Mhando dzemafuta edhiziri

Hunhu hwemafuta edhiziri

Muchikamu chemaitiro, mafuta edhiziri anosiyaniswa neanotevera maitiro:

• cetane nhamba, iyo inoonekwa seyero yekureruka kwekudzima;
• evaporation intensity;
• density;
• viscosity;
• thickening tembiricha;
• zvemukati metsvina yehunhu, kunyanya sarufa.

Nhamba yecetane yemagiredhi emazuva ano uye marudzi emafuta edhiziri anobva ku40 kusvika ku60. Iwo mamakisi emafuta ane nhamba yepamusoro yecetane akagadzirirwa injini dzemotokari nemarori. Mafuta akadaro ndiwo anonyanya kuputika, anogadzirisa kuwedzera kutsetseka kwekupisa uye kugadzikana kwepamusoro panguva yekupisa. Slow-speed engines (ship-mounted) inoshandisa mafuta ane nhamba yecetane isingasviki 40. Iyi mafuta ine zvishoma zvishoma, inosiya iyo yakawanda kabhoni, uye ine yakanyanya sulfuri.

Sulfur inosvibisa zvakanyanya mune chero rudzi rwemafuta edhiziri, saka chikamu chayo chinonyanya kudzorwa zvakasimba. Nokudaro, maererano nemitemo yeEuropean Union, huwandu hwesarufa mune vose vanogadzira mafuta edizeli havana kudarika chikamu chezvikamu gumi pamamiriyoni. Lower sulfur content inoderedza kubudiswa kwemakomisheni esarufa ane chekuita nemvura ine acid. Sezvo kuderera kwehuwandu hwesarufa mumafuta edhiziri kunosanganisirawo kuderera kwenhamba yecetane, mhando dzakasiyana dzezviwedzeredzo dzinoshandiswa mumhando dzemazuva ano dzinovandudza injini yekutanga mamiriro.

Kuwanda kwehuwandu hwemafuta zvakanyanya kunoenderana nekutsva kwayo. Nzvimbo huru dzekusvibiswa kwemafuta edhiziri imhute yemvura, iyo, mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, inokwanisa kunyura mumatangi. Kuchengetwa kwenguva refu kwemafuta edhiziri kunokonzera kugadzirwa kwefungus, semhedzisiro yekuti mafirita emafuta uye nozzles zvakasvibiswa.

Zvinotendwa kuti mhando dzemazuva ano dzemafuta edhiziri dzakachengeteka kupfuura peturu (yakanyanya kuoma kupisa), uye zvakare inodarika iyo maererano nekubudirira, sezvo ichibvumira kuwedzera kwesimba rekushandisa pachiyero chemafuta.

Nzvimbo dzekugadzira

Iyo yakanyanya kurongeka yemafuta edhiziri inogona kuitwa zvinoenderana nerudzi rwechikafu chekugadzirwa kwayo. Nechinyakare, mafuta anorema anga ari chikafu chekugadzira mafuta edhiziri, mushure mekunge zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira peturu kana aviation rocket mafuta zvatobviswa kubva mazviri. Yechipiri sosi ndeyekugadzira mhando, kugadzirwa kwayo kunoda marasha, pamwe negasi distillate. Mhando yemafuta edhiziri iyi inoonekwa seyakanyanya kukosha.

Iyo yechokwadi tekinoroji kubudirira mune dizeli mafuta tekinoroji raive basa pakugadzirwa kwayo kubva kune zvigadzirwa zvekurima: iyo inonzi biodiesel. Zvinoda kuziva kuti injini yedhiziri yekutanga yenyika yaifambiswa nemafuta enzungu, uye mushure mekuedzwa kwemaindasitiri, Henry Ford akasvika pakugumisa kuti kushandiswa kwemafuta emiriwo sechinhu chikuru chekugadzira mafuta kwakakodzera. Iye zvino nhamba huru yejini dizeli inogona kushanda pamusanganiswa unoshanda, unosanganisira 25 ... 30% yebiodiesel, uye muganhu uyu unoramba uchikwira zvishoma nezvishoma. Kuwedzera kukura mukushandiswa kwebiodiesel kunoda reprogramming yemagetsi jekiseni jekiseni system. Chikonzero chekugadzirisa uku ndechekuti biodiesel inosiyana mune mamwe maitiro ayo ekuita, kunyangwe pasina mutsauko wakakosha pakati peinjini yedhiziri uye biodiesel injini.

