Kutsvaga vatorwa paMars. Dai kwaive nehupenyu, pamwe hwakapona?

Mars ine zvese zvinodiwa kuti hupenyu huvepo. Ongororo yemameteorite kubva kuMars inoratidza kuti pane zvinhu pasi penyika zvinogona kutsigira hupenyu, zvirinani muchimiro chema microorganisms. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, hutachiona hwepanyika hunogarawo mumamiriro akafanana.

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, vaongorori veBrown University vakadzidza makemikari anoumbwa neMartian meteorites - zvidimbu zvedombo zvakakandwa kubva kuMars uye zvakaguma paNyika. Ongororo yakaratidza kuti matombo aya anogona kusangana nemvura. kugadzira simba remakemikariiyo inobvumira tupukanana kurarama, sekudzika kukuru kwePasi.

Akadzidza meteorites vanogona, maererano nemasayendisiti, kuumba muenzaniso wemumiririri wechikamu chikuru chikamu cheMarsizvi zvinoreva kuti chikamu chakakosha chemukati mepasi chakakodzera kutsigirwa kwehupenyu. "Zvakakosha zvakawanikwa paongororo yesainzi yezvikamu zviri pasi pepamusoro ndezvekuti pese pane mvura yepasi paMarspane mukana wakanaka wekuwana zvakakwana makemikari simbakuchengetedza hupenyu hwehutachiona," akadaro Jesse Tarnas, mukuru weboka rekutsvagisa, mukuburitswa kwenhau.

Mumakumi mashoma emakore apfuura, zvakaonekwa paPasi kuti zvipenyu zvakawanda zvinogara pakadzika pasi pepamusoro uye, zvichirambidzwa kuwana chiedza, zvinotora simba razvo kubva kune zvigadzirwa zvemakemikari maitiro anoitika apo mvura inosangana nematombo. Imwe yemaitiro aya ndeye radiolysis. Izvi zvinoitika kana zvinhu zvine mwaranzi mudombo zvichiita kuti mamorekuru emvura apatsanuke kuita haidrojeni neokisijeni. Iyo yakaburitswa haidrojeni inonyungudika mumvura iripo munzvimbo uye mamwe mamineral akadai Pyrite kutora oxygen kuti iumbe Sulfure.

vanogona kutora hydrogen yakanyungudutswa mumvura uye kuishandisa sehuni kuburikidza nekuita neokisijeni kubva kune sulfates. Somuenzaniso, muCanada Kidd Creek Mine (1) Tupukanana utwu twakawanika pakadzika makiromita maviri mumvura umo zuva rinenge risati rapinda mumakore anopfuura bhiriyoni.

1. Boston Dynamics robhoti inoongorora mugodhi

Kidd Creek

W Martian meteorite vatsvakurudzi vakawana zvinhu zvinodiwa paradiolysis muhuwandu hunokwana kuchengetedza hupenyu. saka nzvimbo dzekare dzakaparadzwa dzakaramba dzakanyanya kusvika parizvino.

Zvidzidzo zvepakutanga zvakaratidzwa zvisaririra zveanoshanda pasi pemvura masisitimu panyika. Pane zvakare mukana wakakura wekuti masisitimu akadaro achiripo nhasi. Imwe ongororo yazvino yakaratidza, semuenzaniso, mukana wedziva repasi pevhu pasi pechando. Kusvika ikozvino, kuongorora kwepasi kuchava kwakaoma kudarika kuongorora, asi, maererano nevanyori vezvinyorwa, iri harisi basa ratisingagoni kurarama naro.

Kemikari zviratidzo

Mune 1976 gore NASA Viking 1 (2) akamhara pabani reChryse Planitia. Yakave yekutanga mhanza kubudirira kumhara paMars. "Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvakauya patakawana mifananidzo yeViking inoratidza kuvezwa paPasi, kazhinji nekuda kwekunaya," akadaro. Alexander Hayes, mutungamiriri weCornell Center yeAstrophysics uye Planetary Science, mubvunzurudzo neInverse. “Ane nguva yakareba aripo paMars mvura yemvurauyo akaveza pamusoro uye akazadza matsime, akaita madziva".

Vikings 1 uye 2 vaive ne "marabhoritari" madiki ezvenyeredzi muchikepe kuti vaite ongororo yavo yekuongorora. nhoroondo dzehupenyu paMars. Kuedza kweTagged Ejection kwaisanganisira kusanganisa masampuli madiki evhu reMartian nemadonhwe emvura ane mushonga wekudya uye zvimwe. Yakagadzira kabhoni dzidza zvinhu zvine gasi zvinogona kuumba zvipenyu paMars.

