Chemist ine mhino

Muchikamu chiri pasi apa, tichatarisa dambudziko rekunhuwa kuburikidza nemeso emakemikari - shure kwezvose, mhino yake ichauya inobatsira mu laboratori yake zuva nezuva.

1. Kuvharirwa kwemhuno yemunhu - kukora pamusoro pemhino ndiyo girobhu rinonhuwa (munyori: Wikimedia/Opt1cs).

Tinogona kugoverana manzwiro muviri (kuona, kunzwa, kubata) uye yavo yekutanga makemikarikureva kuravira nekunhuwidza. Kune yekare, analogues ekugadzira akatogadzirwa (chiedza-sensitive elements, microphone, touch sensors), asi iyo yekupedzisira haisati yazvipira kune "girazi uye ziso" revasayendisiti. Vakasikwa mabhiriyoni emakore apfuura apo masero ekutanga akatanga kugamuchira zviratidzo zvemakemikari kubva kune zvakatipoteredza.

Kunhuwa kwakapedzisira kwaparadzaniswa nekuravira, kunyangwe izvi zvisingaitiki muzvisikwa zvese. Mhuka nezvinomera zvinogara zvichifembedza zvakazvipoteredza, uye ruzivo rwunowanikwa nenzira iyi rwakanyanya kukosha kupfuura rwunoita seunotanga kuona. Zvakare kune vanoona uye vanonzwa vadzidzi, kusanganisira vanhu.

Olfactory Secrets

Paunofema, mhepo inoyerera inopinda mumhino uye, isati yaenderera mberi, inopinda mune yakasarudzika tishu - iyo olfactory epithelium masendimita akati wandei muhukuru.². Heano magumo emasero etsinga anobata zvinonhuwa. Chiratidzo chinogamuchirwa kubva kune zvinogamuchirwa chinoenda kune girobhu rekunhuhwirira muuropi, uye kubva ipapo kuenda kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzehuropi (1). Kumuromo kwemunwe kune maitiro ekunhuhwirira akananga kune imwe neimwe mhando. Munhu anogona kuziva dzinenge gumi dzazvo, uye nyanzvi dzakadzidziswa muindasitiri yepefiyumu dzinogona kuziva zvimwe zvakawanda.

Hwema hunokonzeresa kuita mumuviri, zvese ziva (semuenzaniso, unovhunduka nekunhuwa kwakashata) uye subconscious. Vashambadziri vanoshandisa iyo catalog yeshamwari dzeperfume. Pfungwa yavo ndeyekunavira mhepo muzvitoro nekunhuhwirira kwemiti yeKisimusi uye gingerbread munguva yepamberi yeGore Idzva, izvo zvinokonzera manzwiro akanaka mumunhu wese uye zvinowedzera chido chekutenga zvipo. Saizvozvowo, kunhuwa kwechingwa chitsva muchikamu chezvokudya kuchaita kuti mate ako adonhe mumuromo mako, uye iwe uchaisa zvakawanda mudengu.

2. Camphor inowanzoshandiswa mukudziya mafuta. Mishonga mitatu ine zvimiro zvakasiyana ine kunhuwa kwayo.

Asi chii chinoita kuti chinhu chakapihwa chikonzerese izvi, uye kwete imwe, kunzwa kunhuwa?

Nokuda kwekuravira kwokunhuhwirira, zvinonaka zvishanu zvakatangwa: munyu, zvinotapira, zvinovava, zvinovava, oun (nyama) uye nhamba imwe cheteyo yemhando dzokugamuchira parurimi. Panyaya yekunhuhwirira, hazvitombozivikanwi kuti mangani ezvinonhuwira aripo, kana kuti aripo zvachose. Mamiriro emamorekuru anonyatso sarudza kunhuwa, asi nei izvo zvinosanganiswa nechimiro chakafanana chinonhuwa chakasiyana (2), uye chakasiyana zvachose - chakafanana (3)?

3. Mushonga uri kuruboshwe unonhuwa semusk (perfume ingredient), uye kurudyi - inenge yakafanana mukugadzirwa - haina kunhuwa.

Sei esters yakawanda ichinhuhwirira, asi sulfur inosanganiswa isingafadzi (ichi chokwadi chinogona kutsanangurwa)? Vamwe havana hanya zvachose nekumwe kunhuwa, uye nenhamba vakadzi vane mhino inonzwa kupfuura varume. Izvi zvinoratidza genetic mamiriro, i.e. kuvapo kwemapuroteni chaiwo mune zvinogamuchirwa.

Chero zvazvingava, kune mibvunzo yakawanda kupfuura mhinduro, uye mazano akawanda akagadzirwa kuti atsanangure zvakavanzika zvekunhuhwirira.

