Kufungidzira uye green orientation

Architecture, kuvaka, zvivakwa mumigwagwa yemaguta edu nemisha zvakagara zviri izvo zvinonyanya kuratidzwa zvemazuva ano tekinoroji uye tekinoroji. Chii chinonzi chiratidziro chezana ramakore rechiXNUMX?

Nhasi zvakaoma kutaura pamusoro peimwe nzira inotonga kana nzira. Zvichida ichi chinhu chakajairika. kuyedza kugadzira eco-hushamwari, asi inonzwisiswa nenzira dzakasiyana, uye dzimwe nguva izvo vamwe vanofunga nezvegirinhi mapurojekiti, kune vamwe kunyange anti-eco. Saka hapana kujeka kunyangwe mune yakanyanya simba yekuvaka maitiro.

Izvi zvinowanzotaurwa nezvazvo. Maererano neWorld Green Building Council, simba rinodiwa pakuvaka nekushandisa zvivako rinosvika 40 muzana yezvose. pasi rose carbon dioxide emissions yakakura kudarika mota dzese, ndege nedzimwe mota dziri munyika.

Dai indasitiri yesimende yaive nyika, ingave yechitatu yakakura sosi yeCO emissions.₂ kumativi eChina neUS. Concrete, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa yakagadzirwa nevanhu, ine kuburitsa kwakakwira zvinoshamisa: kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa kwema cubic mita kunoburitsa kabhoni dhaikisaidhi inokwana kuzadza imba yese yemhuri imwe.

Green designers vachiri kutsvaga mhinduro dzinoenderana zvakanyanya nemhoteredzo yechisikigo kupfuura nzira dzechinyakare, ine yakaderera kwazvo inobuda uye "kugadzirisa" kweCO.₂.

Dzimba dzakagadzirwa nekork kana howa dzakaomeswa. Kune zvakawanda uye zvigadzirwa zvinotora carbon dioxide uye zvinoisunga nezvimwe zvinhu nenzira yezvidhinha, somuenzaniso, izvo zvavanoitwa. eco-dzimba. Nekudaro, zvinoita sekunge imwe yechokwadi uye inomanikidza sarudzo ndeye Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), rudzi rwemaindasitiri plywood ine gobvu rematanda rakanamirwa pamakona ekurudyi kuti riwane simba.

Kunyangwe CLT ichitema miti, inoshandisa chidimbu chidiki chekabhoni inoburitswa nesemende uye inogona kutsiva simbi muzvivakwa zvakaderera uye zvepakati-kusimuka (uye sezvo miti inotora CO.₂ kubva mumhepo, huni inogona kuva nekasi yakanaka yekabhoni). Chivako chakareba kwazvo cheCLT pasi rose chakavakwa munguva pfupi yapfuura muNorway., ibasa rakawanda, rekugara uye rehotera. Pa 85m pakakwirira uye 18 pasi, yakanyatso kupedzwa nespruce yemunharaunda, inoita senge imwe nzira chaiyo kune kongiri uye zvivakwa zvesimbi. Isu takapa mushumo wakakura wakaburitswa muMT gore rapfuura kune anogara achikwira emapuranga zvivakwa uye CLT.

Green offshore mapurojekiti

Bold "girinhi" mapurojekiti uye pfungwa, yakaburitswa nemoyo unoda munhau, dzimwe nguva inonzwika zvakanyanya uye inonakidza. Muchokwadi, tisati taona iyo biocities yeramangwana, akawanda uye akawanda zvivakwa zvichavakwa zvinoita senge itsva Apple kambasi muCalifornia. Inosvika 80 muzana yenzvimbo yakatenderedza nharaunda, yakafanana nemotokari yeUFO, yakashandurwa kuita paki pano.

