Mafungu ekusava nechokwadi

Muna Ndira wegore rino, zvakashumwa kuti LIGO inocherechedzwa yakanyorwa, pamwe chiitiko chechipiri chekubatanidzwa kwenyeredzi mbiri dzenyutroni. Mashoko aya anotaridzika zvikuru munhau, asi masayendisiti akawanda ari kutanga kuva nekusava nechokwadi kwakakomba pamusoro pekuvimbika kwezviwanikwa zve "gravitic-wave astronomy" iri kubuda.

Muna Kubvumbi 2019, iyo LIGO detector muLivingston, Louisiana yakaona musanganiswa wezvinhu zviri 520 miriyoni chiedza-makore kubva kuPasi. Uku kucherechedzwa, kwakaitwa nedhigirii rimwe chete, kuHanford, kwakaremara kwenguva, uye Virgo haana kunyoresa chiitiko ichi, asi zvakadaro akazviona sechiratidzo chakakwana chechiitiko.

Signal Analysis GW190425 yakaratidza kubonderana kwebhinari system ine huremu hwese hwe3,3 kusvika 3,7 nguva yehuremu hweZuva (1). Izvi zvakakura zvakajeka kupfuura ruzhinji runowanzo onekwa mumabhinari neutron star masisitimu muMilky Way, ayo anotangira pa2,5 kusvika 2,9 solar masses. Zvave zvichitaurwa kuti kuwanikwa kunogona kumiririra huwandu hwenyeredzi dzebinary neutron dzisina kumboonekwa. Haasi munhu wese anoda uku kuwanda kwezvisikwa kupfuura zvinodikanwa.

1. Kuona kudhumhana kweneutron nyeredzi GW190425.

Point ndechokuti GW190425 yakanyorwa ne detector imwe chete zvinoreva kuti masayendisiti haana kukwanisa kunyatsoona nzvimbo, uye hapana chekucherechedza mumutsara we electromagnetic, sezvakaitika paGW170817, kusanganiswa kwekutanga kwenyeredzi mbiri dzenyutroni dzakaonekwa neLIGO (iyo inopokana zvakare. , asi zvimwe pane izvo pazasi). Zvinogoneka kuti idzi dzaisava nyeredzi mbiri dzemanyuturoni. Zvichida chimwe chezvinhu Black hole. Pamwe vose vaiva. Asi zvino aizova maburi madiki madiki pane chero anozivikanwa buri dema, uye mhando dzekugadzira mabhinari matema maburi aizofanira kuvakwazve.

Kune akawanda akawandisa emhando idzi uye dzidziso dzekujaira. Kana kuti pamwe "gravitational wave astronomy" ichatanga kuenderana nekuomarara kwesainzi kweminda yekare yekutarisa muchadenga?

Zvakawanda zvekunyepa

Alexander Unziker (2), muGermany theoretical physicist uye anoremekedzwa munyori wesayenzi akakurumbira, akanyora paMedium muna February kuti, pasinei netarisiro huru, iyo LIGO neVIRGO (3) magiravhiti emagetsi emagetsi haana kuratidza chinhu chinonakidza mugore, kunze kwekungoitika kwenhema. Maererano nemusayendisiti, izvi zvinomutsa kusava nechokwadi kwakakomba pamusoro penzira inoshandiswa.

Ne 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics yakapihwa kuna Rainer Weiss, Barry K. Barish, naKip S. Thorne, mubvunzo wekuti masaisai egiravhiti angaonekwa airatidzika kunge akagadziriswa zvachose. Sarudzo yeNobel Committee ine chekuita nazvo Kuonekwa kwakasimba kwechiratidzo GW150914 yakaunzwa pamusangano wevatori venhau muna Kukadzi 2016, uye iyo yakambotaurwa chiratidzo GW170817, iyo yainzi yakakonzerwa nekubatanidzwa kwenyeredzi mbiri dzenyutroni, sezvo mamwe materesikopu maviri akarekodha chiratidzo chekuchinja.

