Yedza kutyaira mukutsvaga chiroto: kubva kuWankel kuenda kuHCCI injini

Iyo injini ye rotary yakabatsira sei maJapan brand Mazda kuva zvazviri nhasi

Makore makumi matanhatu mushure mekusikwa kwekutanga kushanda prototype yeWankel injini, makore makumi mashanu mushure mekutangwa neMazda uye chiziviso chepamutemo chekambani kuti yakagadzira injini inoshanda yeHCCI, iyi inguva yekudzokera kunhoroondo yeiyi yakasarudzika. kupisa injini.

Mazda haisisiri kuvanza chokwadi chekuti kuvandudzwa kweinjini inoshanda munzvimbo yakakura inoshanda muHCCI modes - kana homogeneous kusanganisa uye kudzvanya kupisa, yakabudirira, uye inotarisira kutanga kugadzirwa kweinjini yakadaro kubva muna 2019. Hazvishamisi kuti Mazda inogona kugara ichishamisa nharaunda yemotokari. Kunyangwe kutarisisa kwechimbichimbi kune enhoroondo annals yemhando yakakwana kuti uwane masosi eichi chirevo. Kusvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura, kambani yeJapan ndiyo chete uye inoshingaira mutakuri weWankel pfungwa uye mugadziri wekutanga wemotokari dzine injini dzinoshanda paMiller kutenderera (Mazda Xedos 9 kubva muna 1993 kusvika muna 2003, uyezve Demio, inozivikanwa muEurope seMazda 2).

Chakakodzera kutaurwa pano iComprex wave-compression dhiziri injini, cascaded, twin-jet uye kumanikidzwa kuchinjika geometry yeinjini yepeturu (yakasiyana mavhezheni eMazda RX-7), inoshanda kumashure ekisisi yekutungamirira 626 kubva mukupera kwema80s. makore, iyo yakasarudzika i-Stop kutanga-stop system, umo kutanga kunotsigirwa neyakagadzika nzira, uye iyo simba rekudzorera system uchishandisa i-Eloop capacitors. Chekupedzisira, cherechedza chokwadi chekuti ndiyo yega mugadziri wechiJapan akahwina Maawa makumi maviri nemana eLe Mans - nemota yeWankel-powered, hongu! Panyaya yemasitaera, mamodheru akadai seLuce, iyo iconic Wankel Cosmo Sport, iyo RX-24 uye RX-7, iyo MX-8 Roadster uye Mazda 5 vanotaura zvakawanda pamusoro pekusiyana kwechiratidzo munzvimbo ino. Asi handizvo zvese - mumakore achangopfuura, injini dzeSkyactiv dzakaratidza kwete chete kuti injini yekupisa ichine nzira refu yekuenda, asi kuti Mazda inogona kuiratidza nzira yayo.

Tichataura zvimwe zvakawanda nezvezvinoitika zveinjiniya vekambani mushure mekushanya kwedu kuri kuuya pakukoka Mazda kuJapan kupera kwaGumiguru. Zvisinei, zvikonzero zvechinyorwa chino handizvo chete zvinogona kuwanikwa mumusoro wenyaya uri pamusoro. Nekuti kuti tinzwisise zvikonzero nei vagadziri veMazda vakwanisa kugadzira yavo HCCI injini, isu tingafanira kudzokera kunhoroondo yekambani.

