Smart Energy Grids

Kudiwa kwesimba repasi rose kunofungidzirwa kukura kusvika pa2,2 muzana pagore. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kushandiswa kwesimba kwepasi rose kweanopfuura maawa makumi maviri epetawatt kuchawedzera kusvika pamaawa makumi matatu nematatu epetawatt muna 20. Panguva imwe cheteyo, simbiso iri kuiswa pakushandisa simba nenzira inobudirira zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose.

1. Auto mune smart grid

Mamwe mafungidziro anofanotaura kuti zvekufambisa zvichapedza zvinopfuura gumi muzana zvemagetsi anodiwa panosvika 2050, zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuwedzera kukurumbira kwemotokari dzemagetsi uye dzakasanganiswa.

kana electric mota bhatiri kuchaja haina kutarisirwa zvakanaka kana kuti haishande pachayo zvachose, kune njodzi yekuremerwa kwepamusoro nekuda kwemabhatiri akawandisa ari kuchajwa panguva imwe chete. Iko kudiwa kwemhinduro dzinobvumira mota kubhadhariswa panguva dzakakwana (1).

Classical XNUMXth-century-century magetsi masisitimu, umo magetsi akagadzirwa zvakanyanya pakati pemagetsi emagetsi uye akaunzwa kune vatengi kuburikidza neakakwira-voltage transmission tambo uye yepakati- uye yakaderera-voltage yekugovera network, haina kuenderana nezvinodiwa zvenguva itsva.

Mumakore achangopfuura, isu tinogona zvakare kuona kukurumidza kusimudzira kweakagoverwa masisitimu, madiki emagetsi ekugadzira anogona kugovera zvakasara zvavo nemusika. Vane chikamu chakakosha muhurongwa hwakagoverwa. renewable energy sources.

Tsanangudzo yemagetsi emagetsi

AMI - pfupiso yeAdvanced Metering Infrastructure. Zvinoreva zvivakwa zvemidziyo uye software inotaurirana nemamita emagetsi, kuunganidza data resimba uye kuongorora iyi data.

chizvarwa chinoparadzirwa - kugadzirwa kwesimba nediki diki kugadzira masisitimu kana zvivakwa zvakabatanidzwa zvakananga kune yekugovera network kana iri mune yeanogamuchira simba system (kuseri kwekudzora uye metering zvishandiso), kazhinji kugadzira magetsi kubva kune anovandudzwa kana asiri echinyakare masosi emagetsi, kazhinji pamwe nekugadzira kupisa (yakagoverwa cogeneration. ) . Manetiweki ekugadzira anogovaniswa anogona kusanganisira, semuenzaniso, maprosumers, magetsi cooperatives, kana mafekitari emagetsi ekanzuru.

smart mita - mita yemagetsi iri kure ine basa rekutumira otomatiki data metering kune mupi uye nekudaro inopa mikana yakawanda yekuziva kushandiswa kwemagetsi.

Micro power source - diki rekugadzira magetsi chirimwa, chinowanzo shandiswa pakushandisa wega. Iyo diki sosi inogona kuve diki yemumba yesolar, hydro kana mhepo magetsi emagetsi, madiki turbines anoshanda pagasi chaiwo kana biogas, mayunitsi ane injini dzinomhanya pagasi rechisikigo kana biogas.

Proposition - mutengi wesimba anoziva anogadzira simba kune zvaanoda, semuenzaniso, mune madiki masosi, uye anotengesa iyo isina kushandiswa yakasara kune network yekugovera.

Dynamic rates - mutero uchifunga nezvekuchinja kwezuva nezuva mumitengo yesimba.

Inoonekwa nzvimbo-nguva

Kugadzirisa matambudziko aya (2) kunoda network ine inochinjika "yekufunga" zvivakwa zvinotungamira simba parinodiwa. Sarudzo yakadaro smart energy grid - smart power grid.

2. Matambudziko akatarisana nemusika wemagetsi

Kazhinji kutaura, smart grid isimba remagetsi rinobatanidza zvine hungwaru zviitiko zvevose vatori vechikamu mumaitiro ekugadzira, kutapurirana, kugovera uye kushandisa kuitira kupa magetsi nenzira ine hupfumi, inoenderera uye yakachengeteka (3).

Chinangwa chayo chikuru ndechekubatana pakati pevose vatori vechikamu mumusika wemagetsi. Iyo network inobatanidza magetsi emagetsi, hombe nediki, uye vashandisi vesimba mune chimwe chimiro. Inogona kuvapo uye kushanda nekuda kwezvinhu zviviri: otomatiki yakavakirwa pane yepamusoro sensors uye ICT system.

Kuzvitaura zviri nyore: iyo yakangwara grid "inoziva" kupi uye riini kudiwa kukuru kwesimba uye nekupa kukuru kunomuka, uye inogona kutungamira yakawandisa simba kune iyo inonyanya kudiwa. Somugumisiro, mambure akadaro anogona kuvandudza kushanda, kuvimbika uye kuchengetedzwa kweketani yekupa simba.

3. Smart grid - basic scheme

4. Nzvimbo nhatu dzemagetsi akangwara, zvinangwa uye mabhenefiti anobva mazviri

Smart network inokutendera kuti utore kure kure kuverenga kwemamita emagetsi, kutarisa mamiriro ekugamuchira uye network, pamwe neiyo mbiri yekugamuchira simba, kuona kushandiswa kwesimba zvisiri pamutemo, kupindira mumamita uye kurasikirwa kwesimba, bvisa kure kure / batanidza mugamuchiri, chinja mitero, chengetedza uye bhiri rekuverenga kukosha, uye zvimwe zviitiko (4).

Zvakaoma kunyatsoona kudiwa kwemagetsi, saka kazhinji sisitimu inofanirwa kushandisa iyo inonzi inopisa reserve. Kushandiswa kwechizvarwa chakagoverwa (ona Smart Grid Glossary) pamwe chete neSmart Grid zvinogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kukosha kwekuchengeta matura makuru achishanda zvizere.

Shongwe smart grids kune hurongwa hwekuyera hwakakura, hungwaru hwekuverengera (5). Inosanganisira telecommunication masisitimu ayo anoendesa kuyerwa kwedata kunzvimbo dzesarudzo, pamwe neruzivo rwehungwaru, kufanotaura uye kuita sarudzo algorithms.

Yekutanga kuisirwa mutyairi e "akangwara" metering masisitimu atove kuvakwa, achifukidza mamwe maguta kana makomuni. Kutenda kwavari, iwe unogona, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kusuma mubhadharo weawa kune vatengi vega. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pane dzimwe nguva dzezuva, mutengo wemagetsi kumutengi mumwe chete akadaro uchave wakaderera, saka zvakakodzera kuvhura, semuenzaniso, muchina wekugeza.

Maererano nemamwe masayendisiti, akadai seboka revatsvakurudzi kubva kuGermany Max Planck Institute muGöttingen inotungamirirwa naMark Timm, mamiriyoni emamita akachenjera anogona mune ramangwana kugadzira kuzvimiririra zvakakwana. self-regulating network, yakaganhurwa seInternet, uye yakachengeteka nekuti inoshingirira kurwiswa uko masisitimu epakati anoratidzwa.

Simba kubva mukuwanda

Renewable magetsi masosi Nekuda kweiyo diki unit simba (RES) yakagoverwa masosi. Iwo ekupedzisira anosanganisira masosi ane chiyero cheyuniti isingasviki 50-100 MW, yakaiswa padyo nepedyo nemutengi wekupedzisira wesimba.

Nekudaro, mukuita, kukosha kwemuganho kune sosi inoonekwa seyakagoverwa inosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kunyika nenyika, semuenzaniso, muSweden i1,5 MW, muNew Zealand 5 MW, muUSA 5 MW, kuUK 100 MW. .

Nehuwandu hwakakwana hwezviwanikwa zvakapararira pamusoro penzvimbo diki yesimba remagetsi uye nekuda kwemikana yavanopa smart grids, zvinova zvinogoneka uye zvinobatsira kubatanidza zvitubu izvi mune imwe system inodzorwa neanoshanda, ichigadzira "virtual power plant".

Chinangwa chayo ndechekutarisa chizvarwa chakagovaniswa mune imwechete yakabatana system, kuwedzera hunyanzvi uye hupfumi hwekugadzira magetsi. Chizvarwa chakagoverwa chiri padyo nevatengi vemagetsi chinogona zvakare kushandisa zviwanikwa zvemafuta emunharaunda, kusanganisira biofuels uye simba rinodzokororwa, uye kunyangwe marara emanisipala.

Chigadzirwa chemagetsi chinobatanidza akawanda akasiyana masosi enzvimbo mune imwe nzvimbo (hydro, mhepo, photovoltaic magetsi emagetsi, akasanganiswa turbines, majenareta anotyairwa neinjini, nezvimwewo) uye kuchengetedza simba (matangi emvura, mabhatiri) anodzorwa kure ne yakakura IT network. system.

Basa rakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi anofanirwa kuridzwa nemagetsi ekuchengetedza magetsi anotendera iwe kugadzirisa kugadzirwa kwemagetsi kune shanduko yezuva nezuva mukudiwa kwevatengi. Kazhinji matura akadaro mabhatiri kana supercapacitors; pombi dzekuchengetedza zviteshi zvinogona kuita basa rakafanana.

Nzvimbo ine simba yakadzikama inoumba chigadziriso chemagetsi chinogona kupatsanurwa kubva kune gidhi remagetsi uchishandisa ma switch azvino. Shanduko yakadaro inodzivirira, inoita basa rekuyera uye inowiriranisa sisitimu netiweki.

Nyika iri kuwedzera kungwara

W smart grids pari zvino akaiswa mari nemakambani makuru emagetsi pasi rose. MuEurope, semuenzaniso, EDF (France), RWE (Germany), Iberdrola (Spain) uye British Gas (UK).

6. Smart grid inosanganisa zvechinyakare uye zvinogonekazve

Chinhu chakakosha cherudzi urwu rwehurongwa inhare yekuparadzira network, iyo inopa yakavimbika nzira mbiri IP kutapurirana pakati pepakati pekushandisa masisitimu uye smart magetsi metres anowanikwa zvakananga kumagumo emagetsi system, pakupera kwevatengi.

Parizvino, nharembozha huru pasi rose yezvinodiwa Smart Grid kubva kumakambani makuru emagetsi munyika dzavo - seLightSquared (USA) kana EnergyAustralia (Australia) - anogadzirwa uchishandisa Wimax wireless technology.

Mukuwedzera, yekutanga uye imwe yezvakakura zvakarongwa kushandiswa kweAMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure) system muPoland, iyo inokosha chikamu cheEnerga Operator SA's smart network, inosanganisira kushandiswa kweWimax system yekufambisa data.

Kubatsira kwakakosha kwemhinduro yeWimax maererano nehumwe matekinoroji anoshandiswa muchikamu chesimba rekufambisa data, senge PLC, ndechekuti hapana chikonzero chekudzima zvikamu zvese zvetambo dzemagetsi kana paine emergency.

7. Piramidhi yemagetsi muEurope

Hurumende yeChina yakagadzira hurongwa hukuru hwenguva refu hwekudyara mari mumasisitimu emvura, kusimudzira nekuwedzera mafambisirwo ekufambisa uye zvivakwa mumaruwa, uye smart grids. China State Grid Corporation inoronga kuvasuma panosvika 2030.

Iyo Japan Electricity Indasitiri Federation inoronga kugadzira gidhi resolar-powered smart grid panosvika 2020 nerutsigiro rwehurumende. Parizvino, chirongwa chehurumende chekuyedza simba remagetsi kune smart grids chiri kuitwa muGermany.

Simba re "super grid" richagadzirwa munyika dzeEU, kuburikidza neayo simba rekuvandudza richagoverwa, kunyanya kubva kumapurazi emhepo. Kusiyana netsika dzechinyakare network, ichave yakavakirwa kwete pakuchinjana, asi pane yakananga magetsi ikozvino (DC).

Mari yeEurope yakatsigira chirongwa chine chekuita nepurojekiti yekutsvagisa nekudzidziswa chirongwa cheMEDOW, icho chinounganidza mayunivhesiti nevamiriri veindasitiri yesimba. MEDOW chidimbu chezita reChirungu "Multi-terminal DC Grid For Offshore Wind".