Kubva ipapo, vakapinda muchirongwa chepamutemo chesainzi chefizikisi. Zvakawanikwa zvakamutsa mhinduro dzechido, uye nguva itsva yekuongorora nyeredzi yaitarisirwa. Mafungu egiravhiti aifanirwa kunge ari "hwindo idzva" kuChadenga, achiwedzera kune arsenal yemateresikopu aimbozivikanwa uye zvichitungamira kumhando nyowani dzekutarisa. Vakawanda vakaenzanisa kuwanikwa uku neteresikopu yaGalileo ya1609. Chinotonyanya kufadza kwaive kuwedzera kwekunzwa kwemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi. Tariro dzezvakawanda zvekuwanikwa zvinonakidza uye kuwanikwa panguva yeO3 yekutarisa kutenderera kwakatanga muna Kubvumbi 2019 yaive yakakwira. Nekudaro, kusvika zvino, Unziker manotsi, isu hatina chinhu.

Kutaura chokwadi, hapana chiratidzo chegiravitational wave chakanyorwa mumwedzi mishoma yadarika chakasimbiswa chakazvimiririra. Pane kudaro, pakanga pane nhamba isinganzwisisiki yepamusoro yezvinyorwa zvenhema uye zviratidzo, izvo zvakabva zvadzikiswa. Zviitiko gumi neshanu zvakakundikana bvunzo yekusimbisa nemamwe materesikopu. Mukuwedzera, zviratidzo zve19 zvakabviswa kubva pakuedzwa.

Zvimwe zvacho pakutanga zvainzi zvakakosha zvikuru - semuenzaniso, GW191117j yaifungidzirwa kuva chiitiko chine mukana weimwe mumakore 28 bhiriyoni, yeGW190822c - imwe mumakore 5 bhiriyoni, uye yeGW200108v - 1 mu100. makore. Tichifunga kuti nguva yekucherechedza iri kufungidzirwa yakanga isiri kunyange gore rose, kune zvakawanda zvenhema dzakadaro. Panogona kunge paine chakakanganisika nenzira yekusaina pachayo, Unziker makomendi.

Maitiro ekuisa masaini se "zvikanganiso", mumaonero ake, haana kujeka. Haasiwo maonero ake. Nyanzvi yefizikisi ine mukurumbira Sabina Hossenfelder, akambotaura zvikanganiso muLIGO detector data data nzira, akataura nezve blog yake: "Izvi zviri kundipa musoro, vanhu. Kana iwe usingazivi kuti sei detector yako inotora chimwe chinhu chisingaratidziki chaunotarisira, ungavimba sei nacho kana ichiona zvaunotarisira?

Dudziro yemhosho inofungidzira kuti hapana nzira yakarongeka yekuparadzanisa masaini chaiwo kubva kune vamwe, kunze kwekudzivirira kupokana kwakajeka nezvimwe zvinoonekwa. Nehurombo, ingangosvika makumi mashanu nenhatu makesi e "vamiriri vawanikwa" vane chinhu chimwe chete chakafanana - hapana mumwe kunze kweanozivisa akazviona.

Vezvenhau vanowanzopemberera nguva isati yakwana kuwanikwa kweLIGO/VIRGO. Kana kuongororwa kunotevera uye kutsvaga kwekusimbiswa kwakakundikana, sezvazvave zvakaita kwemwedzi yakati wandei, hapasisina shungu kana kururamisa munhau. Muchikamu chino chisingashande, vezvenhau vanoratidza kusafarira zvachose.

Kuonekwa kumwe chete kune chokwadi

Maererano neUnziker, kana isu takatevera kufambira mberi kwemamiriro ezvinhu kubva pakatanga chiziviso chepamusoro-soro muna 2016, kusava nechokwadi kwazvino hakufaniri kuuya sechishamiso. Ongororo yekutanga yakazvimirira yedata yakaitwa neboka paNiels Bohr Institute muCopenhagen inotungamirwa naAndrew D. Jackson. Ongororo yavo yedata yakaratidza kuwirirana kusinganzwisisike mumasaini asara, kwaakabva kusati kwanyatsojeka, zvisinei nekutaura kwechikwata kuti. ese anomalies anosanganisira. Zviratidzo zvinogadzirwa kana data raw (mushure mekugadzirisa zvakanyanya uye kusefa) richifananidzwa neanonzi matemplate, kureva zviratidzo zvinotarisirwa kubva kunhamba dzekuenzanisa kwemasaisai egiravhiti.

