Test Drive Internal Friction II

Mhando dzeLubrication uye Nzira yeLubrication yeakasiyana maInjini Zvikamu

Lubrication mhando

Kudyidzana kwenzvimbo dzinofamba, kusanganisira kupesana, kunyorova uye kupfeka, mhedzisiro yesainzi inonzi tribology, uye kana zvasvika pamhando dzekupesana kwakabatana neinjini dzemukati dzemoto, vagadziri vanotsanangura akati wandei emafuta ekuzora. Hydrodynamic lubrication ndiyo inonyanya kudiwa fomu yeichi chiitiko, uye chaiyo nzvimbo iyo kwainoitika iri mune huru uye inobatanidza tsvimbo mabheyari ecrankshaft, ayo anoiswa pasi zvakanyanya mutoro. Inoonekwa munzvimbo diki pakati pekutakura neV-shaft, uye inounzwa ipapo nepombi yemafuta. Iyo inofamba nzvimbo yekutakura inozoita sepombi yayo, iyo inopomba uye ichigovera mafuta kumberi uye pakupedzisira inogadzira firimu gobvu mukati menzvimbo yese yekutakura. Nechikonzero ichi, vagadziri vanoshandisa sleeve mabheyaringi kune aya mainjini zvinhu, sezvo nzvimbo yepasi yekubata yebhora rinotakura inogadzira mutoro wakanyanya pamusoro peiyo mafuta. Zvakare, kumanikidzwa kuri mune ino firimu yemafuta kunogona kuve kwakapetwa makumi mashanu zvakapetwa pane kumanikidza kunogadzirwa nepombi pachayo! Mukuita, masimba ari muzvikamu izvi anotapuriranwa kuburikidza nemafuta. Ehe, kuitira kuchengetedza iyo hydrodynamic lubrication nyika, zvinodikanwa kuti injini yekukwenenzesa system igare ichipa mafuta akakwana.

Izvo zvinokwanisika kuti pane imwe nguva, pasi pesimba rekumanikidza kwakanyanya mune zvimwe zvikamu, iyo lubricating firimu inova yakatsiga uye yakasimba kupfuura simbi zvikamu zvayanozora, uye inototungamira mukushanduka kwesimbi nzvimbo. Vagadziri vanoshevedza irwu rudzi rwekugadzirisa elastohydrodynamic, uye inogona kuzviratidza mumabhora mabhegi ataurwa pamusoro, mumavhiri egiya kana mumasimudziro evhavha. Muchiitiko chekuti kumhanyisa kwenzvimbo dzinofamba kune imwe kune imwe kunova kwakaderera kwazvo, mutoro unowedzera zvakanyanya kana kushayikwa kwemafuta kwakakwana, izvo zvinonzi muganho lubrication zvinowanzoitika. Muchiitiko ichi, iyo lubrication inoenderana nekunamatira kwemamorekuru emafuta kunzvimbo dzinotsigira, kuitira kuti vapatsanurwe nefirimu remafuta rakatetepa asi richiri kuwanika. Zvinosuruvarisa, mune izvi zviitiko panogara paine njodzi yekuti firimu rakatetepa "rinobayiwa" nezvikamu zvakapinza zvezvisina kufanira, nekudaro, zvakakodzera antiwear zvinowedzerwa zvinowedzerwa kumafuta, ayo anovhara simbi kwenguva yakareba uye anodzivirira kuparadzwa kwayo nekubatana kwakananga. Hydrostatic lubrication inowanikwa muchimiro chefirimu yakatetepa kana mutoro uchichinja nzira nekukurumidza uye kumhanya kwezvikamu zvinofamba zvakaderera kwazvo. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive pano kuti kutakura makambani senge makuru ekubatanidza matanda akadai seFederal-Mogul akagadzira matekinoroji matsva ekuapfekedza iwo kuitira kuti vagone kubata nezvinetso ne kutanga-kumisa masisitimu senge kutakura kupfeka pane kazhinji kunotanga zvishoma kuoma. izvo zvinoitirwa pasi pega nekuvhurwa nyowani. Izvi zvichakurukurwa gare gare. Izvi zvinowanzo kutanga-kumusoro, zvakare, zvinotungamira kuchinjika kubva kune imwe nzira yekuzora kuenda kune imwe uye kunotsanangurwa se "yakavhenganiswa firimu girizi".