Kudzidza kwemuenzaniso wevhu kwakaratidza zviratidzo zvemetabolismasi masayendisiti haana kubvumirana kana ichi chigumisiro chakanga chiri chiratidzo chechokwadi chokuti pane upenyu paMars, nokuti gasi raigona kuve rakagadzirwa nechimwe chinhu chisiri upenyu. Semuenzaniso, inogona zvakare kumisa ivhu nekugadzira gasi. Imwe ongororo yakaitwa neViking mission yakatsvaga zvisaririra zveorganic zvinhu uye hapana chayakawana. Makore makumi mana gare gare, masayendisiti anobata izvi kuedza kwekutanga nekukahadzika.

Muna December 1984 V. Allan Hills Chikamu cheMars chakawanikwa muAntarctica. , rairema anenge makirogiramu mana uye sezvingabvira rakanga richibva kuMars kurovera kwekare kusati kwaisimudza kubva pamusoro. pasi dzvuku panyika.

Muna 1996, boka revasayendisiti vakatarisa mukati memeteorite fragment uye vakawana zvinoshamisa. Mukati meteorite, vakawana zvimiro zvakafanana neizvo zvinogona kuumbwa nema microbe (3) inowanikwa zvakanaka kuvapo kwezvinhu zvakasikwa. Zvichemo zvekutanga zvehupenyu paMars hazvina kugamuchirwa zvakanyanya sezvo vesainzi vakawana dzimwe nzira dzekududzira zvimiro zviri mukati me meteorite, vachikakavara kuti kuvepo kwezvinhu zvakasikwa kungave kwakakonzera kusvibiswa kubva mumidziyo kubva kuNyika.

3. Micrograph yeMartian meteorite

Chipiri 2008 mweya weusimbe akagumburwa pane chimiro chinoshamisa chakabuda kubva panzvimbo yeMartian muGusev crater. Chimiro chacho chinonzi "cauliflower" nekuda kwechimiro chayo (4). Vakadaro Panyika silika kuumbwa yakabatana neiyo microbial chiitiko. Vamwe vanhu vakakurumidza kufunga kuti vakaumbwa neMartian bacteria. Nekudaro, ivo vanogona zvakare kuumbwa neasiri-biological maitiro akadai kukukurwa kwemhepo.

Anenge makore gumi gare gare, ari muridzi weNASA Lasik Curiosity akawana zvisaririra zvesarufa, nitrogen, okisijeni, phosphorus uye kabhoni (zvakakosha zvinongedzo) panguva yekuchera mudombo reMartian. Rover yakawanawo masulfate nemasulfides angadai akashandiswa sechikafu chetwupukanana paMars mabhiriyoni emakore apfuura.

Masayendisiti anotenda kuti marudzi ekare ehutachiona anogona kunge akawana simba rakakwana anodya martian rocks. Iwo mamineral airatidzawo kemikari yemvura pachayo isati yabuda kubva kuMars. Maererano naHayes, zvakachengeteka kuti vanhu vanwe.

4Martian 'cauliflower' yakatorwa mifananidzo

Spirit rover

Muna 2018, Curiosity yakawanawo humwe humbowo kuvapo kwemethane mumhepo yeMartian. Izvi zvakasimbisa kucherechedzwa kwekutanga kwehuwandu hwemethane nezvose zviri zviviri orbiters uye rovers. PaPasi, methane inonzi biosignature uye chiratidzo chehupenyu. Gaseous methane haigare kwenguva refu mushure mekugadzirwa.kuputsika kuita mamwe mamorekuru. Mhedzisiro yetsvagiridzo inoratidza kuti huwandu hwemethane paMars hunowedzera uye hunodzikira zvichienderana nemwaka. Izvi zvakaita kuti masayendisiti atotenda zvakanyanya kuti methane inogadzirwa nezvinhu zvipenyu paMars. Vamwe, zvisinei, vanotenda kuti methane inogona kugadzirwa paMars vachishandisa isati yazivikanwa chemistry.

Muna Chivabvu wegore rino, NASA yakazivisa, zvichibva pakuongororwa kweSample Analysis kuMars (SAM) data, inotakurika chemistry lab mukati Curiositykuti organic munyu angangove aripo paMars, izvo zvinogona kupa mamwe mazano kune izvi Red Planet kwakambova noupenyu.