Apple yakahaya nyanzvi dzemiti yeyunivhesiti kuti dzidyare mhando dzakasiyana dzenzvimbo. Iyo kambasi yakavakwa mukuwirirana nenharaunda, kusanganisira maererano nekukwirira kwezvivakwa. Zvivako zvese hazvifanirwe kunge zvakakwirira kudarika nhurikidzwa ina. Kunyangwe chivakwa chikuru chinofanirwa kuve chakakura muhukuru, hachizonyatso kukwira pamusoro pe skyscraper. Iyo campus ine backup simba sosi, iyo, sekureva kwaSteve Jobs pachake, inozopedzisira yave iyo huru sosi, sekuda kweApple. kugadzira simba rezuvaiyo ichave yakachena uye yakachipa kupfuura kubva kunetiweki uye shandisa iyo yekupedzisira seyekudzokera shure.

Muchirimo cha2015, Google iri kuunza eco-sherufu chirongwa chine dhizaini nyowani yedzimbahwe muMountain View, California. Dhizaini yekampasi itsva yeGoogle yakagadziridzwa nevagadziri vaviri - Bjarke Ingels naThomas Heatherwick. Inosanganisira denga-dome zvivakwa zvehofisi zvekugara, nzira dzemabhasikoro, nzvimbo dzakakura dzakasvibira, uye nzira dzinofamba. Pasina kupokana, chirongwa cheGoogle zvakare mhinduro kuApple's Campus 2.

Zvivako zvimwechete hazvina kukwana kune vakawanda vagadziri vemazuva ano. Vanoda kuvaka nekuvakazve nharaunda dzese nemaguta akasvibira. Vincent Callebaut, mugadziri wezvivakwa zveFrance uye anoronga maguta, aratidza chirongwa chekushandura Paris kuita guta rakasvibira uye rakangwara remangwana.

Iyo pfungwa, iyo Callebaut inodana "Smart Guta", inosanganisa yakasvibira pfungwa yakasvibira neiyo-ye-iyo-yehunyanzvi tekinoroji mhinduro. Chirongwa ndechekushandura guta rakajeka kuita rine hushamwari, rinoenderana nemasikirwo, uchichengeta zvinhu zvaro zvekare.

Kuona kwaVincent Callebaut kwakazara ne "zvivakwa zvakasvibirira" vachishandisa passive simba tekinoroji, yakazara mvura kudzokorodza, girinhi madziro uye magadheni kunyangwe pauriri hwepamusoro. Madziro ezvivakwa zvakagadzirwa nemasero euchi ane basa rekugadzira simba kubva kuchiedza chezuva. Simba iri rinobva ranyanya kushandiswa kugadzira biofuels. green skyscrapers vanofanirwa kusanganisa mabasa ekugara uye ebhizinesi, izvo zvinofanirwa kuderedza kudiwa kwekufamba uye kusunungura migwagwa kubva kune yakawandisa traffic.

Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti nzira yakasvibirira yekufunga mumapurani inokurudzirwawo zvakasimba nezviremera zvemazuva ano uye mitemo yakasimbiswa. semuenzaniso, muFrance, mutemo wedenga wave uchishanda kubvira 2015. Kubva zvino zvichienda mberi, matenga ezvivakwa zvekutengesa zvichangobva kuvakwa anofanirwa kuvharwa zvishoma negirinhi, neimwe nzira. Izvi zvinofanira kubatsira kudzivirira chivako chacho, zvichiita kuti kudziyisa muchando kuderere uye mitengo yekutonhodza muchirimo, kuwedzeredzwa kwezvinhu zvipenyu, kuderedza dambudziko rekuyerera kwemvura nekuchengeta mvura inonaya, uye kudzora ruzha. France haisi nyika yekutanga kuunza mutemo wedenga regirini. Matanho akadaro akatotorwa muCanada neLebanese Beirut.

