Mhando uye tsananguro yemapuratifomu emota

Musika wemotokari unogara uchichinja. Vagadziri vanofanirwa kufambirana nemaitiro azvino: gadzira mhando nyowani, gadzira zvakawanda uye nekukurumidza. Kupesana neiyi kumashure, mapuratifomu emota abuda. Vatyairi vazhinji havana zano rekuti chikuva chimwe chete chinogona kushandiswa pamhando dzakasiyana zvachose.

Chii chinonzi chikuva chemotokari

Chaizvoizvo, chikuva hwaro kana hwaro panogona kuvakwa dzimwe mota dzakawanda. Uye haifanirwe kunge iri imwechete brand. Semuenzaniso, mhando dzakadai seMazda 1, Volvo c3, Ford Focus nedzimwe dzinogadzirwa pachikuva cheFord C30. Izvo hazvigoneke kunyatsoziva kuti ramangwana auto chikuva chichava sei. Chimwe nechimwe chimiro chakatemerwa nemugadziri pachake, asi hwaro huchiripo.

Iko inokutendera kuti ubatanidze kugadzirwa, izvo zvinonyanya kuchengetedza mari uye nguva yekuvandudza mamodheru matsva. Iwe unogona kufunga kuti mota papuratifomu imwechete hadzisi dzakasiyana zvachose kubva kune imwe, asi izvi hazvisizvo. Dzinogona kusiyana mukunze dhizaini, yemukati trim, chimiro chechigaro, mudhiraivho, mhando yezvinhu, asi hwaro hwekutanga huchave hwakafanana kana hwakaenzana.

Iyi yakajairika base kazhinji inosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu:

• pasi pezasi (kutakura chikamu);
• Chassis (gozvo, kuturika, braking system);
• wheelbase (kureba pakati pemakisi);
• kurongeka kwekutapurirana, injini nezvimwe zvinhu zvikuru.

A bit of history

Kubatanidzwa kwekugadzirwa kwemotokari hakuna kuitika padanho razvino, sezvazvingaite. Pakutanga kwekuvandudzwa kwayo, furemu ine injini yakaiswa, kuturika uye zvimwe zvinhu zvaionekwa senge mota chikuva. On "bogies" izvi nokudenga, mitumbi zvitarisiko siyana dzakanga yakaiswa. Vakaparadzaniswa emakamuri vaiita kugadzirwa kwemitumbi. Mufumi mutengi anogona kuhodha yake yakasarudzika vhezheni.

Mukupera kwema30, makuru ma automaker akasundira zvidiki zvitoro zvemuviri kunze kwemusika, saka iyo yepamusoro dhizaini dhizaini yakatanga kudzikira. Mumakore epashure pehondo, vakanyangarika zvachose. Vashoma chete vakapona mumakwikwi, pakati pavo Pininfarina, Zagato, Karmann, Bertone. Mitezo yakasarudzika muma50s yaive yatoburitswa nemari yakawanda pamaodha akakosha.

Muma60, ma automaker makuru akatanga kuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma kumiviri yemonocoque. Kuvandudza chimwe chinhu chakasarudzika kwakangooma.

Ikozvino pane huwandu hukuru hwemhando, asi havazi vanhu vazhinji vanoziva kuti iwo ese anogadzirwa neashoma chete zvinonetsa zvakakura. Basa ravo ndere kudzikisa mutengo wekugadzira zvakanyanya sezvinobvira pasina kurasikirwa nehunhu. Makambani makuru chete emota anogona kusimudzira muviri mutsva neakakodzera aerodynamics uye yakasarudzika dhizaini. Semuenzaniso, chakanyanya kunetsekana Volkswagen Boka rine maronda Audi, Skoda, Bugatti, Seat, Bentley nevamwe vakati wandei. Hazvishamise kuti zvinhu zvakawanda kubva kumhando dzakasiyana zvinokwana pamwechete.

Munguva yeSoviet nguva, mota dzakagadzirwawo papuratifomu imwechete. Iyi ndiyo Zhiguli inozivikanwa. Iyo base yaive imwe, saka zvakadzama gare gare zvinokwana mhando dzakasiyana.

Mapuratifomu emota dzemazuva ano

Sezvo chimwe chigadziko chingave hwaro hwehuwandu hwakawanda hwedzimotokari, seti yezvinhu zvakaumbwa zvinosiyana. Vagadziri vanofanotungamira-kuisa zvingangoitika mune yakagadziriswa chikuva. Mhando dzinoverengeka dzeinjini, spars, mota mapaneru, maumbirwo epasi anosarudzwa. Mitumbi yakasiyanasiyana, injini, kutapurirana zvinozoiswa pane ino "ngoro", tisingataure nezvekuzadzwa kwemagetsi uye zvemukati.

Mota dzemota dzeplatform dzinogona kuve dzakasiyana kana kunyatsofanana. Semuenzaniso, Mazda 1 neFord Focus zvakavakirwa pane inozivikanwa inozivikanwa Ford C3 chikuva. Vane injini dzakasiyana zvachose. Asi Nissan Almera uye Renault Logan vane chete injini.

Kazhinji soplatform mota dzinomiswa zvakafanana. Chassis yakabatana, sezvakaita masystem ekufambisa uye mabhureki. Mhando dzakasiyana dzinogona kunge dziine marongero akasiyana eaya masisitimu. Kumira kwakasimba kunoitwa kuburikidza nekusarudzwa kwematsime, zvinokatyamadza uye zvinodzikamisa.

