Vakuru Vagadziri - Chikamu 1

Vamwe vaive vagadziri vakangwara, vamwe vaive nezvipo zvemhizha. Ivo vakagadzira mota dzese kana kuti zvinhu zvavo zvakakosha. Imwe nzira kana imwe, vagadziri uye mainjiniya vakatamba rimwe rematanho akakosha mukusimudzira indasitiri yemotokari. Isu tinopa maprofile evanonyanya kuzivikanwa wavo.

даже akanaka kwazvo, mota yepakutanga yakawanda ichakundikana kana ikasabudirira nemichina. Kana isu tichitenga mota, isu chekutanga tinotarisisa magadzirirwo ayo, asi isu tinoita sarudzo yekupedzisira mushure mebvunzo yekutyaira, kana isu tichiongorora kuti inokwira sei, injini inoshanda sei, Kumiswa, zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi,. Uye kunyangwe basa rema stylists mukugadzira mota rakakosha zvakanyanya, pasina basa revainjiniya vane basa remakanika uye yeprojekiti yese, mota ingangove yakawedzera kana kushoma simbi shell.

, vagadziri uye mainjiniya. Mazita akadai Benz, Maybach, Renault kana Porsche vanozivikanwa kunyange nevanodzidzira motokari. Ndivo mapiyona akazvitanga zvose. Asi ngatirangarirei kuti mamwe mainjiniya akatanhamara akaenzana anowanzovanda mumimvuri yeava mavara ane mukurumbira. Kana Alfa Romeo mota zvingava zvinoyevedza pasina injini dzakavakwa naGiuseppe Bussozvinoita here kufungidzira Mercedes yemitambo isina Rudolf Uhlenhout, kusiya kubudirira kwevakakurumbira veBritish "vashandi vegaraji" kana kugadzirwa kweBela Barenya? Chokwadi kwete.

Spark iginition injini Nicolas Otto 1876

O kutenderera uye yakakwira compression dizeli

Motokari yakava motokari apo ngoro dzinodhonzwa nemabhiza dzakanga dzisina kubatanidzwa uye dzakatsiviwa. chinjini chemagetsi (kunyangwe zvichifanira kuyeukwa kuti mapiyona eindasitiri yemotokari akaedzawo gasi uye madhiraivha emagetsi). Budiriro mukushanda kweinjini dzakadaro kwaiva kugadzirwa kwounyanzvi hwokuzvidzidzisa Nicholas Otto (1832-1891), uyo muna 1876 nerubatsiro rwe Evgenia Langena, yakavakwa yekutanga ina-kurova mukati combustion injiniNheyo yekushanda kwayo (inonzi Otto cycle), iyo inosanganisira kusvetwa kwemafuta nemhepo, kudzvanywa kwemusanganiswa, kutanga kwekupisa uye kutenderera kwekushanda, uye, pakupedzisira, kubviswa kwemagasi emhepo. , ichiri kushandiswa uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya.

Diesel injini patent

Muna 1892, mumwe mugadziri wechiGerman. Rudolph Diesel (1858-1913), akaratidza nyika imwe mhinduro - dhiziri injini dhizaini kupisa kunongoerekana kwaitika. Izvi zvakanyanya kubva pakugadzirwa kwemugadziri wePolish Jan Nadrovskyuyo, zvisinei, haana kukwanisa kunyoresa patent yake nekuda kwekushaya mari. Diesel akaita saizvozvo musi waFebruary 28, 1893, uye makore mana gare gare. yekutanga inoshanda zvizere dizeli injini akanga agadzirira. Pakutanga, nekuda kwehukuru hwayo, yakanga isina kukodzera mota, asi muna 1936 akazopedzisira ava pasi pemotokari dzeMercedes, uye gare gare dzimwe motokari. Diesel haana kunakidzwa nemukurumbira wake kwenguva yakareba, sezvo muna 1913 akafa mumamiriro ezvinhu asinganzwisisiki paaifamba mugungwa achiyambuka English Channel.