Zvinoenderana nebhuku riri pamusoro penyaya iri muJournal yeGeophysical Research: Mapuraneti, organic munyu senge iron, calcium, uye magnesium oxalates uye acetates inogona kunge yakawanda muvhu repasi paMars. Minyu iyi ndiyo inosara yemakemikari emakemikari. Yakarongwa European Space Agency ExoMars rover, iyo yakashongedzerwa nekugona kudhiraivha kusvika pakadzika kwemamita maviri, ichave yakashongedzerwa neinonzi Goddard chiridzwandiani achaongorora kemikari yezvikamu zvakadzika zvevhu reMartian uye zvichida kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pezvinhu izvi zvehupenyu.

Rover nyowani ine midziyo yekutsvaga kutsvaga mararamiro ehupenyu

Kubva 70s, uye nekufamba kwenguva uye mishoni, humbowo hwakawanda hwakaratidza izvozvo Mars ingadai yakave nehupenyu munhoroondo yayo yekutangaapo pasi rakanga riri nyika ine mwando, inodziya. Zvisinei, kusvikira zvino, hapana chimwe chezviwanwa chakapa ufakazi hunopwisa hwokuvapo kwoupenyu hwaMartian, mungava munguva yakapfuura kana kuti yazvino.

Kutanga muna Kukadzi 2021, masayendisiti anoda kuwana aya ekufungidzira ekutanga zviratidzo zvehupenyu. Kusiyana neyakatangira, iyo Curiosity rover ine MSL rabhoritari iri mubhodhi, yakashongedzerwa kutsvaga nekuwana matakwa akadaro.

Kushingirira kunobaya gomba redhamu, inenge 40 km yakafara uye mamita 500 kudzika, igomba riri mubheseni kuchamhembe kweMartian equator. Jezero Crater yaimbova nedhamu rinofungidzirwa kuti rakapwa pakati pe3,5 ne3,8 bhiriyoni makore apfuura, zvichiita kuti ive nzvimbo yakanaka yekutsvaga twunhu twupukanana twekare twaigona kugara mumvura dzedhamu racho. Kutsungirira hakuzongodzidza matombo eMartian chete, asiwo kuunganidza matombo ematombo uye oachengeta kuitira basa remangwana rekudzokera kuNyika, kwaanozoongororwa murabhoritari.

5. Kuonekwa kwekushanda kweSuperCam mukati mePerseverance rover.

Kuvhima biosignatures inobata nemakamera akawanda emakamera uye zvimwe zvishandiso, kunyanya Mastcam-Z (iri pane rover's mast), inogona kuswedera pedyo kuti iongorore zvinangwa zvesainzi zvinonakidza.

Chikwata chesainzi chemishoni chinogona kuisa chiridzwa mukushanda. supercam kushingirira kutungamira danda relaser pane chinangwa chekufarira (5), iyo inogadzira gore diki rezvinhu zvinoputika, iyo kemikari inoumbwa inogona kuongororwa. Kana idzi data dzichivimbisa, boka rekutonga rinogona kupa muongorori hurongwa. rover robhoti ruokokuita tsvakurudzo yakadzama. Ruoko rwakashongedzerwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, PIXL (Planetary Instrument for X-Ray Lithochemistry), iyo inoshandisa danda reX-ray rakasimba kutsvaga zvingangoita makemikari ehupenyu.

Imwe mudziyo yakanzi SHERLOCK (kutarisisa nharaunda dzinogarwa uchishandisa Raman kuparadzira uye luminescence yezvakagadzirwa uye makemikari zvinhu), inoshongedzerwa neyayo laser uye inokwanisa kuona kudzika kwema organic mamorekuru uye zvicherwa zvinoumba munzvimbo yemvura. Pamwe chete, SHERLOCK i PIXEL Vanotarisirwa kupa mamepu epamusoro-soro ezvezvinhu, zvicherwa uye zvimedu mumatombo eMartian uye sediments, zvichibvumira vanoongorora nyeredzi kuti vaongorore kuumbwa kwavo uye kuona masampuli anovimbisa kuunganidza.