Mhando dzemapuratifomu

Mukuita kwekuvandudza, mhando dzinoverengeka dzakaonekwa:

• wenguva dzose chikuva;
• bheji engineering;
• modular chikuva.

Mapuratifomu akajairika

Yakajairika mapuratifomu emota akachinja pamwe nekuvandudzwa kwemotokari indasitiri. Semuenzaniso, 35 mota dzakavakirwa pachikuva kubva kuVolkswagen PQ19, kusanganisira Volkswagen Jetta, Audi Q3, Volkswagen Touran nedzimwe. Zvakaoma kutenda, asi ichokwadi.

Tora zvakare chikuva chemumba Lada C. Mota zhinji dzakavakirwa pairi, kusanganisira iyo Lada Priora, Lada Vesta nevamwe. Zvino chigadzirwa ichi chakatosiiwa, nekuti aya mamodheru echinyakare uye aisakwanisa kumira nemakwikwi.

Bheji Injiniya

Muma 70s, bheji yeinjiniya yakaonekwa pamusika wemotokari. Mukukosha, uku ndiko kusikwa kwedombo remotokari imwe, asi pasi pechiratidzo chakasiyana. Kazhinji mutsauko unongova mune mashoma mashoma uye logo. Iko kune zvakanyanya kunyanya mienzaniso yakadai mumaindasitiri emagetsi emazuva ano. Ivo vepedyo nesu vanogona kunzi mabheji mota Lada Largus uye Dacia Logan MCV. Nechokunze, ivo vanosiyana chete muchimiro cherediyeta grille uye bhamba.

Iwe unogona zvakare kutumidza mazita ema autoclones Subaru BRZ uye Toyota GT86. Idzi ndidzo hama hama mota dzisingasiyane zvachose pakuonekwa, chete mu logo.

Modular chikuva

Iyo modular chikuva chave kumwe kusimudzira kwemapuratifomu emota. Maitiro aya anotendera iwe kuti ugadzire mota dzemakirasi akasiyana uye masisitimu akavakirwa pane akabatana ma module. Izvi zvinonyanya kudzora mutengo uye nguva yekusimudzira uye kugadzirwa. Zvino aya maitiro matsva mumusika wemotokari. Modular mapuratifomu akatogadzirwa uye anoshandiswa neese anotungamira ekugadzira mota epasi.

Yekutanga modular chikuva Modular Transverse Matrix (MQB) yakagadzirwa naVolkswagen. Ichaburitsa anopfuura makumi mana mamodheru emota emhando dzakasiyana (Seat, Audi, Skoda, Volkswagen). Iyo budiriro yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kudzikisa zvakanyanya huremu uye kushandiswa kwemafuta, uye tarisiro nyowani yakavhurwa.

Iyo modular chikuva ine anotevera maodhi.

• injini;
• hutachiwana;
• mudhiraivho;
• kumira;
• midziyo yemagetsi.

Pahwaro hwepuratifomu yakadaro, mota dzemhando dzakasiyana uye hunhu, zvine akasiyana magetsi magetsi, kusanganisira emagetsi emagetsi, anogona kugadzirwa.

Semuenzaniso, pahwaro hweMQB, chinhambwe uye kukura kweiyo wheelbase, muviri, hood inogona kuchinja, asi chinhambwe kubva kumberi vhiri axis kuenda kune iyo pedal gungano inoramba isina kuchinja. Mota dzinosiyana asi dzinogovana zvakajairika nzvimbo dzekukwirisa. Izvo zvakafanana nemamwe ma module.

PaMQB, chinoshanda chete chinzvimbo chenguva refu yemota, saka pane nhanho yakatarwa kugungano rinokanganisa. Zvakare, chete-pamberi-vhiri dhiraivha mota dzinogadzirwa pachigadziko ichi. Kune kumwe kumisikidzwa, Volkswagen ine MSB neMLB mabhesi.

Kunyangwe iyo modular chikuva ichideredza mutengo uye nguva yekugadzira, pane zvinokanganisa izvo zvinoshanda kune yese chikuva kugadzirwa:

• sezvo mota dzakasiyana dzinovakwa pachigadziko chimwe chete, muganho mukuru wekuchengetedza unotanga kuiswa mukati maro, izvo dzimwe nguva zvisina basa;
• hapana shanduko dzinogona kuitwa mushure mekuvaka kwatanga;
• mota dzinorasikirwa nehunhu hwavo;
• kana muchato ukawanikwa, saka batch rese rakaburitswa rinofanirwa kubviswa, sezvakatoitika.

Kunyangwe izvi, iri mune modular chikuva kuti vese vagadziri vanoona iro ramangwana repasi rose remotokari indasitiri.

Iwe unogona kufunga kuti nekuuya kwemapuratifomu, mota dzakarasikirwa kuzivikanwa. Asi kune chikuru chikamu, izvi zvinongoshanda chete kumberi-vhiri kutyaira mota. Izvo hazvisati zvave kugona kubatanidza mota neshure. Iko kune chete mashoma mashoma akafanana. Iwo mapuratifomu anotendera vagadziri kuchengetedza mari uye nguva, uye mutengi anogona kuchengetedza pazvipenga zvikamu kubva ku "zvine hukama" mota.