piyona

Patent yemotokari yekutanga yenyika

Musi waChikunguru 3, 1886, paRingstrasse muMannheim, Germany (1844-1929), akapa kuruzhinji chiitiko chinoshamisa. mota ine mavhiri matatu ine mana-stroke mukati memoto injini ine vhoriyamu ye954 cm3 uye simba re0,9 hp. Patent-Motorvagen No. Bhenji romutyairi nomutakurwi rakanga rakaiswa papuranga repombi dzesimbi dzakakombama, uye mapundu aiva mumugwagwa ainyoroveswa nezvitubu nezvitubu zvemashizha zvaiiswa pasi pawo. Benz yakagadzira mota yekutanga munhoroondo, nemari yeroora yomudzimai wake Berta, uyo, achida kuratidza kuti kuvaka kwomurume wake kwakanga kune bviro uye kwakabudirira, muna 1888 akakunda noushingi neshanduro yechitatu. Patent-Motorvagena 106 km nzira kubva kuMannheim kuenda kuPforzheim.

Carl naBerta Benz vane Benz-Victoria kubva 1894

Izvo Benz yaisaziva kuti panguva imwe chete, 100 km kure, pedyo neStuttgart, vagadziri vaviri vane njere vakavaka imwe mota yaigona kunzi mota yekutanga: Wilhelm Maybach (1846-1929) i Gottlieb Daimler (1834-1900).

Maybach aive neudiki hwakaoma (akafirwa nevabereki pazera re10), asi aive nerombo rakanaka nevanhu vaakasangana navo munzira. Wokutanga akanga ari mutungamiriri wechikoro chomunzvimbomo, uyo akaona unyanzvi hwaMaybach hunoshamisa ndokumupa bhezari. Wechipiri aiva Gottlieb Daimler, mwanakomana wemubiki wechingwa kubva kuSchorndorf, uyo, nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwake hweMaybach-sehunyanzvi, akaita basa rekukurumidza muindasitiri yeinjiniya. Vagadziri vaviri vakatanga kusangana muna 1865 apo Daimler, aimhanyisa fekitori yemuchina muReutilingen, akahaya mudiki Maybach. Kubva ipapo kusvikira Daimler afa zvisingatarisirwi muna 1900, vaishanda pamwe chete. Sezvo vakahaya Nikolaus Otto mukambani, vakaipedzisa Injini yegasiuyezve vakagadzira yavo musangano nechinangwa chekugadzira diki high simba peturu injiniyaaifanira kutsiva gasi injini. Yakabudirira mushure megore uye matanho anotevera aive ekuvaka imwe ye midhudhudhu yekutanga munyika (1885) uye motokari (1886). Machinda akarayira ngoro, ivo vakawedzera injini yakagadzirwa kumba. Hezvinoi kuti yakagadzirwa sei motokari yekutanga dhiziri ine mavhiri mana. Kwapera gore, panguva ino zvachose vari voga uye kubva pakutanga, vakavaka imwe, mota ine hunyanzvi hwepamusoro.

Motokari yekutanga kubva kuDaimler neMaybach

Maybach zvakare akagadzira nozzle carburetor, belt drive system uye innovative injini kutonhora system. Chechipiri 1890 Daimler yakashandura kambani kuita Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG). Kwenguva yakareba, yakakwikwidzana nekambani yeBenz, iyo, mushure mekubudirira kwekutanga, yakatevera kurova uye muna 1894 yakagadzira motokari yekutanga-yakagadzirwa-yakagadzirwa - Velo kubvira 1894 (1200 yakatengeswa), injini yebhokisi (1896), uye muna 1909 motokari yemitambo yakasiyana-siyana - flash (Blyskawitz) ine 200 hp injini. ine vhoriyamu ye 21,5 malita, ichimhanyisa kusvika kunosvika 227 km / h! Muna 1926, kambani yake Benz & Cie yakabatanidzwa neDMG. Mafekitori eDaimler-Benz AG, ane mukurumbira wemotokari dzeMercedes, akagadzirwa. Panguva iyoyo, Benz akanga ava pamudyandigere, Daimler afa, uye Maybach akanga avamba kambani yake yemotokari dzoumbozha. Sezvineiwo, wepashure wacho haana kumbova nemotokari yake pachake, uye aifarira kufamba netsoka kana kuti nechitima.