Injini ye Rotary sehwaro hweSkyactiv-X

Bvunza ultramarathoner apedza 160-kilomita nzira kana paine matambudziko kupedza chiyero 42-kilomita marathon. Zvakanaka, anogona kusamhanya navo kwemaawa maviri, asi anogona kuramba achienda kweanenge mamwe maawa makumi mana nemaviri pamwero wakanaka. Nemafungiro aya, kana kambani yako iri muHiroshima, kana kwemakumi emakore uchinetseka nematambudziko makuru ekutenderera piston uye kugadzirisa mazana ematambudziko nekuzora kana kubuda, wave mhedzisiro uye turbocharging, kana kunyanya majeko ekupisa kamuri ine chinoshanduka block. vhoriyamu yakavakirwa paWankel, unogona kuve nehwaro hwakasimba hwekuvaka injini yeHCCI. Kutanga kwepamutemo kwepurojekiti yeSkyactiv yakapiwa makore gumi apfuura, muna 42 (gore rimwe chete iro Mercedes akaunza yakanyanyisa HCCI Diesotto injini prototype), uye panguva iyoyo Wankel-powered Mazda RX-2007 yakanga ichiri kugadzirwa. Sezvaunoziva, mainjiniya ekambani yeJapan ari kuyedza neHCCI nzira dzekushandisa chaizvo pakugadzira prototypes yeSkyactiv-R inotenderera injini. Pamwe, chirongwa cheHCCI, chinodaidzwa kuti Mazda SPCCI (Spark Plug Conrolled Compression Ignition) kana Skyactiv-X, yaisanganisira mainjiniya kubva kudhipatimendi rekutenderera nedhipatimendi repeturu nedhiziri, nekuti kunyangwe mukuvandudza nzira yekupisa muSkyactiv-D isu. inogona kuziva manyorerwo evanhu vanobatanidzwa mukuvandudza kweHCCI maitiro. Mwari anoziva apo kushanduka kwemainjini eSkyactiav kwakashanduka kuita injini yekuvhiringidza uye yekuzvipisa - mainjiniya eMazda ave achizivikanwa kwenguva refu kuti ane chekuita nemusoro uyu - asi pamwe zvakaitika injini yeWankel ichiri mhenyu.

Makumi emakore ekugadzira mota dzinotenderera, mazhinji acho ari ega, anogona kusaunza Mazda kudzoka kwakakomba kwemari, asi zvichaunzawo kuzivikanwa kwemweya usingazununguki, kutsvaga mhinduro kumarudzi ese ematambudziko, kutsungirira kunoshamisa uye, semugumisiro, kuunganidza. chiitiko chikuru uye chakakosha zvikuru. Nekudaro, sekureva kwaKiyoshi Fujiwara, uyo ane basa rekuronga zvigadzirwa kuMazda, mumwe nemumwe wevagadziri vanobatanidzwa muchirongwa cheSkyactiv anotakura mweya weinjini yeWankel, asi inoshanduka kuita mukana wekuvandudza pane yakajairika injini. Kana mune isiri-yechinyakare HCCI. “Asi shungu dzakafanana. Ndiye anoita kuti Skyactiv ave chokwadi. Iyi dhizaini chaiyo yave mufaro mukuru muhupenyu hwangu. Ichokwadi kuti kambani yese inogadzira mota dzekutengesa nekuita mari,” anotsanangura kudaro Seita Kanai, Head of Development kuMazda, “asi vimba neni, kwatiri kuMazda, kuti mota dzatinovaka dzakangokoshawo. dzinobva mumwoyo yedu, uye nguva imwe neimwe kuvaka kwavo kunova chiitiko cherudo kwatiri. Chinhu chikuru chinotyaira chiri shure kweichi chiitiko chido chedu. Kuve akanakisa rudo rwangu rweinjiniya. "

Chiroto chejaya

Zvichida muma60s, mainjiniya emota ichangobva kuburitswa yeMazda akawana "novhero yeinjiniya yavo" muinjini yeWankel. Nokuti injini inotenderera yakaberekwa kubva pakurota kwemukomana weGermany ane makore 17 muna 1919 uye zita rake ndiFelix Wankel. Kare ikako, akaberekwa muna 1902 munharaunda yeLahr yeGermany (kwakaberekerwa Otto, Daimler naBenz), akaudza shamwari dzake kuti motokari yake yaairota yakanga ine injini yaiva hafu yeturbine, half piston. Panguva iyoyo, akanga asati ave neruzivo rwekutanga rwekudzorera injini dzinopisa mukati, asi intuitively akatenda kuti injini yake yaigona kuita maitiro mana ebasa - kutora, kudzvinyirira, chiito uye kupera apo piston inotenderera. Ndiyo intuition iyi ichamutungamirira kwenguva yakareba kuti agadzire injini yekushanda inotenderera, iyo vamwe vagadziri vasina kubudirira kuedza kakawanda kubva muzana remakore rechi16.

