Pamwoyo wequantum mechanics

Richard Feynman, mumwe wevakuru vefizikisi vezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, akapokana kuti kiyi yekunzwisisa quantum mechanics ndeye "double slit experiment". Ichi chiyedzo chiri nyore, chaitwa nhasi, chiri kuramba chichiburitsa zvinoshamisa zvakawanikwa. Ivo vanoratidza kusapindirana nepfungwa dzakajairika ndeye quantum mechanics, izvo zvakazotungamira kune zvakakosha zvigadzirwa zvemakore makumi mashanu apfuura.

Kekutanga akaita ongororo yakapetwa kaviri. Thomas Mudiki (1) muEngland mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe.

Kuedza kwevadiki

Kuedza kwakashandiswa kuratidza kuti chiedza ndechechimiro uye kwete chechimiro chemuviri, sezvakambotaurwa. Isaac Newton. Vechidiki vachangobva kuratidza kuti chiedza chinoteerera kupindira - chiitiko chinonyanya hunhu (zvisinei nerudzi rwemasaisai uye svikiro raanoparidzira). Nhasi, quantum mechanics inoyananisa ese aya maonero anopokana.

Ngatiyeukei kukosha kwekuyedzwa kwe-double-slit. Semazuva ese, ndinoreva masaisai pamusoro pemvura inopararira yakatenderedza nzvimbo yakakandwa hurungudo. 

A wave inoumbwa neanotevedzana crests uye troughs inopenya kubva panzvimbo yekuvhiringidza, ichichengetedza chinhambwe chinogara chiri pakati pecrests, iyo inonzi wavelength. Chipingamupinyi chinogona kuiswa munzira yesaisai, semuenzaniso, muchimiro chebhodhi rine mitsetse miviri yakamanikana yakachekwa iyo mvura inogona kuyerera zvakasununguka. Kukanda hurungudo mumvura, masaisai anomira pachikamu - asi kwete chaizvo. Mafungu maviri matsva akaomesesa (2) zvino anopararira kune rimwe divi rechikamu kubva kune ese ari maviri slots. Iwo akaiswa pamusoro peumwe neumwe, kana, sezvatinotaura, kupindirana, kugadzira chimiro chechimiro pamusoro. Munzvimbo iyo iyo crest yeimwe wave inosangana necrest yeimwe, kuputika kwemvura kunowedzera, uye apo gomba rinosangana nemupata, kuora mwoyo kunowedzera.

2. Kupindira kwemafungu ari kubuda kubva kune maviri slots.

Mukuedza kwaYoung, mwenje weruvara rumwe unoburitswa kubva kunzvimbo inopfuura nepakati peiyo opaque diaphragm ine mativi maviri uye inorova skrini kuseri kwavo (nhasi tingada kushandisa mwenje welaser uye CCD). Chimiro chekuvhiringidza chechiedza chinopenya chinoonekwa pachiratidziro muchimiro chenhevedzano yekuchinja kwechiedza uye mitsetse yakasviba (3). Mhedzisiro iyi yakasimbisa rutendo rwekuti chiedza chaive masaisai, zvakawanikwa mukutanga kwemaXNUMX zvisati zvaratidza kuti chiedza aivewo masaisai. photon flux zvimedu zvechiedza zvisina kuzorora. Gare gare zvakazoitika kuti zvisinganzwisisike wave-particle dualitychakatanga kuwanikwa kuchiedza chinoshandawo kune zvimwe zvimedu zvine uremu. Nenguva isipi yakave hwaro hweiyo nyowani quantum mechanical tsananguro yenyika.

3. Chiono chekuedza kweVadiki

Zvimedu zvinopindirawo

Muna 1961, Klaus Jonsson kubva kuYunivhesiti yeTübingen akaratidza kupindira kwezvikamu zvakakura - maerekitironi achishandisa electron microscope. Makore gumi gare gare, vatatu vefizikisi vekuItaly kubva kuYunivhesiti yeBologna vakaita ongororo yakafanana ne single-electron kupindira (kushandisa inonzi biprism pachinzvimbo chekutsemura kaviri). Vakaderedza kusimba kwedanda reerekitironi kusvika pakukosha kwakaderera zvokuti maerekitironi akapfuura nomubiprism rimwe pashure perimwe, rimwe pashure perimwe. Maerekitironi aya akanyoreswa pachidzitiro chefluorescent.

