Zvinhu zvisingaoneki parizvino

Zvinhu zvinozivikanwa nesainzi uye kuona chikamu chidiki chezvingangodaro zviripo. Ehe, sainzi uye tekinoroji hazvifanirwe kutora "chiratidzo" chaicho. Kunyange zvazvo maziso edu asingagoni kuzviona, sayenzi yagara ichikwanisa “kuona” zvinhu zvakadai semhepo neokisijeni iri mairi, masaisai eredhiyo, chiedza cheultraviolet, mwaranzi ye<em>infrared, uye maatomu.

Tinoonawo neimwe nzira antimatterkana ichipindirana nechisimba nezvinhu zvakajairika, uye izvo zvakajairika idambudziko rakanyanya kuoma, nekuti kunyangwe takaona izvi mumhedzisiro yekudyidzana, mune imwe pfungwa yakazara, sekudengenyeka, zvakange zvisingaite kwatiri kusvika 2015.

Zvisinei, isu tichiri, neimwe nzira, hatisi "kuona" simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, nokuti hatisati tawana mutakuri mumwechete wekubatana uku (kureva, semuenzaniso, chidimbu chekufungidzira chinonzi graviton) Zvakakodzera kutaura pano kuti pane imwe fananidzo pakati penhoroondo yegiravhiti uye .

Isu tinoona kuita kweiyo yekupedzisira, asi isu hatizvicherechedze zvakananga, hatizive kuti inosanganisirei. Zvisinei, pane musiyano mukuru pakati pezviitiko izvi "zvisingaoneki". Hapana akambobvunza giravhiti. Asi nerima (1) zvakasiyana.

Sei g simba rakasvibaiyo inonzi ine zvinotopfuura zvinhu zvakasviba. Kuvapo kwayo kwakatorwa sefungidziro yakavakirwa pamaitiro echisiko chose chose. "Kuona" kunenge kwakatonyanya kuoma kupfuura nyaya yakasviba, kana chete nekuti chiitiko chedu chakajairika chinotidzidzisa kuti simba, nehunhu hwaro chaihwo, rinoramba riri chimwe chinhu chisingasvikike kune pfungwa (nezviridzwa zvekuona) kupfuura nyaya.

Zvinoenderana nefungidziro dzemazuva ano, ese ari maviri erima anofanirwa kuita 96% yezvirimo.

Saka, kutaura zvazviri, kunyange chadenga pachacho hachioneki kwatiri, tisingarevi kuti kana zvasvika pamiganhu yazvo, isu tinongoziva izvo zvinotemerwa nekuona kwevanhu, uye kwete izvo zvingave zvakanyanyisa kunyanyisa - kana zviripo. zvachose.

Pane chiri kutidhonza pamwe chete neboka renyeredzi rose

Kusaoneka kwezvimwe zvinhu zviri muchadenga kunogona kutyisa, sekuti makwara enzou ane zana ari pedyo ari kuramba achifamba akananga kunzvimbo isinganzwisisiki muchadenga inozivikanwa se. Mukuru anokwezva. Nzvimbo iyi inosvika mamirioni mazana maviri nemakumi maviri kubva pachiedza-makore uye masayendisiti anoidaidza kuti giravitional anomaly. Zvinotendwa kuti Great Attractor ine huwandu hwemaquadrillions ezuva.

Ngatitange nenyaya yekuti iri kuwedzera. Izvi zvave zvichiitika kubva paBig Bang, uye kukurumidza kwazvino kwekuita uku kunofungidzirwa pamakiromita 2,2 miriyoni paawa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti gwara redu renzou neboka renyeredzi rakavakidzana naro rinonzi Andromeda rinofanirawo kunge richifamba nokumhanya ikoko, handiti? Kwete saizvozvo.

Mumakore makumi manomwe takagadzira mepu dzakadzama dzekunze. Microwave background (CMB) Universe uye takaona kuti rimwe divi reGwara renzou rinodziya kupfuura rimwe. Musiyano wacho wakanga uri pasi pezana padhigirii reCelsius, asi zvakanga zvakatikwanira kuti tinzwisise kuti taifamba nespeed yemakiromita 600 pasekondi takananga kuboka renyeredzi reCentaurus.

Makore mashomanana gare gare, takaona kuti kwete isu chete, asi munhu wose mukati memamiriyoni zana echiedza-makore edu, akanga achifamba nenzira imwe cheteyo. Pane chinhu chimwe chete chinogona kudzivisa kuwedzera pamadaro akakura kudaro, uye isimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi.

Andromeda, semuenzaniso, inofanira kubva kwatiri, asi mumakore 4 bhiriyoni tichafanirwa ... kudhumhana nayo. Huremu hwakakwana hunogona kuramba kuwedzera. Pakutanga, masayendisiti akafunga kuti kumhanya uku kwakakonzerwa nenzvimbo yedu kunze kweiyo inonzi Local Supercluster.