Baba vaWankel vakafa munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, mushure mokunge mujaya uyu akatengesa mabhuku akadhindwa uye akaverenga mabhuku akawanda eunyanzvi. Muna 1924, pazera remakore makumi maviri nemaviri, akavamba rabhoritari duku yekugadzirwa kwejini inotenderera, uye muna 22 akaita mifananidzo yekutanga ye "Die Drehkolbenmaschine" (rotary piston machine). Muna 1927, Ministry of Aviation yakachenjera yakawana tsanga ine musoro muinjini inotenderera ndokutendeukira kuna Hitler, uyo pachake akarayira kusunungurwa kwaWankel, uyo akanga ari mujeri nemirairo yeGauleiter yeko, uye kugadzirira laboratory yekuedza paLake. Constance. Ikoko akagadzira prototypes yeBMW, Lillethal, DVL, Junkers uye Daimler-Benz. Nekudaro, yekutanga yekuyedza Wankel injini yakauya yakanonoka kubatsira kupona kweTatu Reich. Mushure mekuzvipira kweGermany, vaFrance vakasunga Wankel - zvimwe chete zvavakanga vatoita naFerdinand Porsche. Kwapera gore, Felix akasunungurwa uye, nokuda kwokushayiwa basa rinobudirira zvikuru, akatanga kunyora bhuku pamusoro peinjini dzepiston dzinotenderera. Akazovamba Technical Institute for Engineering Research uye akaenderera mberi nekugadzira injini dzinotenderera uye compressor dzekushandisa mumaindasitiri. Muna 1939, mugadziri ane chido akakwanisa kugonesa mukuru wedhipatimendi reNSU sports motorcycle, Walter Frede, kuti vabatane. Wankel neNSU vakatarisa kuedza kwavo painjini inotenderera ine kamuri yakaita seapuro (trochoid) nepiston ine arched-walled triangular. Muna 1951, yekutanga kushanda prototype yeinjini yakavakwa pasi pezita rokuti DKN. Iri ndiro zuva rekuzvarwa kwenjini yeWankel.

60s: iro ramangwana rakavimbika reinjini inotenderera

DKM inoratidza kuti injini inotenderera haisi kurota chete. Iyo chaiyo inoshanda Wankel injini mune yakagadziriswa muviri fomu yatinoziva ndiyo inotevera KKM. NSU naWankel vakabatana vakaisa mazano ekutanga ane chekuita nekuisa chisimbiso chepiston, spark plug chinzvimbo, kuzadza gomba, kupera simba, mafuta, maitiro ekupisa, zviwanikwa uye mapundu ekugadzira. Nekudaro, matambudziko mazhinji anoramba aripo ...

Izvi hazvitadzise NSU kuzivisa zviri pamutemo kusikwa kweinjini yeramangwana muna 1959. Makambani anodarika zana anopa kushandirapamwe kwehunyanzvi, anosanganisira Mercedes, Rolls-Royce, GM, Alfa Romeo, Porsche, Citroen, MAN uye nhamba yevanovaka michina vanotenga marezinesi. Pakati pavo pane Mazda, ane mutungamiri Tsunei Matsuda anoona kukwanisa kukuru muinjini. Pamusoro pekutaurirana pamwe chete nevainjiniya veNSU, Mazda iri kumisikidza yayo Wankel Injini Yekuvandudza Dhipatimendi, iyo inotanga inosanganisira 100 mainjiniya.

New York Herald Tribune inozivisa injini yeWankel sechimurenga chekugadzira. Panguva iyoyo, zvikamu zveNSU zvakaputika chaizvo - kana muna 1957 vakatengesa 124 German marks, zvino muna 1960 vakasvika cosmic 3000! Muna 1960, motokari yekutanga yeWankel-powered, NSU Prinz III, yakaunzwa. Yakateverwa munaGunyana 1963 neNSU Wankel Spider ine imwe kamuri 500 cc injini, iyo yakahwina mukwikwidzi weGerman makore maviri gare gare. Zvisinei, manzwiro pa3 Frankfurt Motor Show yaiva NSU Ro 1968 itsva. Iyo inoyevedza sedan, yakagadzirwa naKlaus Lüthe, iri avant-garde munzira dzose, uye maitiro ayo aerodynamic (kuyerera kwe 80 pachayo kunoita kuti motokari ive yakasiyana. nokuda kwenguva yaro) zvakaitwa nediki-sized twin-rotor injini KKM 0,35. Kutumira kune hydraulic clutch, mabhureki mana e-disc, uye chikamu chepamberi chiri pedyo nekutumira. Iyo Ro 612 yainakidza kwenguva yayo zvekuti yakahwina Mota yeGore muna 80. Gore rakatevera, Felix Wankel akagamuchira PhD yake kubva kuTechnical University yeMunich uye akagamuchira menduru yegoridhe yeGerman Federation of Engineers, mubairo mukurusa webudiriro yesainzi nehunyanzvi muGermany.

(kutevera)

Chinyorwa: Georgy Kolev