Pakutanga, nzira dzemaerekitironi dzakagoverwa zvisina tsarukano pamusoro pechidzitiro, asi nekufamba kwenguva dzakagadzira mufananidzo wakasiyana wekukanganisa wemipendero yekukanganisa. Zvinoita sezvisingagoneki kuti maerekitironi maviri achipfuura nemumitsetse achitevedzana panguva dzakasiyana anogona kukanganisa mumwe nemumwe. Naizvozvo, tinofanira kubvuma izvozvo erekitironi imwe inopindira pachayo! Asi ipapo erekitironi yaizofanira kupfuura nepakati pemitsetse yese panguva imwe chete.

Zvingave zvinoedza kutarisa buri iro electron rakapfuura naro. Gare gare tichaona nzira yekuita kucherechedza kwakadaro pasina kukanganisa kufamba kwe electron. Zvinoitika kuti kana tikawana ruzivo nezve izvo erekitironi yakagamuchira, ipapo kupindira ... kuchanyangarika! Mashoko e "sei" anoparadza kupindira. Izvi zvinoreva here kuti kuvapo kwemucherechedzi anoziva kunokanganisa mafambiro emuviri?

Ndisati ndataura nezve zvakatonyanya kushamisa mhedzisiro yekaviri-slit kuyedza, ini ndichaita diki digression nezve saizi yezvinhu zvinokanganisa. Quantum kukanganiswa kwezvinhu zvakakura zvakatanga kuwanikwa kune maerekitironi, tevere zvimedu zvine huremu hunowedzera: manyuturoni, mapurotoni, maatomu, uye pakupedzisira kwemamorekuru emakemikari.

Muna 2011, rekodhi yehukuru hwechinhu yakaputsika, iyo iyo chiitiko chekupindira kwehuwandu hwakaratidzwa. Kuedza kwakaitwa paYunivhesiti yeVienna nemudzidzi wechiremba wenguva iyoyo. Sandra Eibenberger neshamwari dzake. Mushonga wakaoma kunzwisisa une mapurotoni mashanu, manyuturoni zviuru zvishanu uye maerekitironi zviuru zvishanu zvakasarudzwa kuti zviedze nemabreak maviri! Mukuedza kwakaoma kwazvo, kukanganiswa kwequantum kweiyi molecule hombe kwakaonekwa.

Izvi zvakasimbisa kutenda kuti Mitemo ye quantum mechanics inoteerera kwete chete zvidimbu zvekutanga, asiwo zvinhu zvese zvenyama. Chete kuti iyo yakanyanya kuoma chinhu, iyo inonyanya kupindirana nemhoteredzo, iyo inopesana nehuchenjeri hwayo hwehuwandu uye inoparadza kukanganisa kukanganisa..

Quantum entanglement uye polarization yechiedza

Mhedzisiro inokatyamadza yekuyedza kaviri-slit yakabva pakushandisa nzira yakakosha yekutevera photon, iyo isina kukanganisa kufamba kwayo chero nzira. Iyi nzira inoshandisa imwe yeanoshamisa quantum phenomena, iyo inonzi quantum entanglement. Ichi chiitiko chakacherechedzwa kumashure kuma30s nemumwe wevasiki vakuru ve quantum mechanics, Erwin Schrödinger.

Einstein asina chokwadi (onawo 🙂 akavadaidza kuti ghostly chiito chiri kure. Zvisinei, hafu yezana remakore gare gare kukosha kwechiitiko ichi kwakazadzikiswa, uye nhasi yava nyaya inonyanya kufarirwa kune vefizikisi.

Chii chinoita izvi? Kana zvimedu zviviri zviri pedyo kune imwe nguva zvichidyidzana zvakasimba kune mumwe nemumwe zvekuti zvinogadzira rudzi rwe "hukama hwemapatya", saka hukama hunoenderera kunyange kana zvikamu zvakaparadzana mazana emakiromita. Ipapo zvimedu zvinoita senge system imwe chete. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana tikaita chiito pane chimwe chidimbu, chinokanganisa chimwe chikamu. Zvisinei, nenzira iyi hatigoni kufambisa mashoko pasina nguva tichiri kure.

A photon is a massless particle - chikamu chekutanga chechiedza, iyo inonzi electromagnetic wave. Mushure mokupfuura mundiro yekristaro inoenderana (inonzi polarizer), chiedza chinova mutsara polarized, i.e. iyo vector yendima yemagetsi ye electromagnetic wave oscillates mune imwe ndege. Nekupfuura, nekupfuura mwenje wakasarudzika kuburikidza nendiro yehumwe ukobvu kubva kune imwe kristaro (iyo inodaidzwa kuti quarter-wave plate), inogona kushandurwa kuita denderedzwa polarized mwenje, umo electric field vector inofamba muhelical ( clockwise kana counterclockwise) kufamba uchitevedza nzira yekuparadzira masaisai. Saizvozvo, munhu anogona kutaura nezve linearly kana denderedzwa polarized mafoto.

