Mumba mangu makangogara...

"Kunofanira kunge kuchitonhora muchando," akadaro classic. Zvinoratidza kuti hazvidiwi. Mukuwedzera, kuitira kuti ugare uchidziya kwenguva pfupi, haifaniri kunge yakasviba, inonhuwa uye inokuvadza kune zvakatipoteredza.

Parizvino, tinogona kuve nekupisa mudzimba dzedu kwete nekuda kwemafuta emafuta, gasi uye magetsi. Solar, geothermal uye kunyange simba remhepo rakabatana nemusanganiswa wekare wemafuta uye masosi emagetsi mumakore achangopfuura.

Mumushumo uyu, isu hatisi kuzobata pane achiri kufarirwa masisitimu akavakirwa pamarasha, oiri kana gasi muPoland, nekuti chinangwa chekudzidza kwedu hachisi chekupa izvo zvatinoziva kare, asi kuunza nzira dzemazuva ano, dzinoyevedza maererano ne kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza pamwe chete nekuchengetedza simba.

Ehezve, kudziyisa kunoenderana nekupisa kwegasi rechisikigo uye mabviro ayo zvakare ane hushamwari hwakatipoteredza. Zvisinei, kubva pamaonero echiPolish, ine nhamo yekuti hatina zviwanikwa zvakakwana zvemafuta aya ezvido zvemumba.

Mvura nemhepo

Dzimba zhinji uye zvivakwa zvekugara muPoland zvinodziyirwa neyakajairwa boiler uye radiator masisitimu.

Iyo yepakati boiler iri munzvimbo yekudziya kana yega boiler kamuri yechivakwa. Basa rayo rinobva pakugoverwa kwemhepo kana mvura inopisa kuburikidza nemapombi kune ma radiator ari mumakamuri. Iyo classic radiator - cast iron vertical chimiro - inowanzoiswa padyo nemahwindo (1).

1. Traditional hita

Mumazuva ano radiator masisitimu, mvura inopisa inotenderedzwa kune madhiraivha vachishandisa mapombi emagetsi. Mvura inopisa inoburitsa kupisa kwayo muradiyeta uye mvura yakatonhorera inodzokera kubhailer kuti iwedzere kudziyisa.

Radiators inogona kutsiviwa neashoma "ane hutsinye" mapaneru kana emadziro heaters kubva kune aesthetic point yekuona - dzimwe nguva anotonzi anonzi. ma radiator ekushongedza, akagadzirwa achifunga nezve dhizaini nekushongedza kwenzvimbo.

Radiators erudzi urwu akareruka zvakanyanya muhuremu (uye kazhinji muhukuru) kupfuura ma radiator ane zvimbi zvesimbi zvakakandwa. Parizvino, kune akawanda marudzi emaradiator emhando iyi pamusika, akasiyana zvakanyanya mune zvekunze zviyero.

Mazhinji emazuva ano ekudziya masisitimu anogovera zvinhu zvakajairika nemidziyo yekutonhodza, uye mamwe anopa zvese kupisa uye kutonhora.

Kusarudzwa HVAC (kudziyisa, kufefetedza nemhepo) rinoshandiswa kutsanangura zvese uye kufefetedza mumba. Pasinei neiyo HVAC system inoshandiswa, chinangwa chese midziyo yekudziya ndeye kushandisa simba rinopisa kubva kumafuta ekufambisa uye kuriendesa kunzvimbo yekugara kuchengetedza ambient tembiricha.

Zvigadziriso zvinopisa zvinoshandisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvakadai segasi rechisikigo, propane, kupisa mafuta, biofuels (zvakadai sehuni) kana magetsi.

Kumanikidzwa mhepo masisitimu uchishandisa blower oven, iyo inopa mhepo inopisa kunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzeimba kuburikidza netiweki yemadhaka, inozivikanwa muNorth America (2).

2. System boiler room nekumanikidzwa kwemhepo kutenderera

Iyi ichiri mhinduro isingawanzoitiki muPoland. Inonyanya kushandiswa muzvivako zvitsva zvekutengeserana uye mudzimba dzevanhu, kazhinji pamwe chete nechoto. Kumanikidzwa kwemhepo kutenderera masisitimu (incl. mechanical ventilation pamwe nekupisa kupora) gadzirisa tembiricha yekamuri nekukurumidza.

Mumamiriro okunze anotonhora, anoshanda sembavha, uye mukupisa, anoshanda seanotonhodza mhepo inofefetera. Yakajairika kuEurope nePoland, CO masisitimu ane zvitofu, makamuri ebhailer, mvura uye maredhiya emvura anoshandiswa chete kupisa.

Masisitimu emhepo anomanikidzwa anowanzo asefa kuti abvise huruva uye allergens. Humidification (kana kuomesa) zvishandiso zvakare zvakavakwa muhurongwa.