Lubrication masisitimu

Injini dzekutanga dzemotokari nedzimudhudhudhu, uye kunyange magadzirirwo akazotevera, aive nemafuta ekudonha, ayo oiri yaidhonzwa muinjini kubva kurudzi rwe "otomatiki" giresi negiravhiti yobva yayerera kana kupiswa. Vagadziri nhasi vanotsanangura masisitimu aya ekuzora, pamwe neayo masisitimu emafuta einjini mbiri-stroke, umo mafuta anosanganiswa nemafuta, se "yakazara kurasikirwa masisitimu." Gare gare, masisitimu aya akagadziridzwa pamwe nekuwedzerwa kwepombi yemafuta kuti ipe mafuta mukati meinjini uye kune (inowanzo kuwanikwa) chitima chevhavha. Nekudaro, aya masisitimu ekupomba haana chekuita neakazomanikidzirwa tekinoroji yekuzora iyo ichiri kushandiswa nhasi. Mapombi akaiswa kunze, achidyisa mafuta mukrankcase, uyezve akasvika kunzvimbo dzekukwenya nekupfapfaidza. Mashizha akakosha muchikamu chezasi chematanda ekubatanidza akapfapfaidza mafuta mukati me crankcase uye cylinder block, semhedzisiro iyo mafuta akawandisa akaunganidzwa mumamini-mabhati uye chiteshi uye, pasi pekuita kwesimba rinokwevera pasi, aiyerera achipinda mukati meiyo huru uye yekubatanidza tsvimbo. uye camshaft bearings. Rudzi rweshanduko kune masisitimu ane kumanikidzirwa lubrication pasi pekumanikidzwa ndeye Ford Model T injini, umo flywheel yaive nechimwe chinhu chakaita sevhiri reguyo remvura, iro raiitirwa kusimudza oiri nekuipopa kune crankcase (uye cherechedza kutapurirana), ipapo mativi ezasi crankshaft uye matanda ekubatanidza akakwenya oiri uye akagadzira yekugezera mafuta yekukwesha zvikamu. Izvi hazvina kunyanya kuoma nekuti camshaft yaivewo mucrankcase uye mavharuvhu aive akamira. Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga uye injini dzendege dzisina kushanda nerudzi urwu rwemafuta dzakapa kusunda kwakasimba munzira iyi. Aya ndiwo maitiro akazvarwa masisitimu aishandisa pombi dzemukati uye kudzvanywa kwakasanganiswa uye kupfapfaidza lubrication, izvo zvakazoiswa kune itsva uye inorema yakatakura mota injini.

Chinhu chikuru chechirongwa ichi yaive pombi yemafuta inotyairwa neinjini iyo yaipomba mafuta ichimanikidzwa chete nemabhegi makuru, nepo zvimwe zvikamu zvaivimba nekuzora mafuta. Nekudaro, zvaive zvisina kukodzera kuumba ma grooves mu crankshaft, ayo anodikanwa kune masisitimu ane kumanikidzwa kuzere mafuta. Iyo yekupedzisira yakamuka seyakafanira pamwe nekuvandudzwa kweinjini dzinowedzera kukurumidza uye mutoro. Izvi zvairevawo kuti iwo mabheyaringi aifanirwa kunge asiri kungozorwa chete asiwo kutonhodza.