NASA yave kutora imwe nzira yekutsvaga hutachiona kupfuura kare. Kusiyana download vikingKutsungirira hakuzotsvagi zviratidzo zvemakemikari zvemetabolism. Pane kudaro, inotenderera pamusoro peMars ichitsvaga madhipoziti. Anogona kunge aine zvipenyu zvakatofa, saka metabolism haisi mubvunzo, asi kuumbwa kwavo kwemakemikari kunogona kutiudza zvakawanda nezvehupenyu hwekare munzvimbo ino. Samples dzakaunganidzwa neKushingirira dzinoda kuunganidzwa uye kudzoserwa kuNyika kune ramangwana mission. Kuongorora kwavo kuchaitwa mumarabhoritari epasi. Naizvozvo, zvinofungidzirwa kuti humbowo hwekupedzisira hwekuvapo kwevaimbova Martians huchaonekwa paPasi.

Masayendisiti anotarisira kuwana chinhu chiri pamusoro peMars chisingagoni kutsanangurwa nechimwe chinhu kunze kwekuvapo kwehupenyu hwekare hwehutachiona. Imwe yeaya maumbirwo ekufungidzira anogona kunge akafanana stromatolite.

Pasi, stromatolite (6) matombo ematombo akaumbwa netwupukanana mumahombekombe egungwa ekare uye mune dzimwe nharaunda umo maive nesimba rakawanda remetabolism nemvura.

Mvura zhinji haina kupinda muchadenga

Isu hatisati tasimbisa kuvepo kwehupenyu mukati menguva yakadzika yeMars, asi isu tichiri kushamisika kuti chii chingave chakakonzera kupera kwayo (kana hupenyu hwakanyangarika zvechokwadi, uye husina kudzika pasi pevhu, semuenzaniso). Hwaro hwehupenyu, sekuziva kwatinohuziva, imvura. Estimated kutanga mars yaigona kunge iine mvura yakawanda zvekuti yaivhara nzvimbo yayo yese nejira kubva pa100 kusvika 1500 m gobvu. Zvisinei, nhasi Mars yakafanana negwenga rakaoma.uye masayendisiti achiri kuedza kufunga kuti chii chakakonzera kuchinja uku.

Masayendisiti anoedza, somuenzaniso, kutsanangura ko mars yakarasa mvura seiiyo yakanga iri pamusoro payo mabhiriyoni emakore apfuura. Kwenguva yakawanda, zvaifungidzirwa kuti yakawanda yemvura yekare yeMars yakanga yapukunyuka mumhepo yayo uye ichipinda muchadenga. Panguva imwecheteyo, Mars yakanga yoda kurasikirwa neplanetary magnetic field, ichidzivirira mhepo yayo kubva kujeti yezvikamu zvinobuda kubva kuZuva. Mushure mekunge simba remagineti rarasika nekuda kwekuita kweZuva, mhepo yeMartian yakatanga kunyangarika.uye mvura yakanyangarika pamwe chete nayo. Yakawanda yemvura yakarasika ingadai yakavharirwa mumatombo mugoko repasi, maererano neongororo itsva yeNASA.

Masayendisiti akaongorora seti yedata yakaunganidzwa panguva yekudzidza kweMars kwemakore mazhinji, uye zvichibva pazviri, zvisinei, vakasvika pakugumisa kuti. kusunungurwa kwemvura kubva mumhepo muchadenga, ine chekuita chete nekunyangarika kwechidimbu kwemvura kubva munzvimbo yeMartian. Kuverenga kwavo kunoratidza kuti mvura zhinji iri kushomeka pari zvino inosungirwa kuzvicherwa zviri pasi penyika. Migumisiro yeongororo iyi yakaratidzwa Evie Sheller kubva kuCaltech nechikwata chake pa52nd Planetary and Lunar Science Conference (LPSC). Chinyorwa chinopfupisa zvakabuda mubasa iri chakaburitswa mupepanhau reNauka.

Muzvidzidzo, kunyanya kutariswa kwakabhadharwa kuita zvepabonde. deuterium content (inorema isotopu yehydrogen) muhydrogen. Dheuteronomio inowanzoitika mumvura inenge 0,02 muzana. kupokana nekuvapo kwe "zvakajairika" hydrogen. Hydrogen yakajairika, nekuda kwehuremu hwayo hweatomu, iri nyore kubuda mumhepo ichienda muchadenga. Kuwedzera kwereshiyo yedeuterium kune hydrogen inotiudza zvisina kunanga kuti yaive kumhanya kwekubuda kwemvura kubva kuMars kuenda muchadenga.