Kuipa kweaya masisitimu ndiko kudiwa kwekuisa madhiri emhepo uye kuchengetedza nzvimbo yavo mumadziro. Mukuwedzera, mafeni dzimwe nguva ane ruzha uye mhepo inofamba inogona kuparadzira allergens (kana chikwata chisina kunyatsochengetwa).

Mukuwedzera kune masisitimu anozivikanwa kwatiri, i.e. ma radiator uye mayunitsi ekupa mweya, kune mamwe, mazhinji emazuva ano. Iyo inosiyana kubva kune hydronic yepakati yekudziya uye yekumanikidza kufefetera masisitimu mukuti inopisa fenicha uye pasi, kwete mhepo chete.

Inoda kuisa mukati mekrete pasi kana pasi pemapuranga emapuranga epombi epurasitiki akagadzirirwa mvura inopisa. Iyo yakanyarara uye yakazara simba inoshanda system. Iyo haina kupisa nekukurumidza, asi inochengetedza kupisa kwenguva refu.

Kune zvakare "floor tiling", iyo inoshandisa magetsi akaiswa pasi pevhu (kazhinji ceramic kana matombo ematombo). Idzo hadzina simba zvakanyanya kupfuura masisitimu emvura inopisa uye anowanzo shandiswa munzvimbo diki senge dzekugezera.

Imwe, yakawanda yemazuva ano yekupisa. hydraulic system. Baseboard water heaters akaiswa pasi pamadziro kuitira kuti vakwanise kukwevera mumhepo inotonhora kubva pasi pekamuri, wozopisa uye wodzorera mukati. Vanoshanda pane tembiricha yakaderera pane yakawanda.

Aya masisitimu anoshandisawo bhailer yepakati kupisa mvura inoyerera kuburikidza nepombi system kuti discrete kudziyisa zvishandiso. Muchokwadi, iyi ndiyo yakagadziridzwa vhezheni yekare vertical radiator masisitimu.

Magetsi mapaneru ma radiator uye mamwe marudzi haawanzo shandiswa mumahombe ekudziya edzimba masisitimu. magetsi emagetsizvakanyanya nekuda kwekudhura kwemagetsi. Nekudaro, ivo vanoramba vari yakakurumbira yekuwedzera yekudziya sarudzo, semuenzaniso munzvimbo dzemwaka (senge maverandas).

Maheater emagetsi ari nyore uye asingadhure kuisa, asingade pombi, kufefetedza kana zvimwe zvigadziriso zvekugovera.

Pamusoro pemaheater emazuva ese, kune zvakare magetsi anopenya magetsi (3) kana marambi ekudziya anoendesa simba kuzvinhu zvine tembiricha yakaderera kuburikidza. remagetsi nemwaranzi.

3. Infrared hita

Zvichienderana nekupisa kwemuviri unopenya, kureba kweiyo infrared radiation inotangira pa780 nm kusvika 1 mm. Magetsi infrared heaters anopenya kusvika ku86% yesimba rawo rekuisa sesimba rinopenya. Anenge ese emagetsi emagetsi anounganidzwa anoshandurwa kuita infrared heat kubva kune filament uye anotumirwa mberi kuburikidza neanoratidzira.

Geothermal Poland

Geothermal kudziyisa masisitimu - epamberi zvakanyanya, semuenzaniso muIceland, ari kuwedzera kufarirauko pasi (IDDP) mainjiniya ekuchera ari kunyura achienderera mberi mukati mepasi rinopisa sosi.

Muna 2009, tichiboora EPDM, yakadirana ichipinda mudura remagma raive makiromita maviri pasi pePasi. Saka, tsime rine simba guru regeothermal munhoroondo rine huwandu hunosvika 2 MW yesimba rakawanikwa.

Masayendisiti anotarisira kusvika kuMid-Atlantic Ridge, iyo yakareba yepakati pegungwa paPasi, muganho wechisikigo pakati petectonic plates.

Ikoko, magma anopisa mvura yegungwa kusvika kune tembiricha ye1000 ° C, uye dzvinyiriro yacho inopeta mazana maviri kupfuura mhepo yemhepo. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, zvinokwanisika kugadzira chiutsi chepamusoro chine simba rinobuda 50 MW, iro rakakura zvakapetwa kagumi pane iro remutsime wegeothermal. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mukana wekuzadzazve ne50 zviuru. Dzimba.

Kana purojekiti ikava inoshanda, yakafanana inogona kuitwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi, semuenzaniso, muRussia. muJapan kana California.

4. Kuona zviya zvinonzi. kudzika kwegeothermal simba

Tichifunga, Poland ine yakanaka kwazvo geothermal mamiriro, sezvo 80% yenharaunda yenyika inogarwa nematunhu matatu egeothermal: Central European, Carpathian uye Carpathian. Zvisinei, mikana chaiyo yekushandisa mvura yegeothermal inobata 40% yenharaunda yenyika.