Kuedza nemafotoni akabatikana

4a. Iyo isiri-mutsara BBO crystal inoshandura fotoni inoburitswa neargon laser kuita maviri akapinzwa mafotoni ane hafu yesimba uye anoenderana perpendicular polarization. Aya mafotoni anopararira nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana uye anorekodhwa nevanoongorora D1 uye D2, akabatanidzwa nekamwe kadhi LK. A diaphragm ine slits mbiri inoiswa munzira yeimwe yemafotoni. Kana madhigirii ese ari maviri achinyoresa kusvika panguva imwe chete yekusvika kwemafotoni ese ari maviri, chiratidzo chinochengetwa muchiyeuchidzo chechishandiso, uye detector D2 nhanho dzakafanana kune slits. Nhamba yephotons zvichienderana nechinzvimbo che detector D2, saka yakanyorwa, inoratidzwa mubhokisi, kuratidza maxima uye minima, zvichiratidza kupindira.

Muna 2001, boka revafizikisi vekuBrazil muBelo Horizonte vakaita vachitungamirwa ne Stephen Walborn kuedza kusina kujairika. Vanyori varo vakashandisa zvivakwa zvekristaro yakakosha (yakapfupikiswa seBBO), iyo inoshandura chimwe chikamu chemafotoni akabudiswa neargon laser kuita mafotoni maviri ane hafu yesimba. Aya mafotoni maviri akabatanidzwa pamwe chete; kana mumwe wavo aine, semuenzaniso, horizontal polarization, imwe ine vertical polarization. Aya mafotoni anofamba munzira mbiri dzakasiyana uye anotamba mabasa akasiyana mukuyedza kwakatsanangurwa.

Imwe yemafotoni atiri kuzopa zita kuzvidzora, inoenda zvakananga kune photon detector D1 (4a). Iyo detector inonyoresa kusvika kwayo nekutumira chiratidzo chemagetsi kumudziyo unonzi hit counter. LK Kuedzwa kwekupindira kuchaitwa pane yechipiri photon; tichamudana chiratidzo photon. Kune kaviri kutsemuka munzira yayo, inoteverwa neyechipiri photon detector, D2, zvishoma zvishoma kubva kune photon sosi pane detector D1. Iyi detector inogona kusvetukira inoenderana nembiri slot nguva yega yega yainotambira chiratidzo chakakodzera kubva kune hit counter. Kana detector D1 inyoresa photon, inotumira chiratidzo kune coincidence counter. Kana mune imwe nguva detector D2 inonyorawo photon uye inotumira chiratidzo kumamita, zvino ichaziva kuti inobva kumapikicha akabatwa, uye chokwadi ichi chichachengetwa muchiyeuchidzo chechigadzirwa. Iyi nzira haisanganisi kunyoreswa kwemafotoni asina kujairika achipinda mu detector.

Mapikicha akasungwa anoenderera kwe400 seconds. Mushure menguva ino, detector D2 inodzingwa ne 1 mm maererano nechinzvimbo che slits, uye kuverenga kwemafotoni akavharidzirwa kunotora mamwe 400 seconds. Zvadaro detector inotamiswa zvakare ne 1 mm uye nzira yacho inodzokororwa kakawanda. Zvinoitika kuti kugoverwa kwenhamba yemafotoni akarekodhwa nenzira iyi zvichienderana nenzvimbo ye detector D2 ine hunhu maxima uye minima inoenderana nechiedza nerima uye kupindira mipendero mukuyedza kweYoung (4a).

Tinozviona zvakare mafotoni ega ega achipfuura nepakati pemutserendende anopindirana.

Sei?

Nhanho inotevera mukuedza yaive yekuona gomba iro imwe photon yakapfuura pasina kukanganisa kufamba kwayo. Properties inoshandiswa pano quarter wave ndiro. Indiro yekota-wave yakaiswa pamberi pechitsemu chega chega, chimwe chakashandura mutsara wepolarization yechiitiko photon kuita denderedzwa newachi, uye imwe kuruboshwe-kuruboshwe denderedzwa polarization (4b). Yakave yakasimbiswa kuti rudzi rwe photon polarization haruna kukanganisa nhamba yemifananidzo yakaverengwa. Iye zvino, nekugadzirisa kutenderera kwepolarization ye photon mushure mokunge yapfuura nepakati, zvinokwanisika kuratidza kuti ndeupi wavo iyo photon yapfuura. Kuziva "kupi nzira" kunoparadza kupindira.