Sei zvakatiomera isu kuona iyi isinganzwisisike Muitisi Mukuru? Sezvineiwo, iri ndiro gwara redu renzou, iro rinovhara maonero edu. Kuburikidza nebhandi reMilky Way, hatigone kuona chikamu che20% chepasirese. Zvinongoitika kuti anoenda chaiko uko kune Great Attractor. Zvinotendwa kuti zvinokwanisika kupinza chidzitiro ichi neX-ray uye infrared cherechedzo, asi izvi hazvipe mufananidzo wakajeka.

Pasinei nematambudziko aya, zvakaonekwa kuti mune imwe nzvimbo yeGreat Attractor, kure nemamiriyoni 150 light years, kune galactic. Cluster Norma. Kuseri kwaro kune boka guru rakatokura zvikuru, kure nemamiriyoni 650 kubva pachiedza-makore, rine huremu hwe10 XNUMX. galaxy, chimwe chezvinhu zvikurusa zviri muchadenga zvinozivikanwa kwatiri.

Saka, masayendisiti anoratidza kuti Great Attractor giravhiti centre akawanda makuru makuru emapoka enyeredzi, kusanganisira edu - anenge 100 zvinhu zvakazara, zvakaita seMilky Way. Kune zvakare dzidziso dzekuti muunganidzwa wakakura wesimba rakasviba kana nzvimbo yakakwira density ine hombe yegiravhiti.

Vamwe vaongorori vanotenda kuti uku kunongova kufanoravidza kwekupedzisira ... kuguma kwepasirese. The Great Depression ichareva kuti pasi rose richakora mumakore mashoma ematiriyoni, apo kuwedzera kunononoka uye kunotanga kudududza. Nekufamba kwenguva, izvi zvaizotungamira kune supermassive yaizodya zvese, kusanganisira pachayo.

Nekudaro, seizvo masayendisiti anocherekedza, kuwedzera kwePasirose kunozopedzisira kwakunda simba reGreat Attractor. Sipidhi yedu yakananga kwairi inongova chikamu chimwe chete muzvishanu kumhanya uko zvinhu zvese zviri kuwedzera. Mamiriro makuru enzvimbo yeLaniakea (2) yatiri chikamu chayo rimwe zuva achaparara, sezvichaitawo mamwe akawanda masangano emuchadenga.

Simba rechishanu rezvisikwa

Chinhu chatisingaone, asi chave kufungidzirwa zvakanyanya munguva pfupi yapfuura, inonzi inonzi yechishanu maitiro.

Kuwanikwa kwezviri kushumwa munhau kunosanganisira kufungidzira nezvechinhu chitsva chekufungidzira chine zita rinonakidza. X17inogona kubatsira kutsanangura chakavanzika chechinhu chakasviba uye simba rakasviba.

Kudyidzana kuna kunozivikanwa: giravhiti, electromagnetism, kwakasimba uye kusina kusimba kweatomu. Mhedzisiro yemasimba mana anozivikanwa pamusoro pematter, kubva kumicro-ream yeatomu kusvika pakukura kukuru kwemagalaxi, akanyorwa zvakanaka uye kazhinji anonzwisisika. Zvisinei, kana ukafunga kuti inenge 96% yehuremu hwechadenga chedu inoumbwa nezvinhu zvisina kujeka, zvisingatsananguriki zvinonzi rima guru uye simba rakasviba, hazvishamisi kuti masayendisiti ave achifungidzira kwenguva refu kuti kusangana uku hakumiriri zvese zviri muchadenga. . inoenderera mberi.

Kuedza kutsanangura simba idzva, munyori weboka rinotungamirirwa naro Attila Krasnagorskaya (3), fizikisi paInstitute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI) yeHungarian Academy yeScience, yatakanzwa nezvekupedzisira kwekupedzisira, yakanga isiri chiratidzo chekutanga chekuvapo kwekubatana kusinganzwisisiki.

Masayendisiti mamwechetewo akatanga kunyora nezve "simba rechishanu" muna 2016, mushure mekuita kuyedza kushandura mapurotoni kuita isotopes, ari akasiyana emakemikari zvinhu. Vatsvakurudzi vakatarisa mapurotoni achishandura isotopu inozivikanwa se lithium-7 kuita rudzi rusina kugadzikana rweatomu inonzi beryllium-8.