Iyo tembiricha yemvura yemadziva aya ndeye 30-130 ° C (mune dzimwe nzvimbo kunyange 200 ° C), uye kudzika kwekuitika mumatombo e sedimentary kunobva 1 kusvika 10 km. Kubuda kwechisikigo kushoma (Sudety - Cieplice, Löndek-Zdrój).

Zvisinei, ichi chimwe chinhu. yakadzika geothermal nematsime anosvika 5 km, uye chimwe chinhu, icho chinonzi. kudzika kwegeothermal, umo kunobva kupisa kunotorwa kubva pasi uchishandisa kudzika kwakavigwa kuiswa (4), kazhinji kubva kune mashoma kusvika ku100 m.

Aya masisitimu anobva pamapombi ekupisa, ayo ari hwaro, akafanana negeothermal simba, pakuwana kupisa kubva mumvura kana mhepo. Inofungidzirwa kuti kune makumi ezviuru zvezvigadziriso zvakadaro muPoland, uye mukurumbira wavo uri kukura zvishoma nezvishoma.

Iyo pombi inopisa inotora kupisa kubva kunze uye inoiendesa mukati memba (5). Inopedza magetsi mashoma pane emazuva ese ekudziya masisitimu. Kana kunze kuchidziya, inogona kuita seyakapesana neair conditioner.

5. Scheme yepombi yekupisa iri nyore compressor: 1) condenser, 2) throttle valve - kana capillary, 3) evaporator, 4) compressor.

Mhando yakakurumbira yemhepo sosi yekupisa pombi ndeye mini split system, inozivikanwawo se ductless. Iyo yakavakirwa padiki diki rekunze compressor unit uye imwe kana anopfuura emukati emumhepo inobata mayuniti anogona kuwedzerwa nyore kumakamuri kana nzvimbo dziri kure dzemba.

Mapombi ekupisa anokurudzirwa kuti agadzirwe munzvimbo dzine hunyoro. Dzinoramba dzichishanda zvishoma mumamiriro ekunze anopisa uye anotonhora zvikuru.

Absorption kudziyisa uye kutonhora masisitimu dzinoshandiswa kwete nemagetsi, asi nesimba rezuva, geothermal simba kana gasi rechisikigo. Pombi yekupisa inonyura inoshanda nenzira yakafanana seimwe pombi ipi neipi yekupisa, asi ine simba rakasiyana uye inoshandisa mhinduro yeammonia sefiriji.

Mahybrids ari nani

Kugadziridzwa kwesimba kwave kuchiitwa zvakabudirira mumahybrid masisitimu, ayo anogona zvakare kushandisa kupisa pombi uye anodzoreredzwa simba masosi.

Imwe fomu ye hybrid system ndeye Pombi inopisa mukubatana ine condensing boiler. Pombi zvishoma inotora mutoro ukuwo kudiwa kwekupisa kuri kushoma. Kana kupisa kwakawanda kuchidikanwa, iyo bhailer inoputira inotora basa rekupisa. Saizvozvo, pombi yekupisa inogona kusanganiswa neiyo yakasimba mafuta boiler.

Mumwe muenzaniso weiyo hybrid system musanganiswa condensing unit ine solar thermal system. Sistimu yakadaro inogona kuiswa mune zvese zviripo uye zvitsva zvivakwa. Kana muridzi wekugadzirisa achida kusununguka zvakanyanya maererano nemasimba emagetsi, pombi yekupisa inogona kusanganiswa ne photovoltaic installation uye nokudaro kushandisa magetsi anogadzirwa neimba yavo yekugadzirisa kupisa.

Kuiswa kwezuva kunopa magetsi akachipa ekugonesa pombi yekupisa. Magetsi akawandisa anogadzirwa nemagetsi asingashandiswe zvakananga muchivako anogona kushandiswa kuchaja bhatiri rechivako kana kutengeswa kugedhi reveruzhinji.

Izvo zvakakosha kusimbisa kuti majenereta emazuva ano uye zvigadziriso zvinopisa zvinowanzo shongedzerwa internet interfaces uye inogona kudzorwa kure uchishandisa application pahwendefa kana smartphone, kazhinji kubva chero kupi zvako pasirese, iyo inobvumirawo varidzi vezvivakwa kukwidziridza uye kuchengetedza mari.

Hapana chinhu chiri nani kupfuura simba rekuita kumba

Ehe, chero kudziyisa system inoda matsime emagetsi zvakadaro. Mano nderekuita kuti iyi ive yakanyanya hupfumi uye yakachipa mhinduro.

Pakupedzisira, mabasa akadaro ane simba rinogadzirwa "kumba" mumhando dzinodanwa microcogeneration () kana microTPP ().

Zvinoenderana netsanangudzo, iyi inzira yetekinoroji inosanganisira kugadzirwa kwakasanganiswa kwekupisa uye magetsi (off-grid) zvichibva pakushandiswa kwediki nepakati magetsi akabatana zvishandiso.