Innovative motokari zvakanga zviri zvinhu zvitsva zvokuti zvakabva zvaita mukurumbira munyika yose. PaSeine, zvakakosha zvikuru budiriro uye hutsva zvakatanga mumashopu ePanhard & Levassor, kambani yekutanga pasirese yakasikwa chete kugadzirwa kwemotokari. Zita rinobva pazita revavambi - Rene Panharda i Emil Levassoravakatanga bhizinesi ravo remotokari muna 1887 nekugadzira mota (chaizvoizvo, ngoro) inofambiswa nerezinesi reDaimler.

Zvizhinji zvezvigadzirwa zvakaumba mota yemazuva ano zvinogona kuverengerwa kune vese varume. Imo mumotokari dzavo iyo crankshaft inoshandiswa iyo inobatanidza injini kune kutapurirana; clutch pedal, shift lever iri pakati pezvigaro, reyedhita yekumberi. Asi kupfuura zvose, vakagadzira gadziriro yakadzora pashure pacho kwamakumi amakore akawanda, ndiko kuti, motokari ine mavhiri mana, ine injini yepamberi inotyaira mavhiri okumashure nechitima chinofambiswa nemaoko chinonzi. Panara system.

Injini dzePanhard neLevassor, dzakavakwa nerezinesi kubva kuna Daimler, dzakatengwa nemumwe injiniya wekuFrance anokwanisa. Arman Peugeot uye muna 1891 akatanga kuaisa pamotokari dzemagadzirirwo ake, akatanga kambani yePeugeot. Muna 1898 akagadzira motokari yake yokutanga. Louis Reno. Kumurume uyu ane tarenda akazvidzidzisa, pakutanga achishanda mushopu diki yaive mushedhi iri mubindu reimba yemhuri yake muBillancourt, tine chikwereti, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, chekufambisa giya chinotsvedza-matatu uye. Dhiraivha shaftiyo inotamisa simba kubva kumberi injini kuenda kumavhiri ekumashure.

Mushure mekubudirira mukugadzira motokari yekutanga inonzi Ngoro, Louis akatanga kambani Renault Freres (Renault Brothers) musi waMarch 30, 1899, pamwe chete nevakoma vake Marcel naFernand. Basa ravo rekubatana raive, kunyanya, motokari yekutanga ine muviri wakavharwa dhiramu mabhureki. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika I, Louis akavakawo imwe yekutanga zvachose Matangi - mukurumbira muenzaniso FT17.

Uyewo muUnited States, chiverengero chakati chevainjiniya nevagadziri vemotokari vakaedza kugadzira motokari dzavo vamene, asi mukati meiyi nhambo yokupayona, vazhinjisa vavo vakashandisa zvinhu zvitsva zvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu mumotokari dzavo, zvakadai sechidhiraivho chakaita sevhiri panzvimbo pechidhiraivho. . , "H" gear system, accelerator kana yekutanga 12-cylinder injini yakaiswa mumotokari inotakura vanhu (Twin Six kubva muna 1916).

