Watson haana kuruma chiremba, uye zvakanaka kwazvo

Kunyangwe, semune mimwe minda, shungu dzekutsiva vanachiremba neAI dzadzikira mushure mekukundikana kwekuongorora, basa rekuvandudza mushonga weAI-based richiri kuenderera mberi. Nekuti, zvisinei, vachiri kupa mikana mikuru uye mukana wekuvandudza kugona kwekushanda munzvimbo zhinji dzayo.

IBM yakaziviswa muna 2015, uye mu2016 yakawana ruzivo rwe data kubva kumakambani mana makuru evarwere data (1). Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa, nekuda kweakawanda mishumo yenhau, uye panguva imwe chete iyo yakanyanya shuviro purojekiti ichishandisa hungwaru hwekunyepedzera kubva kuIBM yaive ine chekuita neoncology. Masayendisiti akaedza kushandisa zviwanikwa zvakakura zve data kuti azvigadzirise kuitira kuti azvishandure kuva akakwenenzverwa ekurapa cancer. Chinangwa chenguva refu chaive chekuti Watson ave mutambi kliniki miedzo uye zvinobuda sezvingaitwa nachiremba.

1. Imwe yezviratidzo zveWatson Health medical system

Zvisinei, zvakazoitika watson haigone kuzvimiririra kunongedzera kumabhuku ekurapa, uye zvakare haigone kuburitsa ruzivo kubva mumagetsi ekurapa marekodhi evarwere. Zvisinei, pomero yakakomba yaaipomerwa yakanga iri iyoyo kusakwanisa kunyatso kuenzanisa murwere mutsva nevamwe varwere vekenza vakwegura uye kuona zviratidzo zvisingaoneki pakutanga.

Paiva, sezvinobvumwa, dzimwe nyanzvi dzeoncologist dzaiti dzinovimba nekutonga kwake, kunyange zvazvo zvichinyanya maererano nemazano aWatson emishonga yemazuva ose, kana kuti semwewo, maonero ezvokurapa okuwedzera. Vazhinji vakaratidza kuti iyi sisitimu ichave yakakura otomatiki raibhurari yevanachiremba.

Nekuda kwekusanyanya kubata kumeso wongororo kubva kuIBM matambudziko nekutengeswa kweWatson system muUS masangano ekurapa. IBM vamiriri vekutengesa vakakwanisa kuitengesa kune zvimwe zvipatara muIndia, South Korea, Thailand nedzimwe nyika. MuIndia, vanachiremba () vakaongorora kurudziro yaWatson ye638 nyaya dzegomarara rezamu. Muyero wekuteerera wekurudziro yekurapa i73%. Worse watson akadonhedza paGachon Medical Center muSouth Korea, uko kurudziro yake ye656 colorectal cancer varwere yaienderana nekurudziro yenyanzvi chete 49 muzana yenguva. Vanachiremba vakaongorora izvozvo Watson haana kuita zvakanaka nevarwere vakuranekusavapa mimwe mishonga yakajairwa, uye vakaita chikanganiso chakakomba chekutarisa kurapwa kwehasha kune vamwe varwere vane chirwere chemetastatic.

Pakupedzisira, kunyange zvazvo basa rake rokuongorora zvirwere uye chiremba richionekwa serisina kubudirira, pane nzvimbo dzaakaratidza kuva anobatsira zvikuru. Product Watson yeGenomics, iyo yakagadzirwa nekubatana neYunivhesiti yeNorth Carolina, Yale University, uye mamwe masangano, inoshandiswa genetic marabhoritari ekugadzirira mishumo kune oncologists. Watson anodhawunirodha rondedzero faira genetic mutations mumurwere uye inogona kuburitsa mushumo mumaminitsi anosanganisira mazano emishonga yese yakakosha uye miedzo yekiriniki. Watson anobata ruzivo rwemajini zviri nyorenekuti iwo anounzwa mumafaira akarongwa uye haana kusanzwisisika - kungave kune shanduko kana kuti hapana shanduko.

IBM vanobatana paYunivhesiti yeNorth Carolina vakaburitsa bepa pamusoro pekuita basa muna 2017. Watson akawana shanduko dzakakosha dzakange dzisati dzaonekwa nezvidzidzo zvevanhu mu32% yavo. varwere vakadzidza, zvichiita kuti vave vakanaka kune mushonga mutsva. Zvisinei, hapasati paine humbowo hunoratidza kuti kushandiswa kunotungamirira kumigumisiro yakanaka yekurapa.