Microcogeneration inogona kushandiswa pazvivakwa zvese uko kune panguva imwe chete kudiwa kwemagetsi nekupisa. Vanonyanya kushandisa vashandisi vepairi masisitimu vese vari vaviri vanogamuchira (6) uye zvipatara nenzvimbo dzedzidzo, nzvimbo dzemitambo, mahotera uye zvakasiyana siyana zveveruzhinji.

6. Simba remumba

Nhasi, avhareji simba reimba injiniya atove neakati wandei matekinoroji ekugadzira simba kumba uye pachivanze: solar, mhepo uye gasi. (biogas - kana ivo chaizvo "vake").

Saka iwe unogona kukwira padenga, izvo zvisingafaniri kuvhiringidzwa nemagetsi ekupisa uye ayo anonyanya kushandiswa kupisa mvura.

Inogonawo kusvika padiki ma turbines emhepokune zvinodiwa nemunhu. Kazhinji kazhinji anoiswa pamatanda akavigwa muvhu. Muduku wavo, ane simba re 300-600 W uye magetsi e24 V, anogona kuiswa pamatenga edzimba, kunze kwekuti dhizaini yavo yakagadziridzwa kune iyi.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu epamba, zvidyarwa zvemagetsi zvine simba re 3-5 kW zvinowanzowanikwa, izvo, zvichienderana nezvinodiwa, nhamba yevashandisi, nezvimwewo. - inofanira kunge yakakwana yekuvhenekera, kushanda kwemidziyo yeimba yakasiyana-siyana, pombi yemvura yeCO uye zvimwe zvidiki zvinodiwa.

Masisitimu ane kupisa kunobuda pasi pe10 kW uye magetsi e1-5 kW anonyanya kushandiswa mudzimba dzega. Pfungwa yekushanda yakadai "micro-CHP yemba" ndeyekuisa tsime remagetsi uye kupisa mukati mechivakwa chakapihwa.

Tekinoroji yekugadzira simba remhepo yemumba ichiri kuvandudzwa. Semuyenzaniso, madiki eHoneywell wind turbines anopihwa neWindTronics (7) ane jira rinenge rakaita sevhiri rebhasikoro rine mablades akabatanidzwa, anenge 180 cm mudhayamita, anogadzira 2,752 kWh paavhareji yekumhanya kwemhepo ye10 m/s. Simba rakafanana rinopihwa neWindspire turbines ine isina kujairika yakatwasuka dhizaini.

7. Maturbine madiki eHoneywell akaiswa padenga remba

Pakati pemamwe matekinoroji ekuwana simba kubva kune anodzoreredzwa masosi, zvakakosha kuterera biogas. Iri izwi rakajairwa rinoshandiswa kutsanangura magasi anopisa anogadzirwa panguva yekuparara kwemakemikari emuchadenga, senge tsvina, tsvina yemumba, mupfudze, marara ekurima uye ezvekudya muindasitiri yezvekudya, nezvimwe.

Iyo tekinoroji inovambira kubva kumubatanidzwa wekare, ndiko kuti, kugadzirwa kwakasanganiswa kwekupisa nemagetsi mukupisa kwakasanganiswa uye magetsi emagetsi, mune yayo "diki" shanduro idiki. Kutsvaga mhinduro dziri nani uye dzinoshanda kuchiri kuenderera mberi. Parizvino, akati wandei masisitimu makuru anogona kuzivikanwa, anosanganisira: anodzoreredza injini, turbines gasi, Stirling injini masisitimu, iyo organic Rankine kutenderera, uye masero emafuta.

Injini yekufambisa inoshandura kupisa kuita mechanical simba pasina chisimba combustion process. Kupisa kunopisa kumvura inoshanda - gasi inoitwa nekupisa rusvingo rwekunze rweheater. Nekupa kupisa kubva kunze, injini inogona kupihwa simba rekutanga kubva kune chero kupi kwapi: petroleum makomputa, marasha, huni, marudzi ese emafuta ane gasi, biomass uye kunyangwe simba rezuva.

Iri rudzi rweinjini rinosanganisira: mapistoni maviri (kutonhora uye kudziya), regenerative heat exchanger uye heat exchangers pakati pemvura inoshanda uye yekunze masosi. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha zvinoshanda mumhepo ndeye regenerator, iyo inotora kupisa kwemvura inoshanda sezvainoyerera kubva kune inopisa kusvika kunzvimbo yakatonhora.

Mune aya masisitimu, kunobva kupisa kunonyanya kubuda magasi anogadzirwa panguva yekupisa kwemafuta. Pane zvinopesana, kupisa kubva kudunhu kunotamirwa kune yakaderera-kupisa sosi. Pakupedzisira, kushanda zvakanaka kwekutenderera kunoenderana nemusiyano wekushisa pakati pezvitubu izvi. Mvura inoshandiswa yemhando iyi yeinjini ndeye helium kana mhepo.

