwanzoshandiswa, sezvazviri nhasi, pakuvaka mabhiriji.

2. Mufananidzo unoratidza makoni ekuRoma

XV-XVI mazana emakore Giovanni Fontana muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, akagadzira mudziyo unoshanda unoyeuchidza weinotevera single bucket excavator. Kachuti kanonongedza kakakandirwa pasi, uye mhuka yakapambwa yakaunzwa pamusoro. Mumakore akatevera, Leonardo da Vinci akagadzira akawanda magadzirirwo ezvigayo, michina uye injini inofambiswa nemvura. Pamusoro pezvo, akagadzira zvirongwa uye modhi dzemashandisiro ezvibatiso uye hoist kuita kuti basa panzvimbo yekuvaka rive nyore.

1475 Iwo ekutanga misoro padhuze neazvino dhizaini akadzokera kuzana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Iyo tekinoroji dhizaini yecopra yakaonekwa muFrancesco di Giorgio Martini's chinyorwa "Trattato di Architectura". Nekudaro, michina yekutanga yekuvaka yerudzi urwu yakatanga kushandiswa pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX.

1796-1839 Pane marekodhi enhoroondo emumwe Grimshaw wekuBoulton & Watt akagadzira foshoro yekutanga yehutsi muna 1796. Muna 1833, William Brunton akapa imwe patent. steam powered excavator, ruzivo rwehunyanzvi rwakaratidzwa muna 1836. Magadzirirwo akakura efoshoro yefoshoro yakagadzirwa naWilliam Otis (3), akagamuchira patent yekugadzira kwake muna 1839.

Michina yekutanga yerudzi urwu yainzi "semi-rotary" nekuti boom ipapo yaisagona kutenderera 360 madhigirii. Iwo akavakirwa pane njanji chassis iyo boiler uye drive mota dzakaiswa. Mavhiri aifambiswa kumaekisero kuburikidza nechain drive. Munzvimbo dzaifanira kucherwa, vashandi vaigadzira njanji dzenguva pfupi, dzaitamiswa kana zvakakodzera.

Steam vanochera yakave yakakurumbira muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi70. Vaive vakashongedzerwa nemawinji emaketani, asi kuiswa kwetambo yesimbi muma360s kwakaita kuti zvive nyore kubatika kumawinji. Pave paya, muchina wacho wakaiswa njanji, izvo zvakabvisa kudiwa kwenjanji. Iyo 1884 ° inotenderera yekuchera yakagadziridzwa muEngland muna XNUMX.

3. Otis excavator, 1841

4. Józef Maria Hoene-Wronski

30's Polish muzivi, nyanzvi yemasvomhu uye muvambi Józef Maria Höne-Wronski(4) inokura pfungwa yeanokambaira dhiraivha. Nekutsiva mavhiri ne-full-strip kana track tread, nzvimbo yakakura inogovera huremu hwemotokari pavhu rakapfava pasina kutyora.

50-60s XNUMXs remakore Kusvikira munenge muna 1850, "steamroller" zvaireva stationary simbi ndiro inokunguruka uye yekubhenda muchina wemaboilers uye ngarava. Kubva ipapo, izwi iri rairevawo mota.

Kurumidza skating rink yakaratidzwa naLouis Lemoine muFrance muna 1860 uye muGreat Britain muna 1863 naWilliam Clark nomushandi W. F. Bato. Aveling & Porter ndiye akatanga kubudirira kutengesa chigadzirwa ichi uye akazova mugadziri mukuru pasi rose.

Muna 1866 prototype yakagadzirwa ine 3 tsoka dzakafara ma rollers akaiswa kumashure kweyakajairwa gumi nemaviri bhiza rakayerwa traction mota. Muchina wekuyedza wakatsanangurwa nemapepanhau eko se "mushonga wekutanga pasi rose" uye wakakonzera kuchema kwevanhu. Muna 12, mugwagwa wemvura wemvura wakanga une kodzero yepamutemo, uye kambani yakatanga kubudisa yekutanga inoshanda steam roller-mitsva yemichina mitsva yakanga yakatarisana, kwete kumashure-yakaiswa, uye yakayera matani makumi matatu. Mota yakaedzwa paMilitary Road muChatham, Star Hill muRochester uye Hyde Park muLondon uye yakabudirira zvikuru. 