Kuchengetedzwa kwemapuroteni

Iyi nemimwe mienzaniso yakawanda inobatsira pakutenda kunowedzera kuti zvikanganiso zvose muhutano hwehutano huri kugadziriswa, asi tinofanira kutarisa nzvimbo iyo izvi zvinogona kubatsira chaizvo, nokuti vanhu havasi kuita zvakanaka chaizvo ikoko. Munda wakadaro semuenzaniso, protein research. Gore rakapera, ruzivo rwakabuda kuti rwaigona kunyatsofanotaura chimiro cheprotein zvichienderana nekutevedzana kwavo (2). Iri ibasa rechinyakare, rinopfuura simba revanhu kwete chete, asi kunyange makombiyuta ane simba. Kana isu tikaziva iyo chaiyo modhi yekumonyoroka kweprotein mamorekuru, pachave nemikana mikuru yegene therapy. Masayendisiti anotarisira kuti nerubatsiro rweAlphaFold tichadzidza mabasa ezviuru, uye izvi, zvakare, zvichatibvumira kunzwisisa zvikonzero zvezvirwere zvakawanda.

Mufananidzo 2. Mapuroteni anomonyorora akaumbwa neDeepMind's AlphaFold.

Iye zvino tinoziva mazana maviri emamiriyoni mapuroteni, asi isu tinonzwisisa zvizere chimiro uye basa rechikamu chidiki chazvo. MaProteins ndicho chivakwa chikuru chezvipenyu. Ndivo vane basa rezvizhinji zvemaitiro anoitika mumaseru. Mashandiro avanoita uye zvavanoita zvinotemerwa nechimiro chavo che50D. Vanotora fomu rakakodzera pasina chero mirairo, inotungamirwa nemitemo yefizikisi. Kwemakumi emakore, nzira dzekuyedza dzave nzira huru yekuona chimiro chemapuroteni. MumaXNUMXs, kushandiswa X-ray crystallographic nzira. Mumakore gumi apfuura, rave chishandiso chekutsvaga chekusarudza. microscope yekristaro. Mumakore ekuma80 nema90, basa rakatanga pakushandisa makomputa kuona chimiro chemapuroteni. Zvisinei, migumisiro yacho haina kugutsa masayendisiti. Nzira dzakashanda kune mamwe mapuroteni hadzina kushanda kune vamwe.

Atova muna 2018 AlphaFold yakagamuchirwa kubva kune nyanzvi mune protein modeling. Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo yaishandisa nzira dzakafanana zvikuru nemamwe mapurogiramu. Masayendisiti akachinja maitiro uye akagadzira imwe, iyo zvakare yakashandisa ruzivo nezve yemuviri uye geometric zvirambidzo mukupetwa kwemapuroteni mamorekuru. AlphaFold akapa mhedzisiro isina kuenzana. Dzimwe nguva aiita zviri nani, dzimwe nguva zvakanyanya. Asi zvinenge zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvekufungidzira kwake zvakapindirana nemigumisiro yakawanikwa nemitoo yekuedza. Mukutanga kwegore rechipiri, iyo algorithm yakatsanangura chimiro che akati wandei mapuroteni eSARS-CoV-2 hutachiona. Gare gare, zvakazoonekwa kuti fungidziro yeprotein yeOrf3a inoenderana nemhedzisiro yakawanikwa mukuyedzwa.

Haisi yekudzidza chete nzira dzemukati dzekupeta mapuroteni, asiwo nezvekugadzira. Vatsvagiri kubva kuNIH BRAIN chirongwa chakashandiswa kudzidza muchina gadzira puroteni inogona kuteedzera uropi serotonin mazinga munguva chaiyo. Serotonin ikemikari yeurourochemical inoita basa rakakosha mumabatiro anoita uropi hwedu pfungwa nemanzwiro. Somuenzaniso, mishonga yakawanda inoderedza kuora mwoyo inogadzirirwa kushandura zviratidzo zve serotonin zvinoparidzirwa pakati peeuroni. Mune imwe nyaya mumagazini inonzi Cell, masayendisiti akatsanangura mashandisiro avanoita zvemberi genetic engineering nzira shandura puroteni yebhakitiriya kuita chishandiso chitsva chekutsvagisa chinogona kubatsira kuteedzera kutapurirana kweserotonin nekururama kukuru kupfuura nzira dzazvino. Preclinical experimental, kunyanya mumakonzo, yakaratidza kuti sensor inogona kuona pakarepo kuchinja kusina kujeka muhutano hweserotonin panguva yekurara, kutya uye kushamwaridzana kwevanhu, uye kuedza kushanda kwemishonga mitsva yepfungwa.