Mabhenefiti einjini yeStirling anosanganisira: kukwirira kwese kwese, yakaderera ruzha mwero, hupfumi hwemafuta kana uchienzaniswa nemamwe masisitimu, yakaderera kumhanya. Zvechokwadi, hatifaniri kukanganwa pamusoro pezvikanganiso, iyo huru iyo ndiyo mutengo wekuisa.

Cogeneration nzira dzakadai Rankine cycle (kudzora kupisa mu thermodynamic cycles) kana Stirling injini inoda kupisa chete kushanda. Nzvimbo yaro inogona kuva, semuenzaniso, simba rezuva kana geothermal. Kugadzira magetsi nenzira iyi uchishandisa muunganidzi uye kupisa kunodhura kupfuura kushandisa photovoltaic masero.

Basa rebudiriro riri kuenderera mberi masero emafuta uye kushandiswa kwavo mumiti yekubatanidza. Imwe yemhinduro itsva yerudzi urwu pamusika ndeye ClearEdge. Pamusoro pemaitiro-chaiwo mabasa, tekinoroji iyi inoshandura gasi mucylinder kuita haidrojeni uchishandisa tekinoroji yepamusoro. Saka hapana moto pano.

Sero rehydrogen rinogadzira magetsi, ayo anoshandiswawo kugadzira kupisa. Masero emafuta rudzi rutsva rwechishandiso chinobvumira kemikari simba remafuta egasi (kazhinji hydrogen kana hydrocarbon mafuta) kuti rishandurwe nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro kuburikidza ne electrochemical reaction kuita magetsi nekupisa - pasina kudikanwa kwekupisa gasi uye kushandisa magetsi emagetsi, sezvazvakaita, semuenzaniso, mumainjini kana gasi turbines.

Zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kufambiswa kwete nehydrogen chete, asiwo negasi rechisikigo kana iro rinonzi. reformate (reforming gasi) inowanikwa semugumisiro wehydrocarbon fuel processing.

Mvura inopisa yekuunganidza

Tinoziva kuti mvura inopisa, kureva kupisa, inogona kuunganidzwa uye kuchengetwa mumudziyo unokosha weimba kwenguva yakati. Semuenzaniso, vanogona kazhinji kuonekwa pedyo nevateresi vezuva. Zvisinei, havasi vose vanogona kuziva kuti kune chinhu chakadaro matura makuru ekupisasemuunganidzi mukuru wesimba (8).

8. Yakanakisa kupisa accumulator muNetherlands

Matangi enguva pfupi ekuchengetedza anogara ari mumhepo. Iwo akaiswa insulated uye anonyanya kushandiswa kudiwa manejimendi panguva dzepamusoro maawa. Tembiricha mumatangi akadaro iri pasi pe100°C zvishoma. Zvakakodzera kuwedzera kuti dzimwe nguva kune zvinodiwa zvekudziya system, matangi ekare emafuta anoshandurwa kuita heat accumulators.

Muna 2015, wekutanga weGermany dual zone tray. Iyi tekinoroji ine patented neBilfinger VAM.

Mushonga wacho unobva pakushandiswa kwechigadziko chinoshanduka pakati penzvimbo dzepamusoro uye dzepasi dzemvura. Kuremera kwenzvimbo yepamusoro kunogadzira kudzvanywa panzvimbo yakaderera, kuitira kuti mvura yakachengetwa mairi inogona kuva nekushisa kweinopfuura 100 ° C. Mvura iri munzvimbo yepamusoro inotonhora zvakafanana.

Zvakanakira mhinduro iyi inzvimbo yepamusoro yekupisa uku uchichengetedza vhoriyamu yakafanana kana ichienzaniswa netangi remuchadenga, uye panguva imwechete inodhura inodhura ine chekuita nekuchengetedza zviyero zvichienzaniswa nemidziyo yekumanikidza.

Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, zvisarudzo zvine chekuita ne pasi pevhu kuchengetedza simba. Dziva remvura yepasi rinogona kunge riri rekongiri, simbi kana faibha yakasimbiswa kuvakwa kwepurasitiki. Concrete midziyo inovakwa nekudururira kongiri pane saiti kana kubva kune dzakafanogadzirwa zvinhu.

Iyo yekuwedzera yekupfeka (polymer kana simbi isina tsvina) inowanzoiswa mukati mehopper kuti ive nechokwadi chekupararira kusimba. Iyo inopisa-insulating layer inoiswa kunze kwegaba. Kune zvakare zvimiro zvakagadziriswa chete nematombo kana kucherwa zvakananga muvhu, zvakare muaquifer.