Masayendisiti akagumisa kuti chiyero chakacherechedzwa che deuterium kune hydrogen uye humbowo hwe geological hwekuwanda kwemvura munguva yeMartian yakapfuura inoratidza kuti kurasikirwa kwemvura kwepasi kwaisagona kuitika chete nekuda kwekupukunyuka kwemhepo muMartian yapfuura. nzvimbo. Nokudaro, nzira yakarongwa inobatanidza kusunungurwa nemhepo yemhepo nekutorwa kweimwe mvura mumatombo. Nekuita pamatombo, mvura inobvumira ivhu uye mamwe mamineral ane hydrated kuumba. Izvi zvakafanana zvinoitika paNyika.

Nekudaro, papasi redu, kuita kwe tectonic plates kunotungamira kune chokwadi chekuti zvimedu zvekare zvepasi pasi zvine hydrated zvicherwa zvinonyungudutswa mujasi, uye ipapo mvura inoguma inokandwa zvakare mumhepo semhedzisiro yekuputika kwemakomo. PaMars pasina tectonic plates, kuchengetwa kwemvura mugoko repasi chiitiko chisingadzokerike.

Inner Martian Lake District

Takatanga nehupenyu hwepasi uye tichadzokera kwahwo pakupedzisira. Masayendisiti anotenda kuti nzvimbo yayo yakanaka yekugara mu Martian mamiriro madhamu aigona kuvigwa zvakadzika pasi pevhu neaizi. Makore maviri apfuura, masayendisiti enyika akazivisa kuwanikwa kwegungwa guru mvura yemunyu pasi peaizi kuSouth Pole yeMarsizvo zvakasangana nechido kune rumwe rutivi, asiwo nekumwe kukahadzika.

Nekudaro, muna 2020, vaongorori vakasimbisa zvakare kuvepo kwegungwa iri uye vakawana mamwe matatu. Zvakawanwa, zvakashumwa mumagazini inonzi Nature Astronomy, zvakaitwa pachishandiswa mashoko eradar kubva muchadenga cheMars Express. "Takaona dziva rimwe chete remvura rakambowanikwa kare, asi takawanawo mamwe madhamu matatu emvura akatenderedza dziva guru," akadaro musayendisiti wezvemapuraneti Elena Pettinelli wekuYunivhesiti yeRome, anove mumwe wevanyori vanyori veongororo iyi. "Iyo yakaoma system." Madziva akapararira pamusoro penzvimbo inosvika zviuru makumi manomwe nezvishanu zvemakiromita mativi. Iyi inzvimbo inosvika chikamu chimwe muzvishanu pakukura kweGermany. Dziva guru repakati rine dhayamita yemakiromita makumi matatu uye rakakomberedzwa nemadziva madiki matatu, rimwe nerimwe rakareba makiromita akati kuti.

7. Kuonekwa kweMartian underground reservoirs

mumadziva echando, semuenzaniso muAntarctica. Zvisinei, huwandu hwemunyu huripo mumamiriro eMartian hunogona kuva dambudziko. Zvinotendwa izvozvo makungwa ari pasi pevhu paMars (7) inofanira kuva nemunyu wakawanda kuitira kuti mvura irambe iri mvura. Kupisa kubva pakadzika kweMars kunogona kuita zvakadzika pasi pevhu, asi izvi chete, masayendisiti anoti, hazvina kukwana kunyungudutsa ice. "Kubva pakuona kwekupisa, mvura iyi inofanira kunge ine munyu wakanyanya," anodaro Pettinelli. Madziva ane munyu wakapetwa kashanu wemvura yegungwa anogona kutsigira hupenyu, asi kana iko kunyura kwasvika kakapetwa kashanu munyu wemvura yegungwa, hupenyu haupo.

Kana tikazoiwana pakupedzisira hupenyu paMars uye kana zvidzidzo zveDNA zvichiratidza kuti zvipenyu zveMartian zvine hukama nePasi, kuwanikwa uku kunogona kusandura maonero atinoita matangiro ehupenyu huzhinji, kushandura maonero edu kubva paNyika kuenda kuNyika. Kana zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti vatorwa veMartian havana chekuita nehupenyu hwedu uye vakashanduka vakazvimiririra, izvi zvinorevawo shanduko. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti hupenyu hwemuchadenga hwakajairika sezvo hwakatanga hwakazvimiririra papasi rekutanga pedyo neNyika.