Mhondi dzepasi pemvura. Aviation mukurwisa submarines Kriegsmarine chikamu 3
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Mhondi dzepasi pemvura. Aviation mukurwisa submarines Kriegsmarine chikamu 3

28.07.2022 /

Escort mutakuri wendege USS Guadalcanal (CVE-60). Kune 12 Avenger uye mapfumbamwe Wildcats muchikepe.

Mamiriro eU-Bootwaffe muna 1944-1945 anoratidza kudzikira zvishoma nezvishoma asi kusingadzivisike kwemauto eTatu Reich. Mukana wakakura wevaAllies mumhepo, mugungwa uye mune cryptography pakupedzisira wakaisa zvikero mukufarira kwavo. Pasinei nekubudirira kwakasiyana uye kuunzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa tekinoroji, zvikepe zvepasi pegungwa zveKriegsmarine zvakamira kuve nemhedzisiro chaiyo pakuenderera mberi kwehondo uye zvaigona, zvakanyanya, "kubhururuka nerukudzo" kusvika pasi.

Kufungidzira kwekumhara kweAllied muNorway kana France zvaireva kuti mauto mazhinji epasi pegungwa eKriegsmarine akamiswa nekuda kwekudzivirira. MuAtlantic, ngarava dzepasi pemvura, dzakarongwa mumapoka akapararira, dzaifanira kuenderera mberi dzichirwisa makonikoni, asi pamwero diki uye chete munzvimbo yayo yekumabvazuva, kuitira kurwisa ngarava dzinopinda nekukurumidza kana pakaitika amphibious kumhara. zvinogoneka.

Kubva muna Ndira 1, 1944, pakanga paine ngarava dzepasi pemvura zana nemakumi matanhatu dziri kushanda: 160 mhando VIIB / C / D, 122 mhando IXB / C (tisingaverenge maviri emhando VIIF torpedo mabhomba uye matanhatu madiki emhando II zvikamu muBlack Sea), mashanu "pasi pemvura. cruisers" mhando IXD31, imwe mine layer yerudzi XB uye imwe ngarava yemhando XIV (iyo inonzi "mombe yemukaka"). Mamwe 2 aive ari kuvakwa uye 181 padanho rekudzidziswa kwevashandi, asi zvikepe zvitsva zvaive zvisina kukwana kubhadhara kurasikirwa kwazvino. Muna January, ngarava dzepasi pemvura 87 dzakatumirwa, asi 20 dzakarasika; muna February, 14 ngarava dzakapinda mubasa, nepo 19 dzakabviswa kubva kuhurumende; muna March pakanga pane 23 uye 19, maererano 24. Pazvikepe zvepasi pemvura 160 izvo maGermany akapinda nazvo mugore rechishanu rehondo, 128 vaiva muAtlantic, 19 muNorway uye 13 muMediterranean. Mumwedzi yakatevera, pamirairo yaHitler, mauto emapoka maviri ekupedzisira akawedzera - pamutengo wezvikepe zveAtlantic, izvo nhamba dzavo dzakaderedzwa zvishoma nezvishoma.

Panguva imwecheteyo, maGermany akanga achishanda pakuvandudza midziyo yezvikepe zvepasi pemvura kuti vavandudze mikana yavo mukutarisana nendege. Iwo anonzi snorkels (snorkels) akaita kuti zvikwanisike kusveta mweya muinjini yedhiziri uye kubudisa magasi emhepo apo ngarava yaifamba pakadzika kweperiscope. Ichi chigadzirwa chekare, kunyange zvazvo chaibvumira nzendo refu dzisina kudzika, chaiva nezvinetso zvakakomba. Injini dzinopisa mukati, nekuda kwepamusoro-soro yemheremhere, yakaita kuti zvive nyore kuona chikepe nezviratidzo zveruzha, pamwe nekuona, nekuda kwemagasi emhepo anoyangarara pamusoro pemvura. Panguva iyoyo, ngarava yakanga iri "matsi" (yaisagona kushandisa mahydrophone) uye "bofu" (kuzunguzika kwakasimba kwakaita kuti zvisakwanise kushandisa periscope). Pamusoro pezvo, "notch" dzakabudikira dzakasiya kadiki asi kanocherekedzwa pamusoro pemvura, uye mumamiriro ekunze akanaka (gungwa rakapfava), DIA radars inogona kuonekwa. Zvakatonyanya kuipa, pakaitika mafashamo e "snones" nemafungu egungwa, chigadziro chacho chakabva chavhara kupinza kwemhepo, iyo injini dzakatanga kutora kubva mukati mechikepe, iyo yakatyisidzira kuvhiringidza vashandi. U-2 yakava ngarava yekutanga yakashongedzerwa mhino kuenda kuhondo (Ndira 539, kubva kuLorient).