5. Armstrong Hydraulic Drive Diagrams

1852-82 William George Armstrong (5) chivakwa chekuchera chakashandisa hydraulic systems pachinzvimbo chemichina kuendesa simba kumitumbi inoshanda. Motokari iyi yaive steam powered uye yakashandiswa kugadzira nzvimbo yezvikepe.

approx. 1876 Kambani yake yeArmstrong's Hydraulic Works iri kuvaka muElswick, England, yakabatana neimwe kambani, 120-ton scissor crane ine hydraulic cylinder yekusimudza mutoro, inofambiswa ne900 psi yekumanikidza kwemvura. Shears yakashandiswa kutakura pfuti dzematani 100 kuenda kuItaly.

Yekutanga excavator kushandisa hydraulic tekinoroji rakavakwa muna 1882 nekambani yake yaitevera, Sir WG Armstrong & Company, uye yakashandiswa mukuvakwa kwechiteshi chengarava paHull. Mvura yaishandiswa kushandisa hydraulic mabasa. Wakanga usiri muchina unonyatso hydraulic, asi hybrid yaishandisa tambo kushandisa bhaketi, ine hydraulic cylinder inoshandisa multiplier vhiri.

1892 American muvambi John Froelich yakavaka yekutanga yakagadzika tirakita yekushanda ine injini yekupisa yemukati, yakashongedzerwa nemabhokisi epamberi uye kumashure.

1896 первый rori (6). Yakanga iri ngoro inodhonzwa nebhiza ine injini yemoto yemukati yakagadzirwa naGottlieb Daimler. Kutyaira kwacho kwaiendeswa kuekisero yekumashure kuburikidza nebhandi rekufambisa richityaira shaft inochinjika, iyo yaibatanidzwa nemavhiri nemarekeni.

6. Rori yekutanga yaDaimler

1896-1910 Nhanho inotevera yakakosha mukushanduka kwehunyanzvi hwekuvaka yemazuva ano yaive kurasira marori kukura. Zvinotendwa kuti vakaonekwa mukupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Imwe yekutanga inoratidzika Thornycroft steam rori(7), yakagadzirwa pakati pemakore ekuma90, yakashongedzerwa nemuchina wekurasira wakanyatsogadzirwa. Imwe yemarori ekutanga ekurasa akagadzirwa neFruehauf Trailer Corporation, Galion Buggy Co. uye Louth-Jurgens, munenge muna 1910. Panguva imwecheteyo, mamwe makambani akadai seWood Hoist Co. akaunza hydraulic versions.

7 Thornycroft Steam Injini

1897 Yekutanga yakazara hydraulic excavator, iyo yaingoshandisa mana akananga-anoshanda masilinda asina tambo nemacheni, aive. Direct action excavator yakavakwa neKilgore Machine Company. Yakanga yakagadzirwa inenge yose nesimbi. Kufamba kwese kwakaderedzwa, izvo zvakabvisa kuvhunduka uye kukuvara panguva yekushanda.

1901 Motokari yekutanga yakateedzerwa yaive Lombard Steam Log Hauler (8). Mushure mekuedza kwakasiyana-siyana kwehunyanzvi, yekutanga yakabudirira mune zvekutengesa motokari dzinorema dzinoteverwa. Patented muna 1901 naAlvin Orlando Lombard, iyo Lombard steam log trekta yakabudirira zvikuru. Gare gare, mugadziri akagadzira yekutanga-yakagadzirwa yakawanda-yakagadzirwa gonye tarakita, inova tateguru wemazuva ano ekugadzira magonye. Iyi tekinoroji yakashandiswa zvakare panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, pakavakwa matangi ekutanga.

8. Kuvakwazve kweLombard Steam Log Hauler

1920 Vekutanga-giredhi vakadhonzwa nevanhu uye nemhuka dzekutakura. Munguva yeindasitiri yemotokari, ndatenda traction motors, matirakita eutsi, marori nematirakita, magiredhi anodhonzwa akura mukukura uye kuita. Yekutanga giredhi inozvifambisa yakagadzirwa neRussell Grader Manufacturing Company. Zvichitevera kutengwa kwekambani iyi muna 1928, Caterpillar yakaramba ichibatanidza tirakita negiredhi kuita chivakwa chimwe chete, ichitsiva njanji nemavhiri, izvo zvakaita kuti pave negiredhi rekutanga rinozvifambisa nemavhiri, Caterpillar Auto Patrol, muna 1931. .

1923 murimi James Cummings uye munyori wekatuni J. Earl McLeod vanogadzira dhizaini yekutanga bulldoza bulldoza (9) mupfungwa yemazuva ano yetemu. Vakagadzira blade hombe, inosundidzira ivhu yaigona kusungirirwa kumberi kwetarakita. Tarakitayavaishandisa yaive yakagadzirirwa kurima minda yakatenderera. Patent yavo ye "tractor accessory" yakabvumidzwa muna 1925. 