Mijaho Yakanaka

Kunyangwe budiriro dzeinjiniya dzakaita seBenz, Levassor, Renault nePeugeot mumunda wemotokari dzemitambo dzaive dzakanyanya kukosha, chaingove. Ettore Bugatti (1881-1947), muItaly akaberekerwa muMilan asi achishanda muGerman uyezve French Alsace, akavasimudza kusvika padanho remakanika uye stylistic mabasa eunyanzvi. Zvakaita se mota dzoumbozhanekuti mota dzemujaho nema limousine ndiwo aive hunyanzvi hweBugatti de la maison. Atova pazera remakore 16 akatanga mota mbiri mune matatu matatu uye akatora chikamu mumijaho yemotokari gumi, iyo akahwina masere. Bugatti's Greatest Achievements Type 35 Models, Nyora 41 Piano i Tora 57SC Atlantic. Yekutanga ndeimwe yedzinonyanya kuzivikanwa mota dzemujaho munhoroondo, muhafu yechipiri ye20s iyi yakanaka yemhando yemhando mota yakahwina anopfuura chiuru mijaho. Yakaburitswa mumakopi manomwe, 1000 Royale inodhura zvakapetwa katatu kupfuura mota inodhura zvakanyanya panguva iyoyo. Rolls-Royce... Kune rumwe rutivi Atlantic ndiyo imwe yeakanakisa uye yakaoma mota munhoroondo yemotokari.

Bugatti, pamwe chete naAlfa Romeo, vakatonga kukwikwidza uye kumhanya kwenguva yakareba. Muma30s vakabatanidzwa nemauto ari kukura eAuto Union neMercedes. Iyo yekupedzisira, nekuda kwekutanga "Silver Arrow", kureva iyo W25 modhi. Zvisinei, mushure memakore mashomanana, mutasvi uyu akatanga kurasikirwa nepamusoro pevakwikwidzi. Ipapo mukuru mutsva wedhipatimendi remujaho weMercedes akapinda munzvimbo iyi. Rudolf Uhlenhout (1906-1989), mumwe wevakakurumbira vagadziri vemijaho uye mota dzemitambo munhoroondo yemotokari. Mukati megore, akagadzira itsva Silver Arrow (W125), uyezve, neimwe shanduko mumirau inodzikamisa injini simba, iyo W154. Muenzaniso wekutanga waiva ne 5663-litre injini pasi pehood, iyo yakagadzira 592 km / h, yakakurumidza kusvika 320 km / h uye yakaramba yakasimba zvikuru. nemota yeGrand Prix ku80s!

Mushure memakore emhirizhonga yemauto, Mercedes akadzokera kune motorsport nekuda kweUhlenhaut, inyanzvi yaakagadzira pamakumbo mana, i.e. motokari W196. Yakashongedzwa nezvakawanda zvehunyanzvi zvehunyanzvi (kusanganisira magnesium alloy body, yakazvimirira kumiswa, 8 humburumbira, in-line injini ine zvakananga jekiseni, desmodromic nguva, i.e. imwe umo kuvhura uye kuvharwa kwemavharuvhu kunodzorwa necamshaft cams) haina kukwikwidza muna 1954-55.

Asi iri rakanga risiri shoko rokupedzisira romugadziri ane njere. Kana isu tikabvunza kuti ndeipi mota kubva kuStuttgart inonyanya kuzivikanwa, vazhinji vanozoti: iyo 300 SL Gullwing ye1954, kana pamwe iyo 300 SLR, iyo Sterling Moss akadana "mota huru yemujaho yati yambovakwa". Motokari dzose dziri mbiri dzakavakwa Ulenhauta.

"Gull wing" yaifanira kunge yakareruka, saka furemu yehull yaive yakagadzirwa nemapombi esimbi. Sezvo vainge vakasunga mota yese bhandi remota, chaizongobatsira chete kwaiva kushandisa dzepakutanga. gonhi rakatenukaI. Uhlenhaut aiva netarenda guru remujaho, asi zviremera hazvina kumubvumira kuti atore chikamu mumakwikwi, nokuti zvaive nengozi zvakanyanya kune kunetseka - akanga asingagoneki. Sezviri pachena, zvakadaro, panguva yekutyaira, dzimwe nguva "akabudisa" nguva dziri nani pane dzengano Manuel Fangiouye kamwe, akanonoka kumusangano unokosha, akatyaira yakakurumbira 300-horsepower "Uhlenhaut Coupé" (mugwagwa shanduro yeSLR) kubva kuMunich kuenda kuStuttgart muawa imwe chete, iyo kunyange nhasi inowanzotora kaviri kureba. .