Saka, maererano nekwakabva kugadzirwa, dizeli mafuta anogona kuva:

• Kubva miriwo mbishi zvinhu.
• Kubva pakugadzirwa kwezvinhu.
• Kubva ku hydrocarbon raw materials.

Kugadziriswa kwemafuta edhiziri

Kusiyana-siyana kwezviwanikwa uye matekinoroji ekugadzira mafuta edhiziri chimwe chezvikonzero zvehuwandu hukuru hwemazinga epamba anotonga kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa kwayo. Ngatizvifungei.

GOST 305-2013 inotsanangura zviyero zvemafuta edhiziri anowanikwa kubva kumafuta uye gasi zvigadzirwa. Zviratidzo zvinodzorwa nechiyero ichi zvinosanganisira:

1. Cetane nhamba - 45.
2. Kinematic viscosity, mm²/ s - 1,5… 6,0.
3. Density, kg / m³ - 833,5 ... 863,4.
4. flash point, ^ºC - 30 ... 62 (zvichienderana nemhando yeinjini).
5. kudira point, ^ºC, kwete kupfuura -5.

Hunhu hukuru hwemafuta edhiziri maererano neGOST 305-2013 ndiyo tembiricha yekushandisa, zvichienderana nekuti mafuta akakamurwa kuita zhizha L (kushanda pakudziya kwekunze kubva pa5.^ºC uye pamusoro), off-mwaka E (kushanda kunze tembiricha kwete kuderera pane -15^ºC), yechando Z (kushanda pakudziya kwekunze kwete kuderera pane -25 ... -35^ºC) uye arctic A (kushanda pakudziya kwekunze kubva -45^ºC uye pazasi).

GOST 1667-68 inogadza zvinodikanwa zvemafuta emota kune yepakati- uye yakaderera-inomhanya marine dizeli kumisikidzwa. Kunobva zvinhu zvakasvibirira zvemafuta akadaro mafuta ane chikamu chikuru chesarufa. Mafuta akakamurwa kuva marudzi maviri emafuta edhiziri uye DM (iyo yekupedzisira inoshandiswa chete mune yakaderera-speed dizeli injini).

Iwo makuru ekushanda maitiro emafuta edhiziri:

1. Viscosity, cSt - 20 ... 36.
2. Density, kg / m³ - 930.
3. flash point, ^ºC - 65 ... 70.
4. kudira point, ^ºC, kwete pasi pe -5.
5. Mvura yemukati,%, isingasviki 0,5.

Iwo makuru ekushanda maitiro eDM mafuta:

1. Viscosity, cSt - 130.
2. Density, kg / m³ - 970.
3. flash point, ^ºC - 85.
4. kudira point, ^ºC, kwete pasi pe -10.
5. Mvura yemukati,%, isingasviki 0,5.

Kune ese maviri marudzi, zviratidzo zvekuumbwa kwezvikamu zvinodzorwa, pamwe neperesenti yekusachena kukuru (sarufa nemakemikari ayo, acids uye alkali).

GOST 32511-2013 inotsanangura zvinodikanwa zvemafuta edhiziri akagadziridzwa anosangana neEuropean standard EN 590:2009+A1:2010. Hwaro hwekuvandudza hwaive GOST R 52368-2005. Iyo chiyero inotsanangura mamiriro ehunyanzvi ekugadzirwa kwemafuta anoshamwaridzana kwezvakatipoteredza ane mashoma emukati meiyo sulfur-ine zvikamu. Izvo zvinozivikanwa zviratidzo zvekugadzirwa kweiyi dizeli mafuta zvakaiswa sezvizvi:

1. Cetane nhamba - 51.
2. Viscosity, mm²/c – 2….4,5.
3. Density, kg / m³ - 820 ... 845.
4. flash point, ^ºC - 55.
5. kudira point, ^ºC, kwete pasi pe -5 (zvichienderana nerudzi rwemafuta).
6. Mvura yemukati,%, isingasviki 0,7.