Mune aya masisitimu, oiri yakamanikidzwa inopihwa kune huru uye yakaderera yekubatanidza tsvimbo mabhengi (iyo yekupedzisira inogamuchira oiri kuburikidza nemagrooves mu crankshaft) uye camshaft bearings. Kubatsira kukuru kweaya masisitimu ndeyekuti oiri inotenderera inotenderera kuburikidza nemabheri aya, i.e. inopfuura nepakati pavo ichipinda mukrankcase. Nekudaro, iyo sisitimu inopa akawanda mafuta kupfuura anodiwa pakuzora, uye nekudaro iwo anotonhodzwa zvakanyanya. Semuenzaniso, kumashure kwe60s, Harry Ricardo akatanga kuunza mutemo waigovera kutenderera kwemarita matatu emafuta paawa, ndiko kuti, ye3 hp injini. - XNUMX malita emafuta ekutenderera paminiti. Mabhasikoro anhasi anodhindwa kakawanda.

Kutenderera kwemafuta mumagetsi kunosanganisira network yemakiteshi akavakirwa mudzimba neinjini mashandiro, kuomarara kwacho kunoenderana nenhamba nenzvimbo yemasirinda uye nzira yekushandisa nguva. Nekuda kwekuvimbika uye kusimba kweinjini, vagadziri vagara vanofarira chiteshi-chakaumbwa chiteshi panzvimbo pombi.

Iyo pombi inotyairwa neinjini inodhonza mafuta kubva mu crankcase uye ndokuiendesa kune ye-mutsetse firita yakaiswa kunze kweimba. Izvo zvinotora imwe (ye mu-mutsetse) kana peya migero (yetsiva kana V-zvakagadzirwa injini), ichiwedzera hunhu hwese hweinjini. Zvadaro, uchishandisa madiki madiki ekuchinja, anotungamirwa kumabheyari makuru, achipinda iwo kuburikidza neiyo inopinda mune yepamusoro inotakura ganda. Kubudikidza neparipheral slots mukutakura, chikamu chemafuta chakagovaniswa zvakaenzana mukutakura kwekutonhodza uye girisi, nepo chimwe chikamu chakanangiswa kune yepazasi yekubatanidza tsvimbo inotakura kuburikidza neyakarereka bhora mune crankshaft yakabatana kune imwechete slot. Kudzoreredza tsvimbo yepamusoro yekubatanidza tsvimbo kwakanyanya kunetsa pakuita, saka chikamu chepamusoro chetsvimbo yekubatanidza kazhinji dura rakagadzirirwa kuve nemafuta anoputika pasi pepiston. Mune mamwe masisitimu, oiri inosvika mukutakura kuburikidza nehuremu mune tsvimbo yekubatanidza pachayo. Iyo piston bhaudhi mabheyari ari, zvakare, anopfapfaidza mafuta.

Zvakafanana neyekutenderera system

Kana camshaft kana chain drive yaiswa mu crankcase, drive iyi inozorwa nemafuta akatwasuka, uye kana shaft yaiswa mumusoro, cheni yekutyaira inozorwa neinodzorwa kubuda kwemafuta kubva kune hydraulic yekuwedzera system. Muinjini yeFord 1.0 Ecoboost, bhandi re camshaft drive rakaiswawo mafuta - mune iyi kesi nekunyudzwa mupani yemafuta. Mapirwo anoitwa oiri yekuzora kumabearings ecamshaft anoenderana nekuti injini ine pasi kana kumusoro shaft - yekutanga kazhinji inoigamuchira kubva ku crankshaft main bearings uye iyo yekupedzisira grooved yakabatana kune huru yezasi groove. kana zvisina kunanga, nemugero wakasiyana wakajairika mumusoro kana mucamshaft pachayo, uye kana paine mashafu maviri, izvi zvinowedzerwa nembiri.

Vagadziri vanovavarira kugadzira masisitimu ayo mavharuvhu anogadzirwa pamatanho chaiwo ekudzivirira kuyerera kwemafashama nemafuta kubudikidza nemazano evharuvhu mumasirinda. Kuwedzera kuomarara kunowedzerwa nekuvapo kwema hydraulic lifts. Matombo, zvisina kufanira anozorwa mubhati rekushambidza mafuta kana nekumwaya mumabhati madiki, kana nenzira dzenzira dzinosiya mafuta mugero mukuru.