Zvakadaro, muna 1923, kambani yeLaPlant-Choate Mfg yakavaka chivakwa chegonye chine blade inosundidzira. Chii. kubva kuCedar Rapids, Iowa, kuti ishandiswe paDixie Highway muKentucky. Iwo akakosha maficha eBulldozer Bulldozer blade hombe yekumberi uye mota ine simba inogona kusunda zvinhu zvakawanda. Pakave nekusiyana kwakawanda uye kusiyanisa kwerudzi urwu rwemashini edozer, ese ari panjanji uye pamavhiri ane matai.

9 James Cummings Bulldozer Replica

J. Earl McLeod

1929-38 Yekutanga yakanyorwa paver yakagadzirwa naBarber Greene Co. Akagadzira muchina wakamisikidzwa pane kongiri kuparadzira nguva iyo yakavhenganiswa nekuisa kongiri mune imwe nzira.

Yakagadzirwa muna 1933 tafura yakazvimirira inoyangararaiyo, pamwe chete ne rammer, yakavimbisa yunifomu density uye ukobvu hwezvinhu. Harry Barber yakanyorera patent ye "Machine uye nzira yekuisa nzira" muna Kubvumbi 10, 1936 ndokuigamuchira muna 1938. Mamiriro makuru epavha yakagadziriswa naBarber Greene Co. akashandiswa pamapavha mazhinji kubva ipapo, kunyangwe zvidzoreso zvemuchina zvakagadziridzwa.

1949 Hans Liebherr anogadzira yekutanga mobile tower crane TK 10 (10), iyo yakaratidza kuve nyore kutakura uye nekukurumidza kuunganidza. Zvivako zvakadaro zvaidiwa pakuvaka zvivako zvakakwirira.

1953 Vanokura muUK yekutanga mhando dzeJCB backhoe loaders. Nekudaro, aya aingova prototypes. Yekutanga backhoe loader yenyika yakaunzwa kumusika weUS neJI Case muna 1957. Yake Model 320 yaive yekutanga pasi rose-yakagadzirwa backhoe loader.

1954 Demag (yava kunzi Komatsu) inovaka yekutanga yakazara hydraulic 360 ° crawler excavator yemhando yatinoziva nhasi. Model Hydraulikbagger kubva ku1954 yaive ne3 hp 42-cylinder injini yedhiziri. uye yakagadzira sipidhi yemamaira 2,5 paawa, ichitakura inenge hafu yecubic meter yezvinhu. Waive mushini wakakwana, unoshanda, unokurumidza uye unogadzira wakakodzera mapurojekiti ekuvaka madiki kusvika epakati.

Mamwe marudzi emidziyo yekuvaka

Maererano nechinangwa chavo, michina inosiyaniswa:

• zvevhu: madhiri, mabhurudhoza nevacheri;

  – vacheri

  – mabucket loaders

  - flat breakout michina

     ⋅ mabulldozer

     ⋅ scrapers

     ⋅ magiredhi

     ⋅ vanobvisa

  – ivhu compaction michina

     ⋅ kurwa

     ⋅ compactors

     ⋅ compactors

     ⋅ mhondi

• pamabasa ehwaro: mawinji ekutyaira mirwi, madhiraivha anotyaira mirwi;
• pakugadzira zvinhu zvakaunganidzwa, zvinosuka, zvigayo, zvinopwanya, zvidzitiro;
• kugadzirira dhaka uye kongiri musanganiswa: musanganisi, kongiri mixers, kongiri zvinomera, michina compacting kongiri mass;
• kumabasa ekrete: pombi, vibrators;
• kupedzisa mabasa: kukuya, pfuti, michina yekupurasita, kucheka kwekongiri;
• zvekutakura: cranes, loaders, conveyors, motokari;
• yemabasa emumugwagwa epaving: rammers, skating rinks, asphalt pavers, ivhu inosimbisa, asphalt kongiri vanocheka;
• pakuvaka nzira dzenjanji;
• hydromechanization uye drainage midziyo;

  - dredgers

  – pombi

  – mapaipi

  - tsono punch kits

  - seti dzemaburi etsono

  – masefa echibhorani

  - midziyo yekuchera

  - midziyo yekuchera

  – madhishi emvura

  - savniki

  - pulp thickeners uye outlet separators

• midziyo yekubatsira, majenareta emagetsi, zvipfuramabwe.