Ecology uye economics vakabatana

Kupisa kweimba kunobva kwete chete kuti tinopisa sei, asi pamusoro pezvose kuti tinodzivirira sei kubva pakurasikirwa kwekupisa uye kutarisira simba mairi. Ichokwadi chekuvakwa kwemazuva ano ndiko kusimbiswa kwekushanda kwesimba, nekuda kwekuti zvinhu zvinoguma zvinosangana nepamusoro-soro zvinodiwa zvose maererano nehupfumi uye kushanda.

Iyi kaviri "eco" - ecology uye hupfumi. Kuwedzera kuiswa zvivako zvinoshandisa simba Izvo zvinoratidzirwa nemuviri wakagadzikana, umo njodzi yezvinonzi mabhiriji anotonhora, i.e. nzvimbo dzekupisa kupisa. Izvi zvakakosha maererano nekuwana zviratidzi zvidiki maererano nechiyero chenzvimbo yezvikamu zvekunze, izvo zvinotariswa pamwe chete nepasi pasi, kusvika kune yakazara inopisa vhoriyamu.

Nzvimbo dzeBuffer, dzakadai semaconservatories, dzinofanirwa kusungirirwa kune yese chimiro. Vanotarisa huwandu hwakakodzera hwekupisa, panguva imwe chete vachipa kune yakatarisana nemadziro echivako, iyo inova kwete chete kuchengetwa kwayo, asiwo radiator yechisikigo.

Munguva yechando, rudzi urwu rwebuffering runodzivirira chivakwa kubva kumhepo inotonhora zvakanyanya. Mukati, musimboti weiyo buffer dhizaini yenzvimbo inoshandiswa - makamuri ari kumaodzanyemba, uye makamuri ekushandisa - kuchamhembe.

Hwaro hwedzimba dzese dzinoshanda nesimba ndiyo yakakodzera yakaderera-tembiricha yekudziya system. Mechanical ventilation nekudzikinura kupisa kunoshandiswa, i.e. nemarecuperators, ayo, achifuridza mhepo "yakashandiswa" kunze, inochengetedza kupisa kwayo kupisa mweya mutsva unoputika muchivako.

Iyo chiyero inosvika masisitimu ezuva anobvumidza iwe kupisa mvura uchishandisa simba rezuva. Vanoisa mari vanoda kutora mukana wakazara wezvakasikwa vanoisawo mapombi ekupisa.

Rimwe remabasa makuru anofanirwa kuita zvinhu zvese kuve nechokwadi yakanyanya kupisa kupisa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvikamu zvinodziya zvekunze chete zvinomiswa, izvo zvinobvumira denga, madziro uye sirin'i padyo nepasi kuve neakakodzera ekutamisa kupisa coefficient U.

Madziro ekunze anofanira kunge ari maviri-layer, kunyangwe matatu-layer system yakanakira mhedzisiro. Kudyara kuri kuitwa zvakare mumahwindo emhando yepamusoro, kazhinji aine mapaneru matatu uye akafara zvakakwana akadzivirirwa profiles. Chero mahwindo makuru ndiwo ane kodzero yekumaodzanyemba kwechivako - kurutivi rwekuchamhembe, glazing inoiswa panzvimbo yakananga uye mudiki hukuru.

Tekinoroji inoenderera mberi dzimba dzinogaraanozivikanwa kwemakumi emakore akawanda. Vagadziri veiyi pfungwa ndiWolfgang Feist naBo Adamson, avo muna 1988 paLund University vakaratidza dhizaini yekutanga yechivakwa chinoda kunenge kusingachadzivirirwe, kunze kwekudzivirirwa kubva kusimba rezuva. MuPoland, yekutanga passive chimiro chakavakwa muna 2006 muSmolec pedyo neWroclaw.

Muzvimiro zvepasi, mwaranzi yezuva, kupisa kudzoreredza kubva kumhepo (kudzoreredza) uye kupisa kupinza kubva mukati mezvitubu zvakaita semidziyo yemagetsi uye vagari vanoshandiswa kuenzanisa kudiwa kwekupisa kwechivako. Chete munguva dzekunyanya kuderera kwekushisa, kuwedzera kupisa kwemhepo kunopiwa kune nzvimbo kunoshandiswa.

Imba inongogara ndeye pfungwa, imwe mhando yedhizaini yekuvaka, pane chaiyo tekinoroji uye kugadzirwa. Iyi tsananguro yakajairika inosanganisira akawanda akasiyana zvigadziriso zvekuvaka zvinosanganisa chishuwo chekudzikisa kudiwa kwesimba - isingasviki 15 kWh/m² pagore - uye kurasikirwa nekupisa.

Kuti uite izvi zvigadziro uye kuchengetedza mari, zvikamu zvose zvekunze muchivako zvinoratidzirwa nehupamhi hunopisa hunopisa hunopisa coefficient U. Kunze kwekunze kwechivako kunofanira kunge kusingabviri kusingadzoreki kubuda kwemhepo. Saizvozvo, kujoinwa kwehwindo kunoratidza zvakanyanya kuderera kwekupisa kurasikirwa pane zvakajairwa mhinduro.