Architects vari kuedza kudzosa zvisikwa kumaguta. Kubatanidza zvinhu zvezvipenyu nehungwaru hwedu kunogona kudzima mutsara pakati pezvakasikwa uye zvekugadzira. Uye hupenyu hwedu huchachinja kuti huve nani. Mapiyona ari kutsvaga nzira dzekukoromora madziro atakavharira nekuatsiva ne "masvingo emhenyu" akafukidzwa nevhu nezvinomera, uye magirazi akazara nealgae. Saka, aigona kushandiswa kushandura magasi uye kugadzira simba. Kunyange zvinhu zvipenyu zvakapfava zvinogona kutora mvura inonaya, kutsigira upenyu nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kuteya zvinosvibisa, uye kugadzirisa tembiricha yemhepo.

Fomu rinotevera zvakatipoteredza

Radical eco-zvirongwa zvichiri kunyanya kusanzwisisika. Ichokwadi chekuvakwa kwemazuva ano ndiko kusimbiswa kwesimba rekugadzirisa kwezvivakwa zvekuvaka zviri kuvakwa kuitira kuti zvigadzirise zvinonyanya kukosha zvose maererano nekushanda uye kushanda. Tiri kutaura nezve kaviri "eco" - ecology uye hupfumi. Zvivakwa zvinoshandisa simba zvinoratidzirwa ne compact structure umo njodzi yemabhiriji ekupisa uye naizvozvo kurasikirwa kwekupisa kunoderedzwa. Izvi zvakakosha maererano nekuwana yakanaka madiki paramita zvine chekuita nenzvimbo yezvikamu zvekunze, izvo zvinotariswa pamwe chete nepasi pasi, kune yakazara inopisa vhoriyamu.

Muna Chivabvu 2019, boka remafemu ekuvaka eBritish anonzi Architects Declare akaburitsa manifesto, iyo, pamwe chete nezvido zvakapfava (kuderedza marara ekuvaka, kudzora mashandisiro emagetsi), ine zvimwe zvekufungira zvishuwo, sekuderedza "hupenyu". kutenderera" - zvichienderana nehuwandu hweCO₂ zvinodiwa pakugadzirwa kwekongiri kana dombo remugodhi rekuputsa simba. Imwe pfungwa inonyanya kunetsa kune indasitiri yakajaira kubvisa zvivakwa zvekare uye kutanga patsva yaive iyoyo zvivakwa zviripo zvinofanirwa kugadziridzwa uye kuvandudzwa kwete kuputswa.

Zvisinei, sezvakataurwa nevakawanda, hapana kubvumirana pane izvo "zvinoramba zviripo" zvekuvaka uye kuvaka zvinorevei. Kana isu tikapinda munhaurirano pamusoro pechinyorwa ichi, tinozviwana tiri muuzhinji hwemafungiro nekududzira. Vamwe vanosimbirira kudzokera kumazana emakore ekuvaka zvinhu zvakadai sekusanganiswa kwevhu nehuswa, vamwe vanonongedzera kune zvivakwa zvakaita sehotera yeumbozha muAmsterdam, yakavakwa muchidimbu kubva kongiri yakadzoserwa uye ine "hungwaru" façade inodzora mukati. tembiricha. semuenzaniso wenzira chaiyo.

Kune vamwe, chivakwa chinogara chiripo ndechiya chinorarama mukuwirirana nemhoteredzo yacho, chichishandisa zvinhu zveko, huni, dhaka rine jecha rakacherwa munharaunda, dombo renzvimbo. Kune vamwe, hapana eco-architecture isina solar panel uye geothermal heat. Nyanzvi dziri kushamisika kuti zvivakwa zvinogara zvakadaro zvingave zvakatsiga here kuitira kuti zviwedzere simba rinodiwa kuzvivaka, kana kuti zvishoma nezvishoma zvigadziriswe kana kudiwa kwapera?