Kiyi nekukiya

Yekutanga yakavakirwa pane yakasimbiswa enzymatic mechanism, apo reagent molecule inopinda mugomba re enzyme molecule (inoshanda saiti), sekiyi yekukiya. Saka, vanonhuwa nekuti chimiro chemamorekuru avo chinoenderana nemakomba ari pamusoro pezvinogamuchirwa, uye mamwe mapoka emaatomu anosunga kune zvikamu zvaro (nenzira imwechete ma enzymes anosunga reagents).

Muchidimbu, iyi idzidziso yekunhuwa yakagadziriswa neBritish biochemist. John E. Amurea. Akasarudza zvinonhuwira zvinomwe zvinoti: camphor-musky, maruva, minty, ethereal, spicy uye putrid (zvimwe zvacho zvinosanganiswa). Mamolekyulu emakemikari ane kunhuhwirira kwakafanana anewo chimiro chakafanana, semuenzaniso, iwo ane spherical chimiro anonhuhwirira se camphor, uye makomisheni ane kunhuhwirira kusingafadzi anosanganisira sarufa.

The Structural theory yakabudirira - semuenzaniso, yakatsanangura chikonzero nei tichirega kunhuwa mushure mechinguva. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuvharirwa kwema receptors ese nemamorekuru anotakura kunhuhwirira kwakapihwa (sezvinongoita ma enzymes anogarwa nekuwanda kwe substrates). Zvisinei, dzidziso iyi yakanga isiri nguva dzose yakakwanisa kuisa hukama pakati pemakemikari emusanganiswa uye kunhuwa kwayo. Haana kukwanisa kufanotaura kunhuwa kwechinhu ichi aine mukana wakakwana asati awana. Akatadzawo kutsanangura kunhuhwirira kwakanyanya kwemamorekuru madiki akadai seammonia nehydrogen sulfide. Kugadziriswa kwakaitwa naAmur nevateveri vake (kusanganisira kuwedzera kwenhamba yekunaka kwepasi) hakuna kubvisa kukanganisa kwese kweiyo dzidziso yezvimiro.

mamorekuru anodedera

Maatomu ari mumamorekuru anogara achizunguzika, achitwasanudza uye achipeta zvisungo pakati pavo, uye kufamba hakumire kunyangwe pazero tembiricha. Mamorekuru anotora simba rekuzunguza, iro rinonyanya kuve mu infrared renji yemwaranzi. Chokwadi ichi chakashandiswa muIR spectroscopy, inova imwe yenzira huru dzekutaridza chimiro chemamorekuru - hapana makomisheni maviri akasiyana ane yakafanana IR spectrum (kunze kweiyo inonzi inonzi optical isomer).

Vagadziri dzidziso yevibrational yekunhuwa (J. M. Dyson, R. H. Wright) akawana hukama pakati pehuwandu hwekudengenyeka uye kunhuhwirira kunoonekwa. Kudengenyeka neresonance kunokonzera kuzunguzika kwemamorekuru ekugamuchira muolfactory epithelium, iyo inoshandura chimiro chavo uye inotumira tsinga kuuropi. Zvaifungidzirwa kuti paive nemhando makumi maviri emhando dzekugamuchira uye, saka, nhamba imwechete yezvinonhuwira zvakakosha.

Mumakore ekuma70, vatsigiri vedzidziso dzose mbiri (kuzunguzika uye maumbirwo) vakakwikwidzana zvine utsinye.

Vibrionists vakatsanangura dambudziko rekunhuhwirira kwemamorekuru madiki nenyaya yekuti spectra yavo yakafanana nezvidimbu zvema spectra emamorekuru makuru ane kunhuhwirira kwakafanana. Nekudaro, ivo havana kukwanisa kutsanangura kuti nei mamwe ma isomer emeso ane spectra akafanana aine hwema hwakasiyana (4).

4. Optical isomers of carvone: akasiyana S anonhuwirira kumini, akasiyana-siyana R anonhuwirira semint.

Structuralists havana dambudziko kutsanangura chokwadi ichi - ma receptors, anoita senge ma enzymes, anoziva kunyangwe misiyano yakavanzika pakati pemamorekuru. The vibrational theory zvakare yaisagona kufanotaura simba rekunhuhwira, iro vateveri veCupid's theory vakatsanangura nesimba rekusungirirwa kwevanotakura hwema kune receptors.

Akaedza kuchengetedza mamiriro acho ezvinhu L. Torinozvichiratidza kuti epithelium inonhuwa inoita semakorosikopu ekuvheneka (!). Sekureva kwaTurin, maerekitironi anoyerera pakati pezvikamu zvezvinogamuchirika kana paine chidimbu chemorekuru wekunhuhwirira pakati pawo paine imwe frequency yekuzunguzika. Kuchinja kunoguma muchimiro chemugamuchiri kunokonzera kutapurirana kwetsinga. Zvisinei, kuchinjwa kweTurin kunoratidzika kuva kumasayendisiti akawanda kwakanyanyisa.