Mahwindo anoshandisa mhinduro dzakasiyana-siyana kuderedza kurasikirwa, sekupenya kaviri neine insulating argon layer pakati pavo kana katatu kupenya. Passive tekinoroji inosanganisirawo kuvaka dzimba dzine matenga machena kana akareruka anoratidza simba rezuva muzhizha pane kuritora.

Green kudziyisa uye kutonhora masisitimu vanotora mamwe matanho mberi. Passive masisitimu anowedzera kugona kwechisikigo kupisa uye kutonhorera pasina zvitofu kana maair conditioner. Zvisinei, pane zvatova pfungwa dzimba dzinoshanda - kugadzirwa kwesimba rakawanda. Ivo vanoshandisa akasiyana-siyana emagetsi ekudziya uye kutonhora masisitimu anofambiswa nesimba rezuva, geothermal simba kana mamwe masosi, ayo anonzi akasvibira simba.

Kutsvaga nzira itsva dzekugadzira kupisa

Masayendisiti achiri kutsvaga mhinduro dzesimba idzva, kushandiswa kwekugadzira izvo zvinogona kutipa zvinoshamisa zvitubu zvesimba, kana zvingangoita nzira dzekudzoreredza nekuchengetedza.

Mwedzi mishoma yapfuura takanyora nezve mutemo wechipiri unoratidzika uchipokana we thermodynamics. kuedza Prof. Andreas Schilling kubva kuYunivhesiti yeZurich. Akasika mudziyo uyo, achishandisa Peltier module, wakatonhodza chidimbu chemhangura mapfumbamwe kubva kune tembiricha iri pamusoro pe100 ° C kusvika kune tembiricha iri pasi petembiricha yekamuri isina simba rekunze.

Sezvo inoshanda kutonhora, inofanirawo kupisa, iyo inogona kuumba mikana yezvitsva, zvinonyanya kushanda zvigadziri zvisingadi, semuenzaniso, kuiswa kwemapombi ekupisa.

Sezvineiwo, mapurofesa Stefan Seeleke naAndreas Schütze vekuYunivhesiti yeSaarland vakashandisa zvivakwa izvi kugadzira yakanyanya kunaka, inochengetedza nharaunda kudziyisa uye kutonhora mudziyo unoenderana nekugadzirwa kwekupisa kana kutonhora kwewaya dzinofambiswa. Iyi sisitimu haidi chero zvinhu zvepakati, inova mukana wayo wezvakatipoteredza.

Doris Soong, mutevedzeri wepurofesa wezvivakwa paYunivhesiti yeSouthern California, anoda kukwidziridza manejimendi esimba rekuvaka kuburikidza. thermobimetallic coatings (9), zvinhu zvakangwara zvinoshanda seganda remunhu - zvine simba uye nekukurumidza kudzivirira mukamuri kubva kuzuva, zvichipa kufefetera kana, kana zvichidikanwa, kuzviparadzanisa.

9. Doris Soong uye bimetals

Achishandisa tekinoroji iyi, Soong akagadzira hurongwa thermoset windows. Sezvo zuva richifamba mudenga, tile imwe neimwe inogadzira iyo system inofamba yakazvimiririra, yakafanana nayo, uye izvi zvese zvinogonesa hutongi hwekupisa mukamuri.

Chivako chinova sechipenyu, icho chinozvimiririra chinopindirana nehuwandu hwesimba rinobva kunze. Iyi haisi iyo chete pfungwa yeimba "inorarama", asi inosiyana pakuti haidi simba rekuwedzera rekufamba zvikamu. Zvinhu zvepanyama zvekuputira chete zvakakwana.

Anoda kusvika makumi maviri emakore apfuura, chivako chekugara chakavakwa muLindas, Sweden, pedyo neGothenburg. pasina kudziyisa masisitimu mupfungwa yechinyakare (10). Pfungwa yekugara mudzimba dzisina zvitofu uye radiator muScandinavia inotonhorera yakakonzera manzwiro akasiyana.

10. Imwe yedzimba dzepasi pasina inodziya system muLindos, Sweden.

Pfungwa yeimba yakaberekerwa umo, nekuda kwezvigadziriso zvemazuva ano zvekugadzira uye zvigadzirwa, pamwe nekugadzirisa kwakakodzera kune mamiriro echisikigo, iyo yechinyakare pfungwa yekupisa semhedzisiro inodiwa yekubatana nekunze kwekuvaka - kupisa, simba - kana kunyange nevanotengesa mafuta rakabviswa. Kana tikatanga kufunga nenzira imwe cheteyo pamusoro pekudziya kwemusha wedu pachedu, saka tinenge tiri mugwara rakanaka.

Saka inodziya, inodziya ... inopisa!