Nekudaro, kana uchiongorora data, maitiro akadaro akakodzera chete kana kuvepo chaiko kwechiratidzo kwasimbiswa uye chimiro chayo ichinyatsozivikanwa. Zvikasadaro, ongororo yemaitiro chishandiso chinorasisa. Jackson akaita izvi zvinonyanya kushanda panguva yemharidzo, achienzanisa maitiro kune otomatiki kucherechedzwa kwemufananidzo wemarezinesi emota. Hongu, hapana matambudziko nekuverenga chaiko pamufananidzo usina kujeka, asi chete kana mota dzese dziri padhuze dzine marezinesi erezinesi ehukuru chaihwo uye maitiro. Nekudaro, kana iyo algorithm yakashandiswa kumifananidzo "muzvakasikwa", yaizoziva rezinesi ndiro kubva kune chero chinhu chakapenya chine mavara matema. Izvi ndizvo zvinofungwa naUnziker kuti zvinogona kuitika kumafungu egiravhiti.

3. Network of gravitational wave detectors munyika

Paive nekumwe kusahadzika nezve nzira yekuona masaini. Mukupindura kushoropodzwa, boka reCopenhagen rakagadzira nzira inoshandisa zviverengero zvakachena kuti zvione zviratidzo pasina kushandisa mapatani. Kana ikashandiswa, chiitiko chekutanga chaSeptember 2015 chichiri kuoneka zvakajeka mumigumisiro, asi ... kusvika ikozvino chete ichi. Simba rakasimba rinokwevera mafungu rakadaro rinogona kunzi "rombo rakanaka" nguva pfupi mushure mekutangwa kweyekutanga detector, asi mushure memakore mashanu, kushaikwa kwezvimwe zvakasimbiswa zvakawanikwa zvinotanga kukonzera kunetseka. Kana pasina chiratidzo chakakosha mumakore gumi anotevera, pachava kutanga kuona kweGW150915 zvichiri kunzi ndezvechokwadi?

Vamwe vachati gare gare kuwanikwa kweGW170817, kureva, chiratidzo chethermonuclear chenyeredzi yebhinari neutron, inopindirana nekuongorora kwechishandiso munharaunda yegamma-ray uye teresikopu yemaziso. Nehurombo, pane zvakawanda zvisingaenderane: kuwanikwa kweLIGO hakuna kuwanikwa kusvika maawa akati wandei mushure mekunge mamwe materesikopu aona chiratidzo.

Iyo VIRGO lab, yakatangwa mazuva matatu chete apfuura, haina kupa chiratidzo chinozivikanwa. Pamusoro pezvo, pakanga paine kudzimwa kwetiweki kuLIGO/VIRGO neESA pazuva rimwe chete. Pakanga paine kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pekuenderana kwechiratidzo nekubatanidza nyeredzi yeneutron, chiratidzo chisina kusimba chemaziso, nezvimwewo. Kune rumwe rutivi, masayendisiti mazhinji anodzidza masaisai egiravhiti anoti ruzivo rwekutungamira rwakawanikwa neLIGO rwakanga rwakarurama kupfuura ruzivo rwe. mamwe materesikopu maviri, uye vanoti kuwanikwa kwacho hakugone kuve kwakaitika netsaona.

Kune Unziker, chiitiko chinoshungurudza kuti data yeGW150914 uye GW170817, zviitiko zvekutanga zverudzi urwu zvakacherechedzwa pamisangano mikuru yevatori venhau, zvakawanikwa pasi pemamiriro "asina kujairika" uye hazvigone kudzokororwa pasi pemamiriro ari nani ehunyanzvi panguva iyoyo. zviyero zvenguva refu dzakatevedzana.

Izvi zvinotungamira kunhau senge inofungidzirwa kuti supernova kuputika (kwakazove manyepo), kudhumhana kwakasiyana kwenyeredzi dzeneutroninomanikidza vesainzi kuti "vafungezve makore ehuchenjeri hwakajairika" kana kunyange 70-solar gomba dema, iro boka reLIGO rakadaidza nekukasira kusimbiswa kwedzidziso dzavo.

Unziker inonyevera nezvemamiriro ezvinhu umo giravitational wave astronomy ichawana mukurumbira wakashata wekupa "zvisingaoneki" (zvikasadaro) zvinhu zvemuchadenga. Kuti izvi zvisaitike, zvinopa kujeka kukuru kwemaitiro, kuburitswa kwematemplate anoshandiswa, zviyero zvekuongorora, nekuisa zuva rekupera kwezviitiko zvisina kusimbiswa zvakazvimirira.