Chirongwa chekudzidzisa chinotarisirwa kushanda kusvika Kurume 2017. Kusika renewable simba network pachiyero chekondinendi uye kubatanidza kwakanyatso kune ma network aripo (6) zvine musoro nekuda kwehumwe hunhu hwesimba rinodzokororwa, iro rinoratidzwa neperiodic surpluses kana kushomeka kwesimba.

Chirongwa cheSmart Peninsula chinoshanda paHel Peninsula chinozivikanwa muindasitiri yesimba rePoland. Iko pano uko Energa yaita nyika yekutanga kuyedza masisitimu ekuverenga kure uye ine yakakodzera tekinoroji yepurojekiti, iyo inozovandudzwa.

Nzvimbo iyi haina kusarudzwa netsaona. Iyi nharaunda inoratidzirwa nekuchinja kukuru kwesimba rekushandisa (yakanyanya kushandiswa muzhizha, zvishoma muchando), izvo zvinogadzira imwe dambudziko kune mainjiniya emagetsi.

Iyo yakagadziriswa sisitimu inofanirwa kuratidzirwa kwete chete nepamusoro kuvimbika, asiwo nekuchinjika musevhisi yevatengi, ichivabvumira kukwidziridza mashandisirwo emagetsi, kushandura mitero yemagetsi uye kushandisa ari kubuda mamwe masimba emagetsi (photovoltaic panels, madiki emhepo turbines, nezvimwewo).

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, ruzivo rwakaonekwawo kuti Polskie Sieci Energetyczne inoda kuchengetedza simba mumabhatiri ane simba ane huwandu hunosvika 2 MW. Mushandi anoronga kuvaka zvivakwa zvekuchengetera simba muPoland izvo zvinotsigira gidhi remagetsi, kuve nechokwadi chekuenderera kwekupa kana renewable magetsi masosi (RES) amira kushanda nekuda kwekushaikwa kwemhepo kana kwasviba. Magetsi anobva mudura anozoenda kune grid.

Kuedzwa kwemhinduro kunogona kutanga mukati memakore maviri. Zvinoenderana neruzivo rusina pamutemo, maJapan anobva kuHitachi anopa PSE yekuyedza midziyo yebhatiri ine simba. Imwe yakadaro lithium-ion bhatiri inokwanisa kuburitsa 1 MW yesimba.

Matura anogonawo kuderedza kukosha kwekuwedzera magetsi emagetsi mune ramangwana. Mhepo mapurazi, ayo anoratidzirwa nekusiyana kwepamusoro mukubuda kwemagetsi (zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze), manikidza simba rechinyakare kuchengetedza chengetedzo yemagetsi kuitira kuti mhepo yemhepo inogona kutsiviwa kana kuwedzerwa chero nguva nekuderedzwa kwemagetsi kubuda.

Vashandi muEurope yose vari kuisa mari mukuchengetedza simba. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, maBritish akatanga kuiswa kukuru kwerudzi urwu mukondinendi yedu. Nzvimbo iri paLeighton Buzzard padyo neLondon inokwanisa kuchengetedza kusvika gumi MWh yesimba uye kuendesa 10 MW yesimba.

Kumashure kwake kune S&C Electric, Samsung, pamwe neUK Power Networks uye Younicos. MunaGunyana 2014, kambani yekupedzisira yakavaka yekutanga yekutengesa simba rekuchengetedza muEurope. Yakatangwa muSchwerin, Germany uye ine simba re5 MW.

Gwaro "Smart Grid Projects Outlook 2014" rine mapurojekiti mazana mana nemakumi mashanu nemapfumbamwe akaiswa kubva 459, umo kushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hutsva, kugona kweICT (teleinformation) kwakabatsira mukusikwa kwe "smart grid".

Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti mapurojekiti akaverengerwa mune imwe chete EU Member State yakapinda (yaive shamwari) (7). Izvi zvinosvitsa huwandu hwenyika dzakapihwa mushumo kusvika makumi mana nenomwe.

Kusvika pari zvino, mari inosvika 3,15 bhiriyoni yakagoverwa kuita zvirongwa izvi, kunyange hazvo zvikamu makumi mana nezvisere kubva muzana zvacho zvisati zvapera. Mapurojekiti eR&D parizvino ari kushandisa 48 miriyoni euros, ukuwo kuyedza nekuita zvinodhura 830 bhiriyoni euros.

