Tichazomboziva here mamiriro ese enyaya? Panzvimbo pevatatu, mazana mashanu
Gore rakapera, zvinobudisa nhau zvakaparadzira mashoko okuti “chimwe chinhu chamuka,” chinogona kunzi chakaoma zvikuru kana kuti, somuenzaniso, chiri nyore, kunyange chisiri chiPolish, chakaoma zvikuru. Kuuya kubva kumarabhoritari esainzi kuMassachusetts Institute of Technology, imhando yekupokana kunobatanidza zvinhu zvezvakaoma uye superfluids - i.e. zvinwiwa zvine zero viscosity.
Vefizikisi vakambofanotaura kuvepo kweanopfuura simba, asi kusvika parizvino hapana chakafanana chakawanikwa murabhoritari. Mhedzisiro yezvidzidzo zvesainzi kuMassachusetts Institute of Technology yakabudiswa mupepanhau Nature.
"Chinhu chinosanganisa kuwanda kwemvura uye zvinhu zvakasimba zvinokanganisa pfungwa," mutungamiri wechikwata Wolfgang Ketterle, purofesa wefizikisi kuMIT uye akahwina Mubairo weNobel muna 2001, akanyora mubepa.
Kuti tiite pfungwa yeichi chinopokana chimiro chechinhu, timu yaKetterle yakashandura kufamba kwemaatomu munzvimbo yakasimba mune imwewo chimiro chechinhu chinonzi Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). Ketterle ndomumwe wevakawana BEC, iyo yakamuwanira Mubairo weNobel muFizikisi.
"Chinetso chaive chekuwedzera chimwe chinhu kune condensate chaizoita kuti ishanduke kuita chimiro kunze kwe 'atomic trap' uye kuwana maitiro echinhu chakasimba," Ketterle akatsanangura.
Chikwata chekutsvagisa chakashandisa matanda elaser mune yakakwira-yakakwirira vacuum chamber kudzora kufamba kwemaatomu mucondensate. Iyo yekutanga seti yemalaser yakashandiswa kushandura hafu yemaatomu eBEC kuita imwe spin kana quantum chikamu. Nokudaro, marudzi maviri eBEC akagadzirwa. Kufambiswa kwemaatomu pakati pemakondensati maviri nerubatsiro rwemamwe matanda emalaser kwakakonzera shanduko ye spin.
"Maraser ekuwedzera akapa maatomu simba rekuwedzera rekubatanidza spin-orbit," akadaro Ketterle. Izvo zvinokonzeresa, maererano nekufanotaura kwevefizikisi, zvaifanira kunge zvaka "superhard", sezvo condensates ane conjugated maatomu mu spin orbit yaizoratidzwa nekuzvimiririra "density modulation". Nemamwe manzwi, density yenyaya yaizomira kugara. Pane kudaro, ichava nechikamu chechimiro chakafanana nekristalline yakasimba.
Kumwe kutsvagisa mune superhard zvinhu zvinogona kutungamira mukunzwisisa kuri nani kwezvivakwa zve superfluid uye superconductors, izvo zvinove zvakakosha pakufambisa kwesimba. Superhards inogona zvakare kuve kiyi yekuvandudza ari nani superconducting magineti uye masensa.
Kwete mamiriro ekuunganidza, asi zvikamu
Iyo superhard state chinhu here? Mhinduro inopiwa nefizikisi yemazuva ano haisi nyore. Isu tinorangarira kubva kuchikoro kuti chimiro chemuviri chechinhu ndicho chimiro chikuru umo chinhu chirimo uye chinotarisa hunhu hwayo hwemuviri. Hunhu hwechinhu hunotarwa nekurongeka uye maitiro emamorekuru acho. Kupatsanurwa kwechinyakare kwematunhu enyaya yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX kunosiyanisa matunhu matatu akadai: chakasimba (chakasimba), mvura (mvura) uye gasi (gasi).
Zvisinei, pari zvino, chikamu chenyaya chinoratidzika kuva tsanangudzo yakarurama yemhando dzekuvapo kwezvinhu. Zvimiro zvemiviri mumatunhu ega ega zvinoenderana nekurongeka kwemamorekuru (kana maatomu) ayo anoumbwa nemitumbi iyi. Kubva pamaonero aya, kupatsanurwa kwekare mumatunhu ekuunganidza ndeyechokwadi chete kune zvimwe zvinhu, sezvo tsvakiridzo yesainzi yakaratidza kuti iyo yaimboonekwa sechimiro chimwe chekuunganidza chinogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvakawanda zvechinhu chakasiyana mumasikirwo. particle configuration. Kune kunyange mamiriro ezvinhu apo mamorekuru ari mumuviri mumwechete anogona kurongwa zvakasiyana panguva imwe chete.