4b. Nekuisa kota-wave mahwendefa (shaded rectangles) pamberi pe slits, "ndeipi nzira" ruzivo runogona kuwanikwa uye mufananidzo wekupindira uchanyangarika.

4c. Kuisa polarizer yakananga P pamberi pe detector D1 inodzima iyo "nzira ipi" ruzivo uye kudzoreredza kukanganisa.

Chaizvoizvo, mushure mekuiswa kwakarurama kwekota-wave plates pamberi pe slits, iyo yakambocherechedzwa kugoverwa kwekuverenga, inoratidza kupindira, inonyangarika. Chinhu chinoshamisa ndechekuti izvi zvinoitika pasina kubatanidzwa kweanocherechedza anoziva anogona kuita zviyero zvakakodzera! Kungoiswa kwekota-wave mahwendefa kunoburitsa kukanganisa kudzima mhedzisiro.. Saka photon inoziva sei kuti mushure mekuisa mahwendefa, tinogona kuona mukaha wapfuura?

Zvisinei, uku hakusi kuguma kwezvinoshamisa. Iye zvino isu tinokwanisa kudzoreredza chiratidzo chephoton kukanganiswa pasina kuikanganisa zvakananga. Kuti uite izvi, munzira yekudzora photon inosvika detector D1, isa polarizer nenzira yekuti inotumira chiedza ne polarization iyo inosanganiswa yepolarizations yezvose zvakasungwa photons (4c). Izvi zvinoshandura pakarepo polarity yechiratidzo photon maererano. Iye zvino hazvichagoneki kuziva nechokwadi kuti chii chinonzi polarization yechiitiko chephoton pane slits, uye kuburikidza nekutsemura kwefotoni kwakapfuura. Muchiitiko ichi, kupindira kunodzorerwa!

Dzima ruzivo rwekusarudza rwakanonoka

Miedzo yakatsanangurwa pamusoro apa yakaitwa nenzira yekuti iyo control photon yakanyoreswa ne detector D1 pamberi pechiratidzo che photon chasvika pa detector D2. Kudzimwa kweiyo "nzira ipi" ruzivo kwakaitwa nekushandura polarization yekudzora photon isati yasvika chiratidzo chephoton chasvika detector D2. Ipapo munhu anogona kufungidzira kuti iyo inodzora photon yakatotaurira "mapatya" ayo zvaunofanira kuita zvinotevera: kupindira kana kwete.

Iye zvino isu tinogadzirisa kuyedza nenzira yekuti iyo control photon inorova detector D1 mushure mekunge chiratidzo chephoton chanyoreswa pa detector D2. Kuti uite izvi, fambisa detector D1 kure nephoton source. Kupindira kwemaitiro kunotarisa zvakafanana nekare. Zvino ngatiisei mahwendefa ekota-wave pamberi pezvimedu kuti tione nzira iyo photon yakatora. Nzira yekupindira inonyangarika. Tevere, ngatidzimei ruzivo rwe "nzira ipi" nekuisa polarizer yakatarisana neyakafanira pamberi pe detector D1. Iyo yekukanganisa maitiro inooneka zvakare! Zvakadaro kudzimwa kwakaitwa mushure mekunge chiratidzo chefoton chanyoreswa ne detector D2. Izvi zvinobvira sei? Iyo photon yaifanira kuziva nezve polarity shanduko isati yasvika chero ruzivo pamusoro payo.

5. Kuedza nelaser beam.

Kutevedzana kwechisikigo kwezviitiko kwakadzoswa pano; mhedzisiro inotangira chikonzero! Ichi chigumisiro chinokanganisa nheyo ye causality muchokwadi chakatipoteredza. Kana kuti pamwe nguva haina basa kana zvasvika kune akapinzwa zvidimbu? Quantum entanglement inotyora musimboti wenzvimbo mufizikisi yechinyakare, zvichienderana nekuti chinhu chinogona kungokanganiswa nenharaunda yacho yepedyo.

Kubva pakuyedzwa kweBrazil, zviedzo zvakawanda zvakafanana zvakaitwa, izvo zvinosimbisa zvizere mhedzisiro yakapihwa pano. Pakupedzisira, muverengi anoda kutsanangura zvakajeka chakavanzika chezviitiko izvi zvisingatarisirwi. Sezvineiwo, izvi hazvigone kuitwa. Iyo logic ye quantum mechanics yakasiyana neiyo pfungwa yenyika yatinoona mazuva ese. Isu tinofanirwa kugamuchira izvi nekuzvininipisa uye kufara muchokwadi chekuti mitemo ye quantum mechanics inotsanangura nemazvo zviitiko zviri kuitika mumicrocosm, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mune inogara yakawedzera hunyanzvi michina.