Kurwisa denda iri hakuna kubudirira nguva dzose

Mushure mezvose, iri raive denda rekutanga takanyora nezvaro muMT. Nekudaro, semuenzaniso, kana tikataura nezve iwo chaiwo maitiro ekukura kwedenda, ipapo padanho rekutanga, AI yaiita senge chinhu chekutadza. Nyanzvi dzakanyunyuta izvozvo Artificial Intelligence haigone kufanotaura nemazvo kukura kwekupararira kwekoronavirus zvichibva pane data kubva kudenda rakapfuura. “Magadzirirwo aya anoshanda zvakanaka mune dzimwe nzvimbo, sekuziva zviso zvine nhamba yemaziso nenzeve. SARS-CoV-2 denda Izvi zviitiko zvisati zvazivikanwa uye zvakawanda zvitsva zvakasiyana, saka hungwaru hwekugadzira hunobva pane zvakaitika kare iyo yakashandiswa kuidzidzisa haishande zvakanaka. Denda raratidza kuti tinoda kutsvaga mamwe matekinoroji uye nzira, "Maxim Fedorov wekuSkoltech akadaro muna Kubvumbi 2020 mukutaura kune veRussia.

Nekufamba kwenguva kwaivepo zvisinei maalgorithms anoita senge anoratidza kubatsira kukuru kweAI mukurwisa COVID-19. Masayendisiti muUS akagadzira hurongwa mukudonha kwa2020 yekuziva maitiro ekukosora muvanhu vane COVID-19, kunyangwe vaive vasina zvimwe zviratidzo.

Pakaonekwa mishonga yekudzivirira, pfungwa yakazvarwa yekubatsira kubayisa vanhu. Anogona, semuenzaniso kubatsira modhi yekufambisa uye kurongeka kwemajekiseni. Zvakare mukuona kuti ndevapi vanhu vanofanirwa kutanga kubaiwa nhomba kugadzirisa denda nekukurumidza. Izvo zvaizobatsirawo kufanotaura kudiwa uye kukwidziridza nguva uye nekumhanyisa kwekudzivirira nekukasira kuona matambudziko uye mabhodhoro mune logistics. Iko kusanganiswa kwealgorithms nekutarisa nguva dzose kunogona kupawo ruzivo nekukurumidza nezvezvinogoneka mhedzisiro uye zviitiko zvehutano.

izvi masisitimu anoshandisa AI mukugadzirisa nekuvandudza hutano hunotozivikanwa. Kubatsira kwavo kwakaongwa; semuenzaniso, hutano hwehutano hwakagadzirwa neMacro-Eyes paStanford University kuU. Sezvinongoitika kune mamwe masangano mazhinji ekurapa, dambudziko raive rekushaikwa kwevarwere vasina kuuya kuzogadzwa. Macro Eyes akavaka hurongwa hwaigona kunyatsofanotaura kuti ndevapi varwere vaisambovepo. Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, anogonawo kupa dzimwe nguva uye nzvimbo dzekiriniki, izvo zvaizowedzera mikana yemurwere kuzviratidza. Gare gare, tekinoroji yakafanana yakashandiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana kubva kuArkansas kuenda kuNigeria nerutsigiro, kunyanya, US Agency for International Development i.

MuTanzania, Macro-Eyes akashanda pane chirongwa chakanangana ne kuwedzera kuwanda kwekudzivirira kwevana. Iyo software yakaongorora kuti mangani madhasi ejekiseni anodiwa kuti atumirwe kunzvimbo yakapihwa yekudzivirira. Akakwanisawo kuongorora kuti ndedzipi mhuri dzingazeza kubayisa vana vadzo, asi vaigona kunyengetedzwa nemakakatanwa akakodzera uye nzvimbo yenzvimbo yekubaya nhomba munzvimbo iri nyore. Ichishandisa software iyi, hurumende yeTanzania yakakwanisa kuwedzera kushanda kwechirongwa chayo chekudzivirira ne96%. uye kuderedza tsvina yekudzivirira kusvika pa2,42 pa100 vanhu.

MuSierra Leone, uko data rehutano hwevagari rakanga risipo, kambani yakaedza kuenzanisa izvi neruzivo nezvedzidzo. Zvakazoitika kuti nhamba yevadzidzisi nevadzidzi vavo chete yakanga yakakwana kufanotaura 70 muzana. chokwadi chekuti kiriniki yeko inokwanisa kuwana mvura yakachena, iyo yatova mutsindo we data pamusoro pehutano hwevanhu vanogara imomo (3).