Uyezve, zvakazoitika kuti iyo yakasimba uye yemvura nyika inogona kuitika nenzira dzakasiyana. Nhamba yezvikamu zvezvinhu muhurongwa uye nhamba yezvakanyanya kusiyanisa (somuenzaniso, kumanikidzwa, tembiricha) inogona kuchinjwa pasina shanduko yemhando muhurongwa inotsanangurwa neiyo Gibbs phase musimboti.
Shanduko muchikamu chechinhu chingada kupihwa kana kutambirwa kwesimba - ipapo huwandu hwesimba hunoyerera kunze huchaenderana nehukuru hwechinhu chinoshandura chikamu. Nekudaro, kumwe kushanduka kwechikamu kunoitika pasina simba rekuisa kana kubuda. Isu tinotora mhedziso nezve shanduko yechikamu pahwaro hwekuchinja kwenhanho mune mamwe akawanda anotsanangura muviri uyu.
Muchikamu chakakura kwazvo chakaburitswa kusvika pari zvino, kune mazana mashanu aggregate states. Zvinhu zvakawanda, kunyanya izvo zvakasanganiswa zvemakemikari akasiyana, zvinogona kuvapo panguva imwe chete muzvikamu zviviri kana kupfuura.
Fizikisi yemazuva ano kazhinji inogamuchira zvikamu zviviri-mvura uye yakasimba-nechikamu chegasi chiri imwe nyaya yechikamu chemvura. Iwo ekupedzisira anosanganisira akasiyana marudzi eplasma, iyo yatodudzwa supercurrent chikamu, uye akati wandei mamwe matunhu enyaya. Zvikamu zvakasimba zvinomiririrwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekristalline, pamwe chete neamorphous fomu.
Topological zawiya
Mishumo ye "aggregate states" nyowani kana zvakaoma-ku-define zvikamu zvezvishandiso zvave zvichigara zvichidzokororwa nhau dzesainzi mumakore achangopfuura. Panguva imwecheteyo, kugovera zvitsva zvinowanikwa kune imwe yezvikamu hazvisi nyore nguva dzose. Chinhu chakanyanya kuoma chambotaurwa chingangove chikamu chakasimba, asi pamwe nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzine maonero akasiyana. Makore mashoma apfuura murabhoritari yeyunivhesiti
MuColorado, semuenzaniso, donhwe rakagadzirwa kubva kuzvikamu zve gallium arsenide - chimwe chinhu chemvura, chinhu chakasimba. Muna 2015, boka repasi rose revasaenzi rinotungamirwa naChemist Cosmas Prasides paYunivhesiti yeTohoku muJapan yakazivisa kuwanikwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu matsva anosanganisa zvivakwa zve insulator, superconductor, simbi, uye magineti, ichidaidza iyo Jahn-Teller simbi.
Kune zvakare atypical "hybrid" mamiriro ekuunganidza. Semuenzaniso, girazi harina chimiro chekristalline uye saka dzimwe nguva rinotsanangurwa se "supercooled" mvura. Inotevera makristasi emvura, anoshandiswa mune mamwe maratidziro; putty - silicone polymer, plastiki, elastic kana kunyange brittle, zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekugadzirisa; yakanyanya kunamira, inoyerera yega mvura (kana yangotanga, mafashama anoenderera mberi kusvikira kupihwa kwemvura mugirazi repamusoro kwapera); Nitinol, nickel-titanium alloy ine chimiro chendangariro - kana yakakotama, inotwasuka murukova rwemhepo inodziya kana mumvura.
Kuronga kuri kuramba kuchioma. Tekinoroji dzemazuva ano dziri kudzikatidza miganhu pakati penyika dzezvinhu. Zvitsva zvitsva zviri kuitwa. Vakahwina Mubairo weNobel muna 2016 - David J. Thouless, F. Duncan, M. Haldane naJ. Michael Kosterlitz - vakabatanidza nyika mbiri: nyaya, inova nyaya yefizikisi, uye topology, rinova bazi remasvomhu. Vakaona kuti kune nhanho dzisiri dzechinyakare dzine chekuita netological defects uye dzisiri dzechinyakare nhanho dzenyaya - topological phases. Izvi zvakakonzera kuwanda kwebasa rekuedza uye redzidziso. Iyi avalanche ichiri kuyerera nekukurumidza.
Vamwe vanhu vari kuona zvakare XNUMXD zvinhu sechinhu chitsva, chakasarudzika chenyaya. Isu takaziva rudzi urwu rwenanonetwork - phosphate, stanene, borophene, kana, pakupedzisira, yakakurumbira graphene - kwemakore mazhinji. Vambotaurwa vakahwina Mubairo weNobel vakave nechekuita, kunyanya, mukuongororwa kwepamusoro pezvinhu izvi zve-single-layer.
Sainzi yechinyakare yezvimiro zvezvinhu uye zvikamu zvezvinhu zvinoita seyakabva kure. Kure kupfuura izvo zvatichiri kurangarira kubva kuzvidzidzo zvefizikisi.
