Uraya utachiona pasina kuparadza chikafu
Nguva nenguva vezvenhau vanozununguswa nezvinonyadzisa pamusoro pezvokudya zvine utachiona. Zviuru zvevanhu vari munyika dzakabudirira vanorwara mushure mekudya zvakasvibiswa, zvakasakara kana zvakasvibiswa. Huwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvakabviswa kutengeswa zviri kuramba zvichikura.
Rondedzero yekutyisidzira kuchengetedzwa kwekudya, pamwe nevanhu vanozvidya, yakareba kwazvo kupfuura hutachiona hunozivikanwa hwakadai sesalmonella, noroviruses, kana avo vane mukurumbira wakashata zvakanyanya.
Pasinei nekuchenjerera kwemaindasitiri uye kushandiswa kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuchengetedza chikafu, sekurapa kupisa uye neradiation, vanhu vanoramba vachirwara uye kufa nekudya zvakasvibiswa uye zvisina hutano.
Dambudziko nderekutsvaga nzira dzinogona kuuraya utachiona hune ngozi uchichengeta kuravira uye kukosha kwekudya. Izvi hazvisi nyore, sezvo nzira dzakawanda dzekuuraya tupukanana dzinowanzosvibisa nhamba idzi, kuparadza mavhitamini, kana kushandura chimiro chekudya. Mune mamwe mazwi, kubikira lettuce kunogona kuichengeta, asi mhedzisiro yekubika ichave yakashata.
Cold plasma uye high pressure
Pakati penzira dzakawanda dzekubirisa chikafu, kubva kuma microwaves kusvika kune pulsed ultraviolet mwaranzi neozone, matekinoroji maviri matsva anofadza zvikuru: inotonhora plasma uye high pressure processing. Zvakare hazvizogadzirise matambudziko ese, asi ese ari maviri anogona kubatsira kuvandudza kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu. Mune imwe ongororo yakaitwa muGermany muna 2010, masayendisiti ezvekudya akakwanisa kubvisa zvinopfuura 20% zvemamwe marudzi anokonzera chikafu chepfu mukati me99,99 seconds mushure mekushandisa plasma inotonhora.
inotonhora yeplasma chinhu chinoshanda zvikuru chinoumbwa nemafotoni, maerekitironi emahara uye maatomu anochajiwa uye mamorekuru anogona kudzima tupukanana. Kuita muplasma kunoburitsawo simba muchimiro chechiedza cheultraviolet, chinokuvadza microbial DNA.
Kushandisa plasma inotonhora
High pressure processing (HPP) inzira yemuchina inoisa dzvinyiriro huru pachikafu. Nekudaro, inochengeta kunaka kwayo uye kukosha kwekudya, ndosaka masayendisiti achiiona senzira inoshanda yekurwisa tupukanana muzvokudya zvakaderera-unyoro, nyama, uye kunyange mimwe miriwo. HPS ipfungwa yekare. Bert Holmes Hite, muongorori wezvekurima, akatanga kutaura kushandiswa kwayo kare muna 1899 achitsvaga nzira dzekudzikisa kuparara mumukaka wemhou. Zvisinei, munguva yake, kuiswa kwaidiwa pazvivakwa zvemagetsi emagetsi kwakanga kwakaoma zvikuru uye kuchidhura kuvaka.
Masayendisiti haanzwisise zvizere kuti HPP inomisa sei mabhakitiriya nemavhairasi ichisiya chikafu chisina kubatwa. Vanoziva nzira iyi inorwisa isina kusimba kemikari zvisungo izvo zvinogona kuve zvakakosha pakushanda kwemabhakitiriya enzymes uye mamwe mapuroteni. Panguva imwecheteyo, HPP ine mhedzisiro shoma pane covalent zvisungo, saka makemikari anokanganisa ruvara, kuravira, uye kukosha kwekudya kwechikafu anoramba asina kubatwa. Uye sezvo madziro emasero ezvirimwa akasimba kupfuura membranes emasero eutachiona, anoita seanokwanisa kutsungirira zvirinani.
Kuparadza kwemasero ehutachiona nekutsikirira nzira
Mumakore achangopfuura, izvo zvinonzi "chipingamupinyi" nzira Lothar Leistner, anosanganisa nzira dzakawanda dzehutsanana kuuraya utachiona hwakawanda sezvinobvira.