Heat exchanger glossary

Kupisa kwepakati (CO) - mupfungwa yemazuva ano inoreva kuiswa umo kupisa kunopiwa kune zvinopisa zvinhu (radiators) zviri munzvimbo. Mvura, mhepo kana mhepo inoshandiswa kugovera kupisa. Kune CO masisitimu anofukidza imba imwe, imba, zvivakwa zvakati wandei, uye kunyange maguta ese. Mukumisikidzwa kwechivakwa chimwe chete, mvura inotenderedzwa negiravhiti nekuda kwekushanduka kwe density netembiricha, kunyangwe izvi zvichigona kumanikidzwa nepombi. Mukuisa kwakakura, chete masisitimu ekumanikidza ekutenderera anoshandiswa.

Boiler imba - bhizimusi rekushanda, iro basa guru iro kugadzirwa kwepamusoro-tembiricha yepakati (kazhinji kazhinji mvura) yeguta rekudziya network. Magadzirirwo echinyakare (maboiler anoshanda pamafuta efossil) haawanzo kuwanikwa nhasi. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti zvakanyanya kukwirira kunobudirira kunowanikwa pamwe nekubatanidzwa kugadzirwa kwekupisa uye magetsi mumagetsi emagetsi ekupisa. Kune rumwe rutivi, kugadzirwa kwekupisa chete kushandisa simba renewable sources kuri kuwana mukurumbira. Kazhinji kazhinji, geothermal simba rinoshandiswa kune ichi chinangwa, asi yakakura-yakakura solar yekumisikidza inopisa iri kuvakwa umo.

vaunganidzi vanopisa mvura yezvinodiwa zvemumba.

Passive house, simba rekuchengetedza imba - chiyero chekuvaka chinoratidzwa nehupamhi hwekudzivirira maparameter ekunze kwezvikamu zvekunze uye kushandiswa kwehuwandu hwemhinduro dzakanangana nekuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba panguva yekushanda. Simba rinodiwa muzvivakwa zvepasi riri pasi pe15 kWh/(m²·year), nepo mudzimba dzemazuva ose richikwanisa kusvika 120 kWh/(m²·year). Mudzimba dzinopfuura, kudzikiswa kwekupisa kudiwa kwakakura zvekuti havashandise chinyakare chekudziya system, asi kungowedzera kupisa kwemhepo yekufemesa. Inoshandiswawo kuenzanisa kudiwa kwekupisa.

solar mwaranzi, kupisa kupora kubva kufefetera (kupora), pamwe nekupisa kunowanikwa kubva mukati memukati senge midziyo yemagetsi kana kunyange vagari pachavo.

Gzheinik (colloquially - radiator, kubva kuFrench calorifère) - mvura-mhepo kana steam-air heat exchanger, iyo inhengo yepakati yekupisa system. Parizvino, mapanera radiator akagadzirwa nesimbi yakashongedzwa mahwendefa anonyanya kushandiswa. Mune matsva epakati ekudziya masisitimu, maredhiyadhi akafitwa haasati ashandiswa, kunyangwe mune dzimwe mhinduro modularity yedhizaini inobvumira kuwedzerwa kwemamwe mafins, uye nekudaro shanduko iri nyore musimba reradiator. Mvura inopisa kana mhepo inoyerera inoyerera kuburikidza neheater, iyo kazhinji isingauyi zvakananga kubva kuCHP. Mvura inodyisa kuiswa kwese inopisa mumhepo inopisa nemvura kubva kunetiweki yekupisa kana mubhailer, uye inoenda kune vanogamuchira kupisa, sema radiator.

Central heat boiler - mudziyo wekupisa mafuta akasimba (marasha, huni, coke, nezvimwewo), gasi (gasi rechisikigo, LPG), mafuta emafuta (mafuta emafuta) kuitira kupisa inotonhorera (kazhinji mvura) inotenderera muC. Mukutaura kwakajairwa, iyo yepakati yekudziya boiler inodaidzwa zvisizvo sechitofu. Kusiyana nechoto, iyo inopa kupisa kwakagadzirwa kune zvakatipoteredza, iyo bhaira inopa kupisa kwechinhu chinotakura, uye muviri unopisa unoenda kune imwe nzvimbo, semuenzaniso, kune heater, iyo inoshandiswa.

condensing boiler - mudziyo une kamuri yakavharwa inopisa. Maboilers emhando iyi anogamuchira humwe huwandu hwekupisa kubva kune flue magasi, ayo mune echinyakare boilers anobuda kuburikidza nechimuni. Nekuda kweizvi, vanoshanda nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro, hunosvika kusvika 109%, nepo mumhando dzechinyakare inosvika 90% - i.e. vanoshandisa mafuta zviri nani, izvo zvinoshandura kuva mutengo wakaderera wekupisa. Mhedzisiro ye condensing boilers inoonekwa zvakanyanya mukupisa gasi tembiricha. Mumaboilers echinyakare, tembiricha yemagasi eflue inodarika 100 ° C, uye mumaboilers anodziya i45-60 ° C chete.