Pamusoro pezvo, mwero wemafuta, corrosion performance, uye chikamu chekuvapo kwemethyl esters yezvakaoma organic acids zvakatemwa.

GOST R 53605-2009 inogadza tekinoroji zvinodiwa zvezvikamu zvikuru zveiyo feedstock inoshandiswa kugadzirwa kwebiodiesel mafuta. Inotsanangura pfungwa yebiodiesel, inonyora zvinodiwa pakushandurwa kwejini dizeli, inogadza zvirambidzo pakushandiswa kwemethyl esters yemafuta acids, iyo inofanira kunge iri mumafuta. GOST yakagadziridzwa kuEuropean standard EN590: 2004.

Basic tekinoroji zvinodiwa zvemafuta zvinoenderana neGOST 32511-2013:

1. Nhamba yeCetane - 55 ... 80.
2. Density, kg / m³ - 860 ... 900.
3. Viscosity, mm²/c – 2….6.
4. flash point, ^ºC - 80.
5. kudira point, ^ºNe -5…-10.
6. Mvura yemukati,%, isingasviki 8.

GOST R 55475-2013 inotsanangura mamiriro ekugadzirwa kwechando uye arctic mafuta edhiziri, ayo anogadzirwa kubva kune distillate yemafuta uye gasi zvigadzirwa. Diesel mafuta magiredhi, kugadzirwa kwayo kunopihwa nechiyero ichi, inoratidzirwa neanotevera paramita:

1. Nhamba yeCetane - 47 ... 48.
2. Density, kg / m³ - 890 ... 850.
3. Viscosity, mm²/c – 1,5….4,5.
4. flash point, ^ºC - 30 ... 40.
5. kudira point, ^ºC, kwete kupfuura -42.
6. Mvura yemukati,%, isingasviki 0,2.

Kutarisa mafuta edhiziri pazviteshi zvegasi WOG/OKKO/Ukr.Avto. Diesel muchando -20.

Tsanangudzo pfupi yemhando dzemafuta edhiziri

Diesel mafuta mamakisi anosiyaniswa neanotevera zviratidzo:

Zvinoenderana nesarufa yemukati, iyo inosarudza hushamwari hwezvakatipoteredza hwemafuta:

• kirasi I (kusvika 350 mg/kg sarufa);
• kirasi II (kusvika 50 mg / kg sulfur);
• kirasi III (kusvika 10 mg / kg yesarufa).

Pamuganhu wepazasi wekusefa. 6 mamakisi emafuta akaiswa:

• A - muganho wakaderera wekusefa 5ºС;
• B - yakaderera muganho wekusefa 0^ºC;
• C - yakaderera muganho filterability -5^ºC;
• D - yakaderera muganho wekusefa -10^ºC;
• E - yakaderera muganho wekusefa -15^ºC;
• F - yakaderera muganho wekusefa -20^ºC.

Kuwedzera kune nzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze anotonhora:

• kirasi 0 (-20^ºKUBVA);
• kirasi 1 (-26^ºKUBVA);
• kirasi 2 (-32^ºKUBVA);
• kirasi 3 (-38^ºKUBVA);
• kirasi 4 (-44^ºNE).

Kune zvidyarwa zvedhiziri zvinoshandiswa mumatunhu ane kutonhora kwemamiriro ekunze, iyo tsamba K inowedzerwa mukumaka, iyo inosarudza tekinoroji yekugadzira mafuta - catalytic dewaxing. Aya mabhureki anotevera akaiswa:

• DT-Z-K3 (K4, K5) kuti ishandiswe pane tembiricha isiri pasi pe -32^ºC;
• DT-Z-K3 (K4, K5) kuti ishandiswe pane tembiricha isiri pasi pe -38^ºC;
• DT-A-K3 (K4, K5) kuti ishandiswe pane tembiricha isiri pasi pe -44^ºC;
• DT-A-K3 (K4, K5) kuti ishandiswe pane tembiricha isiri pasi pe -48^ºC;
• DT-A-K3 (K4, K5) kuti ishandiswe pane tembiricha isiri pasi pe -52^ºC.

Rondedzero yakazara yezviratidzo inopiwa mune zvitupa zvemhando yebatch yemafuta edhiziri.