3. Macro-Eyes illustration yeAI-driven healthcare programs muAfrica.

Nhema yemuchina chiremba haiperi

Pasinei nekukundikana Watson nzira itsva dzekuongorora zvirwere dzichiri kugadzirwa uye dzinoonekwa sedzinowedzera uye dzakanyanyisa. Kuenzanisa kwakaitwa muSweden munaGunyana 2020. inoshandiswa mukufungidzira kuongororwa kwegomarara rezamu yakaratidza kuti zvakanakisisa zvavo zvinoshanda nenzira imwe chete neradiologist. Iwo algorithms akaedzwa achishandisa angangoita zviuru zvipfumbamwe mammographic mifananidzo yakawanikwa panguva yenguva yekuongorora. Matatu masisitimu, akasarudzwa seAI-1, AI-2 uye AI-3, akawana huchokwadi hwe81,9%, 67%. uye 67,4%. Kana tichienzanisa, kune veradiologists vanodudzira mifananidzo iyi seyekutanga, nhamba iyi yaive 77,4%, uye kana iri radiologistsuyo akanga ari wechipiri kuirondedzera, yakanga iri 80,1 muzana. Iyo yakanakisa yealgorithms yakakwanisawo kuona nyaya dzakapotsa radiologists panguva yekuongororwa, uye vakadzi vakaonekwa vachirwara mukati isingasviki gore.

Maererano nevanotsvakurudza, izvi zvigumisiro zvinoratidza izvozvo artificial intelligence algorithms batsira kugadzirisa nhema-negative kuongororwa kwakaitwa neradiologists. Kubatanidza kugona kweAI-1 neavhareji radiologist kwakawedzera huwandu hweakaonekwa kenza yemazamu ne8%. Chikwata cheRoyal Institute chiri kuita chidzidzo ichi chinotarisira kuti mhando yeAI algorithms irambe ichikura. Tsanangudzo izere yekuyedza yakaburitswa muJAMA Oncology.

W pachiyero chezvikamu zvishanu. Parizvino, tiri kupupurira kukurumidza kwetekinoroji uye kusvika padanho reIV (yakakwirira otomatiki), apo sisitimu inozvimiririra inogadzirisa data yakagamuchirwa uye inopa nyanzvi ruzivo rwakafanoongororwa. Izvi zvinochengetedza nguva, zvinodzivirira kukanganisa kwevanhu uye zvinopa hutano hwakanaka hwevarwere. Ndizvo zvaakatonga mwedzi mishoma yapfuura Stan A.I. mumunda wemishonga pedyo naye, Prof. Janusz Braziewicz kubva kuPolish Society yeNuclear Medicine mukutaura kuPolish Press Agency.

4. Machine kuona mifananidzo yezvokurapa

Algorithms, maererano nenyanzvi dzakadai seprof. Brazievichkunyangwe yakakosha muindasitiri iyi. Chikonzero chacho ndechekukurumidza kuwedzera kwenhamba yekuongorora mifananidzo yekuongorora. Chete kwenguva ye2000-2010. nhamba yeMRI bvunzo uye bvunzo yakawedzera kagumi. Nehurombo, huwandu hwevanowanika vanachiremba vanehunyanzvi vanogona kuzviita nekukurumidza uye nekuvimbika hakuna kuwedzera. Panewo kushomeka kwenyanzvi dzine hunyanzvi. Kuitwa kweAI-based algorithms inochengetedza nguva uye inobvumira kuzara kwemaitiro emaitiro, pamwe nekudzivirira kukanganisa kwevanhu uye nekuwedzera, kurapa kwemunhu kuvarwere.

Sezvazvakazoitika, zvakare forensic Medicine vanogona kubatsirwa kubva kuvandudzwa kweuchenjeri hwekugadzira. Nyanzvi munyaya iyi dzinogona kuona nguva chaiyo yekufa kwemushakabvu nekuongorora kemikari yezvakavanzika zvehonye nezvimwe zvisikwa zvinodya nyama yakafa. Dambudziko rinomuka apo kusanganiswa kwezvivharo kubva kumarudzi akasiyana-siyana e-necrophages anobatanidzwa mukuongorora. Apa ndipo panopinda muchina kudzidza. Masayendisiti paYunivhesiti yeAlbany akagadzira an artificial intelligence nzira inobvumira kukurumidza kuzivikanwa kwemarudzi ehonye zvichibva pa "chemical fingerprints" yavo. Chikwata chakadzidzisa purogiramu yekombuta yavo vachishandisa misanganiswa yemishonga yakasiyana-siyana inobuda kubva kumarudzi matanhatu enhunzi. Akadudzira masiginecha emakemikari ezvipembenene zvipembenene achishandisa mass spectrometry, inozivisa makemikari nekuyera nemazvo reshiyo yehuremu kuchaji yemagetsi yeion.

Saka, sezvaunogona kuona, zvakadaro AI semutikitivha wekuferefeta haina kunyatsonaka, inogona kubatsira zvakanyanya mune forensic lab. Pamwe isu taitarisira zvakawandisa kubva kwaari panguva ino, tichitarisira maalgorithms ayo aizobvisa vanachiremba pabasa (5). Kana tichitarisa Artificial Intelligence zvakanyanya, achitarisa kune chaiwo mabhenefiti kwete zvakajairika, basa rake rekurapa rinotaridzika kuva rinovimbisa zvakare.

5. Chiratidzo chemotokari yachiremba