3. Prof. Attila Krasnahorkay (kurudyi)

Kana beryllium-8 yaora, mapaya emaerekitironi nemapositron akaumbwa, ayo aidzoserana, zvichiita kuti zvidimbu zvibhururuke zvichibuda nepakona. Chikwata chaitarisira kuona kuwirirana pakati pesimba rechiedza rinoburitswa panguva yekuora uye makona panobhururuka zvimedu. Pane kudaro, maerekitironi nemapositron akadzoserwa madhigirii 140 kanokwana kanomwe kupfuura zvaifanotaurwa nemhando dzawo, mhedzisiro isingatarisirwe.

"Kuziva kwedu kwese pamusoro penyika inooneka kunogona kutsanangurwa tichishandisa iyo inonzi Standard Model ye particle physics," anonyora kudaro Krasnagorkay. “Zvisinei, haigoveri chero zvidimbu zvinorema kupfuura erekitironi uye zvakareruka kupfuura muon, iyo inorema ka207 kupfuura elekitironi. Kana tikawana chidimbu chitsva mufafitera repamusoro, izvi zvinoratidzira kumwe kudyidzana kutsva kusina kubatanidzwa muStandard Model. "

Chinhu chisinganzwisisike chinodaidzwa kuti X17 nekuda kwehuremu hwacho hunofungidzirwa hwe17 megaelectronvolts (MeV), kanenge ka34 pane erekitironi. Vatsvakurudzi vakatarisa kuora kwe tritium mu helium-4 uye vakacherechedza zvakare kushamisa kwe diagonal discharge, zvichiratidza chidimbu chine huwandu hunosvika 17 MeV.

"Iyo photon inopindirana nemagetsi emagetsi, gluon inopindirana nechisimba chakasimba, uye W uye Z bosons inoyananisa simba risina simba," Krasnahorkai akatsanangura.

"Chikamu chedu X17 chinofanirwa kupindirana kudyidzana kutsva, yechishanu. Mhedzisiro nyowani inoderedza mukana wekuti kuyedza kwekutanga kwakangoitika, kana kuti mhedzisiro yakakonzera kukanganisa kwehurongwa. "

Chinhu chakasviba pasi petsoka

Kubva kuUniverse yakakura, kubva munzvimbo isina kujeka yezvirahwe uye zvakavanzika zvefizikisi huru, ngatidzokere kuPasi. Takatarisana nedambudziko rinotoshamisa pano... nekuona uye kunyatso ratidza zvese zviri mukati (4).

Makore mashoma apfuura takanyora muMT nezve chakavanzika chepakati penyikakuti gangaidzo rakabatana nekusikwa kwayo uye hazvizivikanwe kuti chimiro chayo uye chimiro chayo chii. Tine nzira dzakadai sekuyedza ne seismic masaisai, yakakwanisawo kugadzira muenzaniso wemukati wePasi, iyo ine chibvumirano chesayenzi.

zvisinei zvichienzaniswa nenyeredzi dziri kure namakwara enzou, somuenzaniso, kunzwisisa kwedu kwezviri pasi petsoka dzedu hakuna kusimba. Zvinhu zvemuchadenga, kunyangwe zviri kure kwazvo, isu tinongoona. Zvakafanana hazvigoni kutaurwa pamusoro pepakati, zvidimbu zvejasi, kana kunyange zvidimbu zvakadzika zvepasi..

Chete tsvakurudzo yakananga inowanikwa. Mipata yemakomo inofumura matombo kusvika pakadzika makiromita akati wandei. Matsime ekuongorora akadzama anosvika pakudzika kweanopfuura makiromita gumi nemaviri.

Mashoko pamusoro pematombo nemaminerari anovaka zvakadzika anopiwa ne xenoliths, i.e. zvidimbu zvematombo zvakatsemurwa ndokutakurwa kubva muura hwePasi semugumisiro wekuputika kwemakomo. Pahwaro hwavo, petrologists vanogona kuona kuumbwa kwemaminerari kusvika pakadzika mazana emakiromita emakiromita.

Iyo radius yePasi ndeye 6371 km, iyo isiri nzira iri nyore kune edu ese "infiltrators". Nekuda kwekumanikidza kukuru uye tembiricha inosvika pa5 degrees Celsius, zvakaoma kutarisira kuti iyo yakadzika yemukati ichave inowanikwa kuti itariswe zvakananga mune ramangwana rinoonekwa.

Saka tinoziva sei zvatinoziva nezvechimiro chemukati mePasi? Mashoko akadaro anopiwa nemafungu ekudengenyeka kwenyika anogadzirwa nekudengenyeka kwenyika, i.e. masaisai anorarika achipararira mune elastic medium.

Vakawana zita ravo kubva pakuti vanogadzirwa nezvibhakera. Mhando mbiri dzemafungu (seismic) mafungu anogona kupararira mune elastic (gomo) yepakati: nekukurumidza - longitudinal uye zvishoma - transverse. Iwo ekutanga maoscillations epakati anoitika achitevedza gwara rekupararira kwemafungu, nepo mukuchinjika oscillations yepakati anoitika perpendicular kune kutungamira kwemafungu ekuparadzira.