Misungo

Molecular biology yakaedzawo kuburitsa zvakavanzika zvekunhuhwirira, uye kuwanikwa uku kwakapihwa Mubairo weNobel kakawanda. Kunhuhwirira kwemunhu imhuri yeanenge chiuru mapuroteni akasiyana, uye majini ane chekuita nekuumbwa kwawo anoshanda chete muolfactory epithelium (kureva, painodiwa). Receptor mapuroteni ane helical cheni yeamino acids. Mumufananidzo wekusona, cheni yemapuroteni inobaya membrane yesero kanomwe, nekudaro zita: manomwe-helix transmembrane cell receptors ().

Zvimedu zvakabudira kunze kwesero zvinogadzira musungo umo mamorekuru ane chimiro chakaenderana anogona kuwira (5). Iyo chaiyo G-protein yakanamirwa kune saiti yekugamuchira, yakanyudzwa mukati mesero. Kana iyo inonhuhwirira molecule inobatwa mumusungo, G-protein inogadzirwa uye inoburitswa, uye imwe G-protein inonamirwa panzvimbo yayo. iyo inoshandiswa uye inosunungurwa zvakare, nezvimwewo Cycle inodzokorora kusvikira iyo molecule inonhuwira yasunungurwa kana kuputsika nema enzymes anogara achichenesa pamusoro peolfactory epithelium. Iyo receptor inogona kumisa kunyange mazana akati wandei eG-protein mamorekuru, uye yakakwira chiratidzo chekusimudzira chinhu chinoibvumira kuti ipindure kunyange kuteedzera huwandu hwekunakisa (6). Iyo yakagadziriswa G-protein inotanga kutenderera kwemakemikari maitiro anotungamira kune kutumira kwetsinga yekumanikidza.

5. Izvi ndizvo zvinoita kunhuhwirira receptor - protein 7TM.

Tsananguro iri pamusoro pekushanda kweolfactory receptors yakafanana neinoratidzwa mudzidziso yezvimiro. Sezvo kusungwa kwemamorekuru kuchiitika, zvinogona kukakavara kuti iyo vibrational theory yaivewo chikamu chakarurama. Ino haisi nguva yekutanga munhoroondo yesainzi kuti dzidziso dzepakutanga dzakanga dzisina kukanganisa zvachose, asi dzakangosvika pachokwadi.

6. Mhuno yemunhu se detector yemakomponi mukuongororwa kweiyo chromatographically yakaparadzaniswa misanganiswa.

Sei chimwe chinhu chinonhuwa?

Kune zvakawanda zvinonhuhwirira kupfuura kune marudzi emaolfactory receptors, zvinoreva kuti mamorekuru anonhuwa anobata mapuroteni akati wandei panguva imwe chete. zvichibva pakutevedzana kwezviratidzo zvinobva kune dzimwe nzvimbo mugirobhu rekunhuwa. Sezvo kunhuhwirira kwechisikigo kuine zvinodarika zana zvinosanganisirwa, munhu anogona kufungidzira kuoma kwemaitiro ekugadzira kunhuhwirira kwekunzwa.

Zvakanaka, asi nei chimwe chinhu chichinhuhwirira, chimwe chinhu chinonyangadza, uye chimwe chinhu chisina zvachose?

Mubvunzo hafu yehuzivi, asi wakapindurwa zvishoma. Uropi hunoita basa rekuona kunhuwa, kunodzora maitiro evanhu nemhuka, kutungamirira kufarira kwavo kune kunhuhwirira kunofadza uye yambiro pamusoro pezvinhu zvinonhuwa zvakashata. Kunhuhwirira kunokwezva kunowanikwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, esters yakataurwa pakutanga kwechinyorwa ichi inobudiswa nemichero yakaibva (saka iyo inofanirwa kudya), uye mishonga yesarufa inobudiswa kubva kune zvakaora zvakasara (zviri nani kuti ugare kure navo).

Mhepo hainhuhwi nekuti ndiko kuseri kunopararira kunhuhwirira: zvisinei, tsvaga huwandu hweNH3 kana H.₂S, uye pfungwa yedu yekunhuwidza icharidza alarm. Nokudaro, maonero ekunhuhwira chiratidzo chekukanganisa kwechimwe chinhu. hukama nemhando.

Ko mazororo ari kuuya anonhuwirira sei? Mhinduro inoratidzwa pamufananidzo (7).

7. Kunhuhwirira kweKrisimasi: kuruboshwe, kunhuhwirira kwegingerbread (zingerone uye gingerol), kurudyi, miti yeKrisimasi (bornyl acetate uye maviri marudzi epinene).