plus waste management
Sekureva kwemasayendisiti, nzira iri nyore yekuona kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu kuve nechokwadi chekuti haina kusvibiswa, yemhando chaiyo uye inozivikanwa kwakabva. Maketani mahombe ekutengesa akadai seWalmart kuUS uye Carrefour muEurope anga achishandisa blockchain tekinoroji () musanganiswa nemasensa uye scanned macode kudzora nzira yekuendesa, kwakabva uye kunaka kwechikafu kwenguva yakati. Nzira idzi dzinogona kubatsirawo mukurwisa kuderedza kutambisa chikafu. Sekureva kwemushumo weBoston Consulting Group (BCG), matani anosvika bhiriyoni imwe nemazana matanhatu echikafu anoraswa pasi rose gore rega rega, uye kana pasina chaitwa nezvazvo, huwandu uhu hunogona kukwira kusvika pamabhiriyoni 1,6 muna 2030. Kuraswa kunowanikwa mumaketani ekukosha: kubva pachirimwa. kugadzirwa kwekugadzirisa nekuchengetedza, kugadzirisa uye kurongedza, kugovera uye kutengesa, uye pakupedzisira kubuda zvakare pamwero mukuru pamagumo ekushandisa. Kurwira kuchengetedza kwekudya kunotungamira mukuderedzwa kwemarara. Mushure mezvose, chikafu chisina kukuvadzwa nehutachiona uye hutachiona hunokandwa kunze kune zvishoma.
Huyero hwekuraswa kwechikafu munyika
Nzira dzekare uye itsva dzekurwira chikafu chakachengeteka
- Kurapa kwekupisa - boka iri rinosanganisira nzira dzakashandiswa zvakanyanya, semuenzaniso, pasteurization, i.e. kuparadzwa kwehutachiona hunokuvadza uye mapuroteni. Kukanganisa kwavo ndeyekuti vanoderedza kuravira uye kukosha kwekudya kwezvigadzirwa, uye zvakare kuti kupisa kwakanyanya hakuparadzi hutachiona hwese.
- Irradiation inzira inoshandiswa muindasitiri yechikafu kufumura chikafu kune maerekitironi, x-ray kana gamma mwaranzi inoparadza DNA, RNA kana mamwe makemikari anokuvadza kune zvipenyu. Dambudziko nderekuti kusvibiswa hakugone kubviswa. Kune zvakare zvakawanda zvinonetsa pamusoro pemadosi emwaranzi inofanirwa kudyiwa nevashandi vezvekudya nevatengi.
- Kushandiswa kwepamusoro-soro - iyi nzira inovhara kugadzirwa kwemapuroteni anokuvadza kana kuparadza masero emagetsi ehutachiona. Inonyatsokodzera zvigadzirwa zvine mvura yakaderera uye hazvikuvadzi zvigadzirwa pachazvo. Izvo zvisingabatsiri imitengo yekuisa yakakura uye kuparadzwa kunogona kuitika kwezvimwe zvinyoro zvekudya. Iyi nzira zvakare haiurayi mamwe mabhakitiriya spores.
- Cold plasma ndiyo tekinoroji iri pasi pekuvandudzwa, iyo nheyo iyo isati yanyatsotsanangurwa. Inofungidzirwa kuti inoshanda okisijeni radicals inoumbwa mune izvi maitiro, ayo anoparadza masero ehutachiona.
- UV radiation inzira inoshandiswa muindasitiri inoparadza DNA neRNA zvimiro zvezvipenyu zvinokuvadza. Pulsed ultraviolet chiedza chakawanikwa chiri nani kune microbial inactivation. Izvo zvisingabatsiri ndezvi: kupisa kwepamusoro pezvigadzirwa panguva yekuratidzwa kwenguva refu, pamwe nekunetseka kwehutano hwevashandi mumabhizinesi emaindasitiri uko UV rays inoshandiswa.
- Ozonation, allotropic fomu yeokisijeni mune yemvura kana gaseous fomu, inoshanda yebhakitiriya mumiririri inoparadza maseru uye zvimwe zvimiro zvezvipenyu. Nehurombo, oxidation inogona kukanganisa kunaka kwechikafu. Mukuwedzera, hazvisi nyore kudzora kufanana kwemaitiro ose.
- Oxidation nemakemikari (semuenzaniso, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, chlorine-based compounds) - inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri mukurongedza chikafu, inoparadza sero membranes uye zvimwe zvimiro zvezvipenyu. Zvakanakira zviri nyore uye mutengo wakaderera wekuisa. Kufanana nechero oxidation, maitiro aya anokanganisawo kunaka kwechikafu. Mukuwedzera, chlorine-based substances inogona kuva carcinogenic.
- Kushandiswa kwemasaisai eredhiyo uye microwaves - mhedzisiro yemasaisai eredhiyo pachikafu inyaya yekuedzwa kwekutanga, kunyangwe ma microwaves (simba repamusoro) atoshandiswa mumavheni emicrowave. Idzi nzira dziri mune imwe nzira musanganiswa wekupisa kurapwa uye irradiation. Kana ikabudirira, masaisai eredhiyo uye ma microwave anogona kupa dzimwe nzira dzezvimwe zvakawanda zvekudya uye nzira dzehutsanana.