Manuel Fangio anohwina 1955 Argentine Grand Prix muMercedes W196R.

Best of the best

Muna 1999, jury yevatapi venhau makumi matatu nevatatu vakapa zita re "33th Century Automotive Engineer". Ferdinand Porsche (1875-1951). Mumwe anogona, hongu, kukakavadzana pamusoro pekuti uyu mugadziri weGermany akakodzera nzvimbo yepamusoro-soro papodium, asi mupiro wake mukusimudzira indasitiri yemotokari pasina mubvunzo yakakura, sezvinoratidzwa nemashoko akaoma - akagadzira motokari dzinopfuura mazana matatu uye akagamuchira anenge 300. mota patents. Isu tinosanganisa zita rePorsche zvakanyanya na iconic yemitambo mota mhando uye 911, asi mugadziri ane mukurumbira akakwanisa kuisa nheyo dzekubudirira kwemusika wekambani iyi, nekuti raive basa remwanakomana wake Ferry.

Porsche ndiyewo baba vekubudirira Volkswagen Beetleiyo yaakagadzira kumashure kuma30s pakukumbira kwake pachake kwaHitler. Makore gare gare, zvakazoitika kuti akashandisa dhizaini yemumwe mugadziri mukuru munzira dzakawanda, Ganza Ledvinkiyakagadzirirwa kuCzech Tatras. Mafungiro ake munguva yehondo aivewo asina chokwadi nehunhu, sezvo akazvipira kushanda nemaNazi uye akashandisa basa revaranda sevashandi vekumanikidzwa mumafekitori aaimhanya.

Nekudaro, Porsche zvakare yaive neyakawanda "yakachena" magadzirirwo uye zvigadzirwa. Akatanga basa rake semugadziri wemotokari achishandira Lohner & Co. muVienna. Zvaakaita zvekutanga zvaiva mota dzemagetsi prototypes - yekutanga yeiyi, inozivikanwa seSemper Vivus, yakaunzwa muna 1900, yaive yemhando yakasanganiswa - yakaiswa mumahubs, ine injini yepeturu inoshanda sejenareta remagetsi. Yechipiri yaive mota ine-injini Lohner-Porsche - yekutanga pasi rose-mavhiri mota.

Muna 1906, Porsche yakabatana naAustro-Daimler semukuru wedhipatimendi redhizaini, kwaaishanda pamotokari dzemijaho. Zvisinei, akaratidza kukwanisa kwake kuzere chete kuDaimler-Benz, iyo yaakagadzira imwe yemotokari dzakanakisisa dzemitambo isati yatanga - Mercedes SSK, uye nekubatana neAuto Union - muna 1932 vakavavakira hunyanzvi P-Wagen mujaho mota, injini iri kumashure kwemutyairi. Muna 1931, mugadziri akazarura kambani yakasainwa nezita rake. Makore maviri gare gare, mukuzadzikwa kwezvishuvo zvaHitler, akatanga kushanda pa“motokari yavanhu” (Volkswagen muchiGermany).

Ferdinand Porsche, mumwe muumbi weAustro-Hungarian akaberekwa, achatungamirira mukuvaka motokari yakadaro. Iyo Mercedes yakachengetwa yakachengetedza madhayagiramu uye madhirowa emota yakavakirwa pa tubular furemu uye boxer injinizvakafanana zvikuru nezvino Garbus. Munyori wavo aive muHungary, White Bareny (1907-1997), uye akavapenda mumakore ekuma20 panguva yezvidzidzo zvake, makore mashanu Porsche asati atanga kushanda purojekiti yakafanana.

Bela Barenyi anokurukura nevamwe vake bvunzo yakabudirira yekuparara kweMercedes

Barenyi akabatanidza basa rake rehunyanzvi neMercedes, asi akawana ruzivo mumakambani ekuAustria Austro-Daimler, Steyr naAdler. Chikumbiro chake chekutanga chebasa chakarambwa naDaimler. Muna 1939, akazviratidza kubvunzurudzo yechipiri, panguva iyo nhengo yebhodhi reboka Wilhelm Haspel akamubvunza zvaaida kuona zvichivandudzwa mumutsetse wemotokari weMercedes-Benz panguva iyoyo. "Chaizvoizvo ... zvese," Barenyi akapindura asingazezi, uye kwasara mwedzi Hondo Yenyika II isati yatanga, akatora dhipatimendi idzva rekuchengetedza reboka.

Barenyi haana kunyanyisa mano ake, sezvo akabvumikisa kuva mumwe wevagadziri vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira zvikurusa munhau. Akanyoresa vanopfuura zviuru zviviri nemazana mashanu. patents (mukutaura chaiko, pakanga paine vashoma vavo, nekuti mune dzimwe nguva yaive chirongwa chimwe chete chakanyoreswa munyika dzakasiyana), zvakapetwa kaviri. Thomas Edison. Mazhinji acho akagadzirirwa Mercedes uye ane hanya kuchengeteka. Imwe yeBarenyi inonyanya kukosha yakagadzirwa ndeye deformation-resistant mutakuri mukamuri i controlled deformation zones (patent 1952, yakatanga kushandiswa zvizere kuW111 muna 1959) uye yakachengeteka inoparara chidhiraivho mbiru (patent 1963, yakaratidzwa muna 1976 yeW123 series). Yakanga iriwo mutangiri wekuongorora tsaona. Akabatsira kusimudzira mabhureki edhisiki uye mabhureki maviri edunhu. Pasina kupokana, zvigadzirwa zvake zvakaponesa (uye zviri kuponesa) hupenyu hwemamiriyoni evanhu.

Kuedza nzvimbo yekutanga yekupwanya

Deformation-resistant mutakuri mukamuri

Iyo French yakaenzana neFerdinand Porsche yaive Andre Lefebvre (1894-1964), pasina mubvunzo mumwe wevagadziri vane tarenda munhoroondo yeindasitiri yemotokari. Citroen Traction Yakabatsira, 2hp, DS, HY Idzi ndidzo mota dzakavaka mukurumbira wemugadziri weFrance uyezve dzimwe dzakakosha uye dzinonakidza mota dzakamboitwa. Ndiye aiva nebasa rokuvaka. Lefebvre, nerutsigiro rweinjiniya akatanhamara zvakaenzana Paula Magesa uye yakanakisa stylist Flaminio Bertonego.

Imwe neimwe yeidzi mota yaive yepasi uye yehunyanzvi. Thrust Avant (1934) - yekutanga serial kumberi vhiri kutyaira motokari, kuva ne-self-supporting one-volume body, yakazvimirira vhiri kumiswa (yakagadzirwa naFerdinand Porsche) uye hydraulic mabhureki. 2hp (1949), yakapfava zvakanyanya mukugadzira, asi inoshanda zvakasiyana-siyana, yakafambiswa nemotokari muFrance, iyo yakazopedzisira yava motokari yechinamato uye yemafashoni. DS yakanga yakasiyana munzira dzose payakapinda mumusika muna 1955. Yakanga iri makore mashoma pamberi pemakwikwi nekuda kwekufambira mberi kwayo kwetekinoroji, senge yekuvandudza hydro-pneumatic suspension ichipa kunyaradza kusiri kwepasi. Pane rimwe divi HY bhokisi rekutumira (1947) yakafadzwa kwete chete nechitarisiko chayo (marata ane makota), asiwo nekuita kwayo.

Motokari "mwarikadzi", kana Citroën DS