Mumakore ekupedzisira ehondo, yakajairwa pfuti inorwisa-ndege yezvikepe zvepasi pemvura yaisanganisira maviri mapatya 20 mm pfuti uye imwe 37 mm pfuti. MaGermany akanga asina zvakakwana zvekugadzirisa zvigadzirwa, saka pfuti itsva dze 37 mm dzaive nezvikamu zvakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvaikwanisa kuora, izvo zvakatungamirira kukuputika kwepfuti. Madhinari eradar aigara achivandudzwa, ayo, kana akatarisa mudenga, aizivisa ngarava kuti yakanga ichiteverwa neradar yepamhepo yendege kana chikepe chaibhururuka. Iyo FuMB-10 Borkum set, iyo yakatsiva iyo FuMB-9 Wanze (yakabuda mukugadzirwa mukupera kwa1943), yakatsvaga pamusoro pehupamhi, asi ichiri mukati memamita marefu akaburitswa neakare ASV Mk II radar. FuMB-7 Naxos yakaratidza kuve inoshanda zvakanyanya, ichishanda mu8 kusvika 12 cm wavelength renji - inoona nyowani, 10 cm ASV Mk III uye VI radar (ichishandisa S-bhendi).

Imwe mudziyo wekurwisa iyo Allied Air Force yaive FuMT-2 Thetis simulator. Yakagadzwa muna Ndira 1944, yaifanirwa kutevedzera ngarava yepasi pemvura ine maungira eradar uye nekudaro ichidenha kurwiswa kweichi fungidziro chinangwa. Yaive nemamita akati wandei kukwira, iyo dipole antennas yakasungirirwa, yakaiswa pane inoyangarara iyo yakabata midziyo pamusoro pemvura. MaGermany aitarisira kuti "zviredzo" izvi, zvakaiswa muzvizhinji muBay of Biscay, zvaizokanganisa ndege dzevavengi.

Kudivi reEurope reAtlantic, kurwisa kwepasi pegungwa kwakaramba kuri mutoro weBritish Coastal Command, iyo, kubva 1 Ndira 1944, yaive neanotevera squadrons pairi kuita chinangwa ichi:

    • 15. Boka: Nhamba 59 uye 86 Squadrons RAF (Liberatory Mk V/IIIA) paBallykelly, Northern Ireland; Nhamba 201 Squadron RAF neNhamba 422 ne423 Squadrons RCAF (Sunderland Mk III zvikepe zvinobhururuka) paArchdale Castle, Northern Ireland;
    • 16. Boka: 415 Squadron RCAF (Wellington Mk XIII) paBircham Newton, East Anglia; 547. Sqn RAF (Liberatory Mk V) paThorney Island, kumaodzanyemba kweEngland;
    • 18. Boka: Nhamba 210 Squadron RAF (Flying Boats Catalina Mk IB/IV) uye Norwegian No. 330 Squadron RAF (Sunderland Mk II/III) paSullom Vow, Shetland Islands;
    • 19. Boka: Nhamba 10 Squadron RAAF (Sunderland Mk II/III) paMount Batten, South West England; Nhamba 228 Squadron RAF uye Nhamba 461 Squadron RAAF (Sunderland Mk III) paPembroke Dock, Wales; Nhamba 172 uye 612 Squadron RAF uye 407 Squadron RCAF (Wellington Mk XII/XIV) paChivenor, South West England; 224. Squadron RAF (Liberatory Mk V) muSt. Eval, Cornwall; VB-103, -105 uye -110 (US Navy Liberator Squadrons, 7th Naval Airlift Wing, inoshanda pasi peCoast Command) kuDunkswell, South West England; Nhamba 58 uye 502 Squadrons RAF (Halifaxy Mk II) muSt. Davids, Wales; Nhamba 53 neCzech No. 311 Squadron RAF (Liberatory Mk V) paBeaulieu, kumaodzanyemba kweEngland; Polish No. 304 Squadron RAF (Wellington Mk XIV) paPredannak, Cornwall.

Nhamba 120 Squadron RAF (Liberatory Mk I/III/V) yakamira paReykjavik, Iceland; muGibraltar 202 Squadron RAF (Cataliny Mk IB/IV) uye 48 uye 233 Squadron RAF (Hudsony Mk III/IIIA/VI); paLangens, Azores, Nos. 206 uye 220 Squadron RAF (Flying Fortresses Mk II/IIA), Nhamba 233 Squadron RAF (Hudson Mk III/IIIA) uye chikamu cheNhamba 172 Squadron RAF (Wellington Mk XIV), uye mu Algeria 500. Sqn RAF (Hudson Mk III/V uye Ventury Mk V).

Pamusoro pezvo, zvikwata zvine varwi veBeaufighter neMosquito, pamwe nemapoka akati wandei eBritish Commonwealth anoshanda kunze kweCoastal Command, kumabvazuva kweMedithera uye kumahombekombe eAfrica, vakapinda muzviito zvekurwisa ngarava dzepasi pemvura. Mhenderekedzo yeAmerica yakachengetedzwa nemauto akawanda eUnited States Navy, Canadian neBrazilian aviation, asi muna 1944-1945 vakanga vasina munhu wekurwa naye. Iyo US Navy's 15th Airlift Wing (FAW-15) yakamira muMorocco ine matatu Liberator squadrons (VB-111, -112 uye -114; yekupedzisira kubva munaKurume): maviri Venturs (VB-127 uye -132) uye imwe Catalin (VB). - 63).

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