Kana ari iwo masiringi ekuumbirisa uye masiketi episton, akanyoroveswa zvizere kana zvishoma nemafuta anobuda uye achipararira mune crankcase kubva pazasi yekubatanidza tsvimbo mabheyari. Injini ipfupi dzakagadzirwa kuitira kuti masirinda avo awane oiri yakawanda kubva kuno sosi nekuti iwo ane dhayamita yakakura uye ari padyo necrankshaft. Mune mamwe mainjini, iyo humburumbira rusvingo inodhonza mamwe mafuta kubva muburi repadivi padanda rekubatanidza, izvo zvinowanzo nongedzwa kudivi uko pisitoni inowedzera kumanikidza kwekupedzisira pane humburumbira (iyo iyo pisitoni inomanikidza panguva yemoto panguva yekushanda). ... MumaV-engines, zvakajairika kupinza mafuta kubva padanda rekubatanidza kuenda kune rakatarisana nesilinda pamadziro ecyilinda kuitira kuti iro chikamu chepamusoro chigadzikiswe, uyezve chinodhonzwa kune yepazasi. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa pano kuti kana iri injini dzakapetwa, mafuta anopinda mukutakura kweiyo yekupedzisira kuburikidza neiyo huru mafuta chiteshi uye pombi. Nekudaro, ivo vanowanzo shandisa chiteshi chechipiri chinotungamira kuyerera kwemafuta kune akakosha mhezi akanongedzwa pamapistoni, ayo akagadzirirwa kutonhodza. Mune zviitiko izvi, pombi yemafuta ine simba rakanyanya.

Mune yakaoma sump masisitimu, iyo pombi yemafuta inogamuchira oiri kubva kune yakasarudzika tangi yemafuta uye ndokuigovera nenzira imwecheteyo. Iyo pombi yekubatsira inoyamwa mafuta / mhepo musanganiswa kubva kune crankcase (saka inofanira kunge iine hukuru hukuru), inoyerera nepachishandiso kupatsanura iyo yekupedzisira uye kuidzosera mudura.

Iyo lubrication system inogona zvakare kusanganisira radiator kutonhodza mafuta mumainjini anorema (iyi yaive tsika yakajairika kune injini dzekare dzinoshandisa zvicherwa zvemafuta zvakapetwa) kana chinja kupisa chakabatanidzwa nechitonhodza system. Izvi zvichakurukurwa gare gare.

Pombi dzemafuta uye mavharuvhu ekuyamura

Mapombi emafuta, kusanganisira giya giya, akanyatsokodzera kushanda kweoiri system uye nekudaro anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumasisitimu ekuzora uye kazhinji anofambiswa zvakananga kubva ku crankshaft. Imwe sarudzo ndeye rotary pombi. Munguva ichangopfuura, kutsvedza vane mapampu akashandiswa zvakare, kusanganisira shanduko yekuchinja-chinja, iyo inogonesa kushanda uye nekudaro kuita kwavo maererano nekumhanyisa uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba.

Masystem eOiri anoda mavhavha ekusunungura nekuti pakumhanya kwakanyanya kuwanda kwemari inopihwa nepombi hakuenderane nemari inogona kupfuura nemumabheringi. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti mune idzi kesi masimba akasimba e centrifugal anoumbwa mumafuta anotakura, zvichidzivirira kuunzwa kwemafuta matsva kutakura. Uye zvakare, kutanga injini pazasi kwekunze tembiricha kunowedzera kushomeka kwemafuta pamwe nekuwedzera kweiyo viscosity uye kuderera kwekudzokera kumashure munzira, izvo zvinowanzoendesa kumatambudziko akakosha ekumanikidza kwemafuta. Mazhinji mota dzemitambo dzinoshandisa iyo yekumanikidza yekuyera uye yekupisa yeoiri.

(kutevera)

Chinyorwa: Georgy Kolev