Pakati pavo, pamunhu, Denmark inodyara zvakanyanya. France neUK, kune rumwe rutivi, vane mapurojekiti epamusoro-soro, avhareji ye5 miriyoni papurojekiti.

Zvichienzaniswa nenyika idzi, nyika dzokuEastern Europe dzakaipa zvikuru. Sekureva kweshumo, vanoburitsa chikamu chimwe chete kubva muzana chebhajeti rese rezvirongwa zvese izvi. Nehuwandu hwemapurojekiti akaitwa, mashanu epamusoro ndeaya: Germany, Denmark, Italy, Spain neFrance. Poland yakatora nzvimbo yechi1 muchirongwa.

Switzerland yakanga iri pamberi pedu, ichiteverwa neIreland. Pasi pe sirogani ye smart grid, ambitious, dzinenge shanduko mhinduro dziri kuitwa munzvimbo dzakawanda pasirese. zvirongwa zvekuvandudza hurongwa hwemagetsi.

Mumwe wemienzaniso yakanakisa ndeye Ontario Smart Infrastructure Project (2030), iyo yakagadzirirwa mumakore achangopfuura uye ine inofungidzirwa nguva inosvika makore masere.

8. Ronga yekuendesa Smart Grid mudunhu reCanada reOntario.

Mavhairasi emagetsi?

Nekudaro, kana simba network kuita seInternet, unofanira kurangarira kuti inogona kutarisana netyisidziro dzimwe chetedzo dzatinosangana nadzo mumamburesheni emazuva ano emakombuta.

9. Marobhoti akagadzirirwa kushanda mune simba network

F-Secure Laboratories nguva pfupi yadarika yakayambira nezve kutyisidzira kutsva kune maindasitiri masevhisi masisitimu, kusanganisira magetsi emagetsi. Inonzi Havex uye inoshandisa yakanyanyisa hunyanzvi nzira yekutapura makomputa.

Havex ine zvikamu zviviri zvikuru. Yekutanga iTrojan software, iyo inoshandiswa kudzora kure kure iyo yakarwiswa system. Chechipiri chinhu ndeye PHP server.

Trojan bhiza rakanamirwa nevanorwisa APCS/SCADA software ine basa rekutarisa mafambiro etekinoroji nekugadzira maitiro. Vakabatwa vanorodha zvirongwa zvakadaro kubva kunzvimbo dzine hunyanzvi, vasingazivi nezvekutyisidzira.

Vakawirwa neHavex vainyanya masangano eEurope uye makambani ane chekuita nemaindasitiri mhinduro. Chikamu cheHavex kodhi chinoratidza kuti vagadziri vayo, mukuwedzera pakuda kuba data nezve magadzirirwo ekugadzira, vanogonawo kukanganisa maitiro avo.

10. Nzvimbo dze smart grids

Vanyori veiyi malware vainyanya kufarira magetsi network. Zvichida chinhu chenguva yemberi smart power system marobhoti achazviitawo.

Munguva ichangopfuura, vatsvakurudzi veMichigan Technological University vakagadzira robhoti muenzaniso (9) iyo inopa simba kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakakanganiswa nekudzima kwemagetsi, zvakadai seaya anokonzerwa nenjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga.

Michina yerudzi urwu inogona, semuenzaniso, kudzoreredza simba kune nharembozha (shongwe nezviteshi zvepasi) kuitira kuti iite mabasa ekununura zvakanyanya. Robhoti vanozvimiririra, ivo pachavo vanosarudza nzira yakanaka yekuenda kwavari.

Vanogona kunge vaine mabhatiri mubhodhi kana solar panel. Vanogona kudyana. Zvinoreva uye mabasa smart grids kuenda kure nesimba (10).

Zvivako zvakagadzirwa nenzira iyi zvinogona kushandiswa kugadzira hupenyu hutsva hwemafambisirwo emangwana, zvichibva pamatekinoroji emazuva ano. Kusvika ikozvino, tinogona kungofungidzira zvakanakira (asi zvakare zvisingabatsiri) zvemhando iyi yekugadzirisa.