Internal combustion injini mudziyo - vhidhiyo, dhayagiramu, mifananidzo

Injini yekupisa yemukati ndeimwe yezvakagadzirwa izvo zvakashandura hupenyu hwedu zvakanyanya - vanhu vakakwanisa kutamisa kubva pangoro dzinodhonzwa nemabhiza kuenda kumotokari dzinokurumidza uye dzine simba.

Injini dzekutanga dzemoto dzemukati dzine simba rakaderera, uye kushanda zvakanaka hakuna kumbosvika gumi muzana, asi vasinganeti vagadziri - Lenoir, Otto, Daimler, Maybach, Diesel, Benz nevamwe vazhinji - vakaunza chimwe chinhu chitsva, nekuda kweiyo mazita evazhinji. kusafa mumazita emakambani ane mukurumbira emotokari.

Injini dzinopisa dzemukati dzakauya nenzira yakareba yekusimudzira kubva kuhutsi uye kazhinji dzakaputsika injini dzekare kusvika kune yekupedzisira-yemazuva ano biturbo injini, asi musimboti wekushanda kwavo unoramba wakafanana - kupisa kwekupisa kwemafuta kunoshandurwa kuita magetsi emagetsi.

Iro zita rekuti "injini yekupisa mukati" rinoshandiswa nekuti mafuta anopisa mukati meinjini, uye kwete kunze, sezvakaita kunze kweinjini dzinopisa - turbines uye injini yemhepo.

Nekuda kweizvi, injini dzemoto dzemukati dzakagamuchira akawanda maitiro akanaka:

vave vakareruka zvikuru uye vane mari;
zvakave zvichibvira kubvisa mamwe mayuniti ekufambisa simba rekupisa kwehuni kana chiutsi kune zvikamu zvinoshanda zvejini;
mafuta einjini dzinopisa emukati ane maparamendi akatsanangura uye anobvumidza iwe kuti uwane rakawanda simba rinogona kushandurwa kuita basa rinobatsira.

ICE mudziyo

Pasinei nemafuta api injini iri kushanda pairi - peturu, dizeli, propane-butane kana eco-fuel inobva pamafuta emiriwo - chinhu chikuru chinoshanda ndicho piston, iyo iri mukati mehumburumbira. Iyo piston inoratidzika segirazi resimbi rakapindurwa (kuenzanisa negirazi rewhisky kunonyanya kukodzera - ine pasi gobvu gobvu uye madziro akatwasuka), uye silinda inoratidzika sediki chidimbu chepombi mukati umo piston inoenda.

Muchikamu chepamusoro chepiston pane kamuri rinopisa - nzvimbo yakatenderera, iri mairi iyo musanganiswa wemhepo-mafuta inopinda uye inoputika pano, ichiisa piston mukufamba. Kufamba uku kunofambiswa ku crankshaft uchishandisa tambo dzekubatanidza. Chikamu chepamusoro chezvibatanidza zvinosungirirwa kune piston nerubatsiro rwepini yepiston, iyo inopinzwa mumakomba maviri pamativi epistoni, uye chikamu chezasi chinosungirirwa kune rekubatanidza rod journal ye crankshaft.

Injini dzekutanga dzekubatidza mukati dzaingove nepiston imwe chete, asi izvi zvaive zvakakwana kugadzira simba remakumi akati wandei emabhiza.

Mazuva ano, injini dzine piston imwe chete dzinoshandiswa, semuenzaniso, kutanga injini dzetarakita, dzinoshanda semutangi. Zvisinei, 2, 3, 4, 6 uye 8-cylinder injini dzakawanda, kunyange zvazvo injini dzine 16 cylinders kana kupfuura dzinogadzirwa.

Internal combustion injini mudziyo - vhidhiyo, dhayagiramu, mapikicha

Mapistoni nemasilinda ari mucylinder block. Kubva pane kuti masilinda anowanikwa sei kune mumwe nemumwe uye kune zvimwe zvinhu zveinjini, marudzi akati wandei einjini dzekupisa anosiyaniswa:

mu-line - masilinda akarongwa mumutsara mumwe;
V-yakaumbwa - masilinda akatarisana nemumwe pakona, muchikamu iwo akafanana netsamba "V";
U-yakaumbwa - maviri mu-mutsara injini dzakasanganiswa pamwe chete;
X-yakaumbwa - injini dzinopisa mukati dzine mapatya V-shaped blocks;
boxer - kona iri pakati pemavharuvhu e-cylinder ndeye 180 degrees;
W-yakaita 12-cylinder - mitsara mitatu kana mina yemasilinda akaiswa muchimiro chetsamba "W";
radial injini - inoshandiswa mundege, mapistoni anowanikwa muradial matanda akatenderedza crankshaft.

Chinhu chakakosha cheinjini ndeye crankshaft, iyo iyo inodzokororwa kufamba kwepiston kunofambiswa, crankshaft inoshandura kuita kutenderera.

Internal combustion injini mudziyo - vhidhiyo, dhayagiramu, mapikicha

Kana injini inomhanya ichiratidzwa pane tachometer, iyi ndiyo chaiyo nhamba yekutenderera kwe crankshaft paminiti, ndiko kuti, inotenderera nekumhanya kwe 2000 rpm kunyange pakaderera zvakanyanya. Kune rimwe divi, crankshaft yakabatana neiyo flywheel, kubva iyo kutenderera kunodyiswa kuburikidza neclutch kuenda kubhokisi regiya, kune rimwe divi, crankshaft pulley yakabatana kune jenareta uye gasi rekugovera nzira kuburikidza nebhandi dhiraivha. Mune dzimwe mota dzemazuva ano, crankshaft pulley yakabatana zvakare nemhepo inofefetera uye simba rekutungamirira pulleys.

Mafuta anopiwa kune injini kuburikidza ne carburetor kana injector. Carburetor yemukati conmbustion injini dzave kutopera basa nekuda kwekutadza kwekugadzira. Mune injini dzinopisa dzomukati dzakadaro, kune kuenderera mberi kwepeturu kuburikidza ne carburetor, ipapo mafuta anosanganiswa muhuwandu hwekutora uye kudyiswa mumakamuri ekupisa emapistoni, uko anoputika pasi pechiito chemoto.

Muinjini dzejekiseni dzakananga, mafuta anosanganiswa nemhepo mucylinder block, panopihwa spark kubva pa spark plug.

Iyo gasi yekugovera nzira inobata basa rakarongeka revhavha system. Iwo mavharuvhu ekutora anovimbisa kuyerera panguva yakakodzera yemhepo-mafuta musanganiswa, uye mavharuvhu emhepo ane basa rekubvisa zvigadzirwa zvinopisa. Sezvatakanyora kare, hurongwa hwakadaro hunoshandiswa mumajini mana-stroke, asi mumajini maviri-stroke hapana chikonzero chevhavha.

Vhidhiyo iyi inoratidza mashandiro anoita injini yekupisa yemukati, mabasa api ainoita uye kuti inozviita sei.