Iye piyona we ecodesign mukuvaka nekuvaka ndiye mugadziri ane mukurumbira Frank Lloyd Wright, uyo mumakore makumi matanhatu akakurudzira zvivakwa zvinomuka uye zvinoshanda zvinoenderana nenharaunda, uye yakakurumbira cascading villa yakagadzirwa muPennsylvania yakava kutaura kunobatika kwezvishuwo izvi. Zvisinei, kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira kuma60 apo vagadziri vamapurani vakatanga kufunga zvakawanda pamusoro penzira yokugadzira mutsinhirano nechisiko panzvimbo pokuedza kuigona. Panzvimbo peiyo yemazuva ano musimboti we "fomu rinotevera basa", mugadziri weNorway Kjetil Tredal Thorsen akakurudzira sirogani nyowani: "fomu rinotevera nharaunda".

Mukutanga 90s, Wolfgang Feist, purofesa paYunivhesiti yeInnsbruck, akagadzira pfungwa ye "passive house", imba yepasi iyo yave ichipararira muEurope kondinendi kwemakore akawanda, kunyange zvazvo zvisingagoni kutaurwa kuti yaiva yakawanda. -yakagadzirwa. Ndezvekuita kuti zvivakwa "zvisashande" nekuderedza kutsamira pa "kushanda" kwesimba rinopisa uye kutonhora masisitimu uye pachinzvimbo kushandisa zvirinani zuva, kudziya kwemuviri wemukati, uye kunyange kupisa kunobva mumidziyo yemumba. Chivakwa chemuenzaniso chivakwa chakavakwa muDarmstadt, Germany muna 1991. Feist nemhuri yake vaiva pakati pevakatanga kuroja.

Muzvivakwa zvisingaite, kusimbiswa kuri pakudzivirira kwakakwana. Iyi yakanyatsogadzirwa yekupisa yekuisa packaging, isina mhepo sezvinobvira, ine tembiricha yemukati inodzorwa neyakavakwa-mumhepo kufefetera masisitimu uye kupisa kudzoreredza masisitimu. Iwo akanakisa passive madhizaini anopa kuderedzwa kwe95% muavhareji yekudziya mabhiri, kuderedzwa kwakanyanya kwekubuda. Mari yekuvaka yakakwirira inodzikiswa nemitengo yakaderera yekushandisa.

Nekudaro, vazhinji vane pfungwa dzezvakatipoteredza vanovaka vane kukahadzika kwakanyanya pamusoro pekuti imba inongogara ipurojekiti yekufunga yakasvibira. Kana chinangwa chiri chekuchengetedza muchimiro nemhoteredzo, wadii kuvaka nzvimbo yakakomberedzwa isingapindi mhepo ine mahwindo akapenya katatu apo kuvhura mahwindo ekunzwa kurira kweshiri kunovhiringa kuyerera kwesimba rechivako? Pamusoro pezvo, zvimiro zvezvivakwa zvezvivakwa zvine musoro kunyanya mumamiriro ekunze uko nguva yechando inotonhora zvakanyanya uye zhizha dzimwe nguva kuchipisa, senge kuCentral Europe, Scandinavia. Kusiyana neizvi, muBritain yakadzikama yegungwa inoita shoma shoma.

Uye kana kwete chete kumba kuchengetedza simba, asiwo, somuenzaniso, kuchenesa mhepo? Vatsvakurudzi veYunivhesiti yeKalifornia, Riverside vakaedza rudzi rutsva rwematairi edenga ravanoti rinogona kuputsa kemikari yakaenzana yenitrogen oxides inokuvadza mumhepo sezvo motokari yakawanda inobudisa mugore. Imwe fungidziro inoti matenga ane miriyoni akafukidzwa nematiles akadaro anobvisa matani mamiriyoni 21 emakemikari aya kubva mumhepo pazuva.

Chinokosha padenga idzva ndiko kusanganiswa kwetitanium dioxide. Vakapomba mishonga yenitrogen inokuvadza mu "atmospheric chamber" uye vakavhenekera mataira nemwaranzi yeultraviolet, iyo yakamisa titanium dioxide. Mumasampuli akasiyana-siyana, iyo reactive coating yakabviswa kubva pa87 kusvika 97 muzana. zvinhu zvinokuvadza. titanium dioxide. Vagadziri parizvino vari kufunga nezve mukana we "kusvibisa" nzvimbo yese yezvivakwa nechinhu ichi, kusanganisira madziro uye zvimwe zvekuvaka.

Pasinei nekupokana kwemazano pamusoro pezvivakwa zvekugara, iyo green wave yekuvandudzwa kwepasirese inoda kupinda mukati mese nharaunda, nzvimbo uye nharaunda. Nhasi inoshandisa komputa dhizaini yezvakatipoteredza, i.e. CAED(). Uchishandisa tsika yePermaGIS (), unogona kugadzira uye kugadzira mapurazi ekuzviporesa, mapurazi, misha, mataundi nemaguta.

Dhinda nemapedhi

Kwete chete chiyero chekugadzira chiri kuchinja, asiwo kuita. Muna Kurume 2017, zvakazivikanwa kuti muUnited Arab Emirates vanoronga kuvaka skyscraper yekutanga pasi rose yakagadzirwa vachishandisa tekinoroji yekudhinda ye3D. Zvirongwa izvi zvakaziviswa neCazza Construction, yekutanga kubva kuDubai.

"Kushandisa michina yekudhinda ye3D kuchaderedza mari yekuvaka ne80 muzana, kuchengetedza kusvika ku70 muzana yenguva uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwevashandi ne50 muzana," akadaro injiniya Munira Abdul Karim, mutungamiriri womunharaunda weInfrastructure Development Projects Implementation Department. Pakutanga, zviremera zveDubai zvakazivisa zvirongwa zvechimanjemanje 3D kudhinda zano, maererano neiyo 2030 zvese zvivakwa muDubai zvichagadzirwa uchishandisa 25D kudhinda.

Kare muna Kurume 2016, chivako chekutanga chehofisi chakavakwa pachishandiswa tekinoroji iyi chakavakwa muDubai. Nzvimbo yayo inobatsira yaive 250 m.². Chinhu chacho chakasikwa pamwe chete nekambani yeChinese Winsun, inozivikanwa nekuve imba yekutanga yekudhinda 3D. Mukupera kwa2019, chivakwa chikuru chepasi rose che 3D chakadhindwa chakavakwa muDubai (1).

1. Chivako chikuru chepasi rose che 3D chakadhindwa muDubai.

Zvivakwa zvekutanga zvinozivikanwa zvekugara munyika zvekushandisa zvakajairwa uchishandisa nzira iyi zvakavakwa makore mashanu apfuura muChina. Izvi zvakaitwa nekambani yambotaurwa Winsun. Panguva iyoyo, imba ine nhurikidzwa mbiri uye imba ine nhurikidzwa dzakawanda dzekugara dzakavakwa. Basa rose rokuvaka rakatora mazuva 5 uye rakabudirira. Musanganiswa wekongiri, plastiki uye fiberglass yakasimbiswa plaster yakashandiswa kudhinda chivakwa. Mutengo wekushandisa wakave wakaderera zvakapetwa kaviri pane mutengo ungadai wakashandiswa pakuvakwa kwenzvimbo yakafanana uchishandisa tekinoroji yechinyakare.

Muna Kurume 2017, kambani yeAmerica Apis Cor yakaratidza chivakwa chekutanga chekugara, chakavakwa mumaawa makumi maviri nemana chete. Chivako chacho chakavakwa muStupino (Moscow region). Zvinhu zvekugadzira hazvina kugadzirwa muchitoro chekugadzira. Iyo 24D printer yakadhinda panzvimbo yekuvaka. Kutanga, rusvingo rwakakwana rwakagadzirwa. Mudhindi wacho akabva atyaira achibuda muchivako chacho ndokudhinda denga, iro rakaiswa nevashandi. Makamuri acho aisada kupurasita. Mamiriro ezvinhu chete akagadzirwa kunze kwenzvimbo yekuvaka aive magonhi nemahwindo. Nzvimbo yeimba yakadhindwa naApis Cor yaive diki - chete 3 m38.². Apis Cor inoshuma kuti mari yese yekuvaka yaive $10. Mari yainyanya kudhura yaive yekutenga magonhi nemahwindo. Zvino, ruzivo nezve mapurojekiti akaitwa uchishandisa iyo 3D nzira yekudhinda yakatanga kuwanda.

Mukuwedzera, kudhinda hakusi kumba chete. Yekutanga munyika yakaiswa muNetherlands mumatsutso 3D yakadhindwa kongiri bhasikoro zambuko. Dhizaini iyi mhedzisiro yekubatana pakati peEindhoven University of Technology nekambani yekuvaka BAM. Zambuko, kana kuti bhiriji retsoka pamusoro peRwizi rwePelshe Loup muGemerte, rakareba mamita 8 uye 3,5 m paupamhi.Kuyambuka kwakadhindwa muzvikamu zvemamita akareba zvakaunganidzwa panzvimbo ndokuiswa pakati pembiru mbiri. Zambuko retsoka rakadhindwawo kuSpain.

Tekinoroji yedzimba dzakadhindwa dze 3D, mukuwedzera kune kukurumidza kumhanya kwekuuraya uye kudhura kwakaderera, inopa mikana yakawanda yaimbove isingazivikanwe. Zvivakwa zvakadhindwa zvinogona kutora chero chimiro chakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune izvo zvakavakwa nenzira dzechinyakare. Izvo chete kugona uye kunyaradza kwezvivakwa kune vagari ndiko kuri mubvunzo. Dzimba dzekudhindira dzakaonekwa makore mashoma apfuura. Hapana munhu asati aita bvunzo dzakakwana dzehunyanzvi hwemamiriro ekugara kwenguva refu ekudhinda dzimba.

Mukuwedzera, maitiro ekuvaka modular ari kukura. Kurota kwezvivakwa, zvingave zvekugara kana zvekutengeserana, zviri nyore kuvakwa nezvidhinha, zvakadai se LEGO, haisi kurasikirwa nekuzivikanwa kwayo. Haisisiri zvinhu zvakagadzirirwa uye "hombe slab" inogona kutisundidzira kure nemhando iyi yehunyanzvi. Imwe nzira yekugadzira yekufunga iri kubuda iyo inosimbisa mukana wekushandisa akasiyana ezvivakwa zvekuvaka zvigadziriso.

Kusikwa kweakagadzirira-akagadzirwa mamodules-mabhuroka kumaindasitiri emaindasitiri, kusanganisira kushandisa 3D kudhinda tekinoroji, yekushandisa mukuvaka kune zvakanakira zviri pachena. Hapana chikonzero, somuenzaniso, kuunganidza zvinhu panzvimbo yekuvaka kana kupa migwagwa yekufambisa kwavo kwenguva yakareba. Mafekitari anowanzo kuwanikwa padyo nenzvimbo dzekutakura, zviteshi, zviteshi, izvo zvinofambisa zvakanyanya kutakurwa kwezvinhu uye kuderedza mutengo. Mukuwedzera, mafekitari, kusiyana nenzvimbo dzekuvaka, anogona kuramba achishanda siku nesikati.

modular chivakwa inochengetedza nguva. Pasaiti, haufanirwe kumirira kuti imwe nhanho ipedze usati watanga inotevera. Zvinhu zvakasiyana zvinogona kugadzirwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana, zvobva zvaunzwa nekuunganidzwa zvinoenderana nehurongwa uye hurongwa. Maererano neAmerican Modular Institute, 30-50 muzana yemapurojekiti emodular anogadzirwa. nekukurumidza kupfuura zvechinyakare. Huwandu hwemarara mukuvaka zvakare hwakaderedzwa zvakanyanya, sezvo marara kubva kumaindasitiri ezvirimwa anogona kudzokororwa. Kugadzirwa kwe "zvidhinha" kumafekitori zvakare imhando yepamusoro yekugadzira, nekuti Mamiriro ekugadzira akanakira izvi pane "rerubatsiro" uye kuchengetedzwa kukuru kwevashandi, nekuti. iyo workshop iri nyore kudzora nekudzora pane plein air yekuvaka saiti.

Zvisinei, kuvaka kubva kumatombo kunoisa zvitsva zvitsva, semuenzaniso, pakururama kwekuunganidza. Mune rudzi urwu rweprojekiti, ese magetsi uye hydraulic kumisikidzwa chikamu chemamodule ekupeta. Paunenge uchiunganidza, waya kana nzira dzinofanirwa kuenderana zvakakwana, batanidza nekukurumidza, sekunge "mukudzvanya kumwe". Kupararira kwemaitiro akadaro kunozodawo mazinga matsva ekumira.

Nokudaro, mune iyi nzira, kukosha kwemaitiro akadai seBIM (Chirungu) - kuenzanisira ruzivo pamusoro pezvivako uye zvivako, zvinotanga kuwedzera. A modhi idhijitari yakanyorwa inomiririra yemuviri uye inoshanda zvimiro zvechinhu chinovaka. Computer-aid design software inoshandiswa pakuenzanisa. Iyo modhi inogadzirwa uchishandisa XNUMXD zvinhu zvakaita semadziro, sirin'i, denga, sirin'i, hwindo, gonhi, izvo zvinopihwa zvakakodzera paramita. Kuchinja kune zvinhu zvinoumba muenzaniso zvinoratidzwa muhutatu-dimensional inomiririra yemuenzaniso, mune zvinyorwa zvejometri uye data data.

Zvisinei, mimwe mienzaniso yavo inoderedza kufarira kwezvivakwa zvakagara zvagadzirwa. Maviri nehafu pasi, pamusoro pemamita mapfumbamwe pazuva - nekumhanya kwakadai, maererano nezviziviso zvine ruzha, Sky City skyscraper muguta reChinese reChangsha yaifanirwa kusimuka. Kureba kwechivako kwaive 838 metres, iri 10 metres kupfuura yazvino Dubai rekodhi inobata Burj Khalifa.

Iyi nhanho yakaziviswa nekambani Broad Sustainable Building, iyo yakavaka chinhu kubva kune dzakagadzirwa zvinhu, izvo zvinongoda kubatanidzwa kune mumwe nemumwe kana zvaunzwa kunzvimbo yekuvaka. Zvakatora mwedzi mina chete kugadzira prefabs chete. Nekudaro, nekuda kwekugadzikana kwezvimiro, basa rakamiswa nguva pfupi mushure mekupedzwa kwekutanga muna Chikunguru 2013.

Kusanganisa masitayera uye mazano

Pamusoro pezvivakwa zvepamusoro-soro, izvo zvatakanyora kanopfuura kamwe muMT, uye tichisiya padivi mapurojekiti mazhinji egirinhi atakatsanangura, akawanda emapurojekiti anonakidza ekuvaka ari kugadzirwa muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Pazasi pane mamwe akasarudzwa anonakidza magadzirirwo.

Semuyenzaniso, mutaundi reFrance reOigny, horo yekonzati inoshamisa Metaphone (2) yakagadzirwa, yakatorwa nevagadziri veHerault Arnod Architectes sechiridzwa chakazvimirira chekuimba. Zvese zvimiro zvechivakwa zvinofanirwa "kuwirirana" mukugadzira uye kukudza acoustic mhedzisiro.

Chivako chacho chine furemu yekongiri nhema. Nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzakafukidzwa nemhando dzakasiyana dzemidziyo, kubva kusimbi kana yemhando yepamusoro Corten simbi kusvika kune girazi nehuni. Ruzha rwunogadzirwa mukati mehoro rwunofambiswa kuburikidza nemaitiro kune imba yekutandarira nekunze. Kwete chete acoustics inotamba pano. Iwo ