Akafa astronautics ngano Alexei Leonov
Kuvhurwa kweSoyuz-19 spacecraft yeASTP mishoni.
NdiGumiguru 11, 2019. NASA TV chiteshi inoshuma nezve spacewalk-11, iyo yakatanga na38:56. Ichi chipfupiso chinomirira 409th American spacewalk kubva kuInternational Space Station. Astronauts Andrew Morgan naChristina Koch vanofanira kutsiva mamwe mabhatiri ekare echiteshi neatsva. Uku kuita kwechinyakare kana paine mumwe munhu anoda kuverenga 9 munhoroondo yezvemuchadenga. Pakarepo, chikamu chechina cheawa mushure mekutanga, nhepfenyuro inokanganiswa kuzivisa nhau dzinosuruvarisa iyo Roscosmos ichangobva kutepfenyura. Nenguva dza40 p.m., Alexei Leonov akafa, munhu wokutanga munhau kubuda mukati mechitundumuseremusere. A ane mukurumbira cosmonaut, piyona weanogadzirwa cosmonautics, murume ane zvinoshamisa biography…
Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov akaberekwa May 30, 1934 mumusha Listvyanka, Kemero Region. Aive mwana wechipfumbamwe mumhuri yemuchitima wemagetsi Archip (1893-1981) naEvdokia (1895-1967). Akatanga dzidzo yake yepuraimari muKemerovo, uko mhuri ye11 yaigara mune imwe kamuri ye16 m2. Muna 1947 vakatamira kuKaliningrad, Alexei akapedza chikoro chesekondari chegumi muna 1953.
Pakutanga, aida kuva mhizha, sezvo akawana tarenda rekupenda mukati make, asi zvakazova zvisingabviri kupinda muRiga Academy of Arts nekuda kwekushaya chokurarama nacho kunze kwemhuri. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, akapinda muChigumi cheMasoja Aviation Chikoro muguta reKremenchug, iro rakadzidzisa mauto ekurwisa ndege munzira huru. Makore maviri gare gare, akapedza zvidzidzo zvake, ndokubva apinda Chikoro cheMilitary Aviation Pilots (VAUL) muChuguev pedyo neKharkov.
Akapedza kudzidza muna 1957 uye muna Gumiguru 30 akapinda muchiuto mu113th Fighter Aviation Regiment yeKyiv Military District ane chinzvimbo chemukurumbira. Panguva iyoyo, yekutanga yekugadzira Earth setiraiti, Sputnik, yakatangwa neR-7 rocket, yaive yakatenderedza Pasi kwemavhiki akati wandei. Alexei akanga asati ambofungidzira kuti achakurumidza kutanga kubhururuka pane rocket, iyo ndiyo yekuedza kwayo. Kubva 14 Zvita 1959 akashanda semutyairi we294th akaparadzana reconaissance aviation regiment yakamira muGDR. Ikoko akagamuchira mukana wekutora chikamu mundege ye "tekinoroji nyowani", sezvo ndege dzemuchadenga dzaidanwa muchivande panguva iyoyo. Panguva iyoyo, aive nenguva yekubhururuka kwemaawa 278.
Cosmonaut
Boka rekutanga revadzidzi vecosmonaut rakaumbwa munaKurume 7, 1960, raisanganisira gumi nevaviri, uye mumwedzi mitatu inotevera, vamwe vatyairi vasere vehondo. Kusarudzwa kwavo kwakatanga muna Gumiguru 1959.
Pakazara, 3461 mauto emuchadenga, mauto emuchadenga uye vatyairi vezvidziviriro vendege vaive mudenderedzwa rekufarira, iro vanhu 347 vakasarudzwa kubvunzurudza kwekutanga (pekugara, zvekushandisa), pamwe nekudzidziswa uye zvishandiso (pasina varairidzi). Nekuda kwekukanganisa kwehunyanzvi, izvo zvakabvumira vatyairi vatanhatu chete kudzidziswa panguva imwe chete, boka rakadaro rakasarudzwa zvichibva zvakanyanya pamhedzisiro yekuongororwa kwe psychophysical. Yakanga isingabatanidzi lieutenant mukuru Leonov (akagamuchira kusimudzirwa musi waMarch 28), aifanira kumirira nguva yake mukukanda kwechipiri.
Vatanhatu vekutanga, mushure mekupasa bvunzo, vakagamuchira zita re "Air Force Cosmonaut" muna Ndira 25, 1961, Leonov, pamwe nevamwe vanomwe, vakapedza kudzidziswa kwavo kwakazara munaKurume 30, 1961 uye vakave zviri pamutemo cosmonauts musi waApril 4 weiyo yakafanana. gore. mazuva masere chete Yuri Gagarin asati atiza. Musi waChikunguru 10, 1961, akakwidziridzwa kuva kaputeni. MunaSeptember, pamwe chete nevamwe vaaishanda navo mudhipatimendi, anotanga zvidzidzo zvake paAviation Engineering Academy. Zhukovsky ane dhigirii muKugadzira uye Kushanda kweAtmospheric Spacecraft uye Injini Dzavo. Iye achapedza kudzidza muna Ndira 1968.
Nezvekubuda kweboka idzva revanokwikwidza cosmonauts muCTX uye kurongekazve kwakabatana neizvi, muna Ndira 16, 1963, akapihwa zita rekuti "Cosmonaut yeMVS CTC". Mwedzi mitatu gare gare, akatanga kugadzirira kuumbwa kweboka re cosmonauts, mumwe wavo aifanira kutora chikamu mukubhururuka kweVostok-5 spacecraft. Mukuwedzera kwaari, Valery Bykovsky, Boris Volynov naEvgeny Khrunov vakashuva kubhururuka. Sezvo chikepe chiri pedyo nepamusoro pemuganhu wehuwandu hunobvumirwa, chimwe chezvinonyanya kukosha mumamiriro ezvinhu aya ndechehuremu hweastronaut. Bykovsky uye sutu inorema isingasviki 91 kg, Volynov naLeonov vanoyera 105 kg imwe neimwe.
Mwedzi gare gare, gadziriro dzakapedzwa, musi waMay 10 chisarudzo chakaitwa - Bykovsky anobhururuka mudenga, Volynov anomuwedzera kaviri, Leonov ari munzvimbo. Musi waChikumi 14, kubhururuka kweVostok-5 kunotanga kushanda, mazuva maviri gare gare Vostok-6 inoonekwa mukutenderera naValentina Tereshkova vari muchikepe. MunaSeptember, zvinhu zvose zvinoratidza kuti Vostok inotevera ichabhururuka astronaut uyo achapedza mazuva 8 ari mu orbit, uye ipapo pachava neboka rekubhururuka kwezvikepe zviviri, imwe neimwe inotora mazuva gumi.
Leonov chikamu cheboka revapfumbamwe, avo kudzidziswa kunotanga musi waSeptember 23. Kusvikira pakupera kwegore, purogiramu yekubhururuka kwezvikepe uye kuumbwa kwevashandi vanochinja kakawanda, asi Leonov anogara ari muboka. Muna Ndira, mukuru wechirongwa chenzvimbo dzevagari vemo, Sergei Korolev, akashamisa munhu wese nekutaura kuti Vostok ishandurwe kuita zvikepe zvine zvigaro zvitatu. Mushure mekugamuchira rubatsiro rweKhrushchev, vashandi varipo vanodzingwa. Musi waJanuary 11, 1964, Leonov akakwidziridzwa kusvika panzvimbo yevakuru, uye musi waApril 1, akatanga rwendo rwake nepurogiramu yeVoskhod. Ari chikamu cheboka riri kugadzirira ndege yekutanga yevatatu. Gadziriro dzerwendo urwu, dzinotora mazuva 8-10, dzichatanga musi wa23 Kubvumbi.
Musi waMay 21, mukuru wekudzidzira cosmonaut, General Kamanin, anoumba vashandi vaviri - mune yekutanga, Komarov, Belyaev uye Leonov, mune yechipiri Volynov, Gorbatko naKhrunov. Zvisinei, Korolev anotenda zvakasiyana - vanhuwo zvavo vanofanira kuverengerwa muvashandi. Mushure mekupokana kwakanyanya muna Chivabvu 29, kuwirirana kunosvika, panguva ino Korolev anokunda - hapazovi nenzvimbo yeLeonova mukutanga East. Uye mune yechipiri?
Kubuda kwezuva
Musi waChikumi 14, 1964, chirevo chakabudiswa pamusoro pekushandiswa kwendege ine mugwagwa wakaitwa nevanhu. Vaingova vanomwe chete muAir Force cosmonaut Corps - Belyaev, Gorbatko, Leonov, Khrunov, Bykovsky, Popovich uye Titov. Zvisinei, vatatu vekupedzisira, sevakatobhururuka, havana kubatanidzwa mukudzidziswa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, muna July 1964, gadziriro dze "Exit" basa dzakatangwa chete kune vana vokutanga, nevaviri vokutanga vari vatungamiri, uye yechipiri ichibuda. Zvisinei, pana July 16, gadziriro dzakadzongonyedzwa apo zvakava pachena kuti ndege yaisazoitika kutozosvikira gore rinouya.
Pashure pokunge vaidiwa vagara muchipatara chacho kwemwedzi wose, kudzidziswa kwakatangazve musi wa15 August, uye Zaikin naSzonin vakabatana neboka racho. Kudzidziswa kwacho kwakanga kwakaoma, sezvo simulator yeVoskhod yakanga isati yavapo panguva iyoyo uye vazivi venyeredzi vaifanira kushandisa ngarava yavaifanira kubhururuka nayo, iyo yakanga iri panguva yegungano. Nzira yose yekubuda kwekiyi yakave yakanyanyisa muna December mumamiriro ekurema, iyo yakashanda kwenguva pfupi panguva yeparabolic ndege paTu-104 ndege. Leonov akaita 12 ndege dzakadaro uye dzimwe nhanhatu paIl-18 ndege.