Longitudinal masaisai anonyorwa kutanga (lat. primae), uye masaisai akachinjika anorekodhwa kechipiri (lat. secundae), nokudaro kucherekedza kwavo kwechinyakare museismology - longitudinal masaisai p uye transverse s. P-waves inokurumidza 1,73 nguva kupfuura s.

Ruzivo rwunopihwa nemasaisai ekudengenyeka kunoita kuti zvikwanise kuvaka modhi yemukati mePasi zvichibva pane elastic properties. Tinogona kutsanangura zvimwe zvinhu zvemuviri zvichibva pa simba regiravhiti (density, pressure), kuona magnetotelluric currents inogadzirwa mumucheka wePasi (kugoverwa kwemagetsi conductivity) kana kuora kwekuyerera kwePasi kupisa.

Iko kuumbwa kwepetroloji kunogona kutsanangurwa nekuenzanisa nezvidzidzo zverabhoritari zvezvimiro zvemaminerari nematombo pasi pemamiriro ekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya uye tembiricha.

Nyika inoburitsa kupisa, uye hazvizivikanwe kwakunobva. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, imwe dzidziso itsva yakabuda ine chekuita neasinganzwisisike ekutanga zvimedu. Zvinotendwa kuti zviratidzo zvakakosha kune chakavanzika chekupisa kunopenya kubva mukati mepasi redu zvinogona kupihwa nemasikirwo. neutrino - zvidimbu zvehuremu hudiki zvakanyanya - zvinoburitswa neradioactive maitiro anoitika muura hwePasi.

Nzvimbo huru dzinozivikanwa dzeradioactivity instable thorium uye potassium, sezvatinoziva kubva kumatombo ematombo kusvika kumakiromita mazana maviri pasi pevhu. Zvakadzika dzika hazvisati zvazivikanwa.

Tinozviziva geoneutrino izvo zvinobudiswa panguva yekuora kweuranium zvine simba rakawanda kudarika rinobudiswa panguva yekuora kwe potassium. Saka, nekuyera simba re geoneutrinos, tinogona kuona kuti ndezvipi zvinobuda muradioactive material.

Nehurombo, geoneutrinos yakaoma kwazvo kuona. Naizvozvo, kuona kwavo kwekutanga muna 2003 kwaida detector hombe yepasi pevhu yakazadzwa neapprox. matani emvura. Madetector aya anoyera neutrinos nekuona kudhumhana nemaatomu mumvura.

Kubva ipapo, geoneutrinos yakangoonekwa mukuyedza kumwe uchishandisa tekinoroji iyi (5). Zvose zviyero zvinoratidza izvozvo Inenge hafu yekupisa kwePasi kubva kune radioactivity (20 terawatts) inogona kutsanangurwa nekuora kweuranium uye thorium. Kwakabva 50% yasara...hazvisati zvazivikanwa kuti chii.

5. Mepu yemuenzaniso wekusimba kwegeoneutrino emissions Panyika - kufanotaura

Muna July 2017, kuvaka kwakatanga pachivako ichi, chinonziwo DUNESyakarongerwa kupera kunosvika 2024. Nzvimbo iyi ichave iri pedyo ne1,5 km pasi pevhu mune yaimbova Homestack, South Dakota.

Masayendisiti anoronga kushandisa DUNE kupindura mibvunzo yakakosha mufizikisi yemazuva ano nekunyatsodzidza neutrinos, chimwe chezvimedu zvisinganzwisisike.

Muna Nyamavhuvhu 2017, boka repasi rese revasayendisiti rakaburitsa chinyorwa mujenari Physical Ongororo D ichikurudzira kushandiswa kweDUNE se scanner kudzidza mukati mePasi. Kumafungu ekudengenyeka uye zvibhorani, nzira itsva yekudzidza mukati mepasi yaizowedzerwa, iyo, zvichida, ingatiratidza mufananidzo mutsva zvachose. Zvisinei, iyi ingori pfungwa yezvino.

Kubva parima remuchadenga, takasvika mukati mepasi redu, kusati kwasviba kwatiri. uye kusapindira kwezvinhu izvi kunovhiringidza, asi kwete zvakanyanya sekuzvidya mwoyo kuti hationi zvinhu zvose zviri pedyo nePasi, kunyanya izvo zviri munzira yekudhumhana nayo.

Nekudaro, iyi inyaya yakati siyanei, yatichangobva kukurukura zvakadzama muMT. Chishuvo chedu chekugadzira nzira dzekutarisa chinoruramiswa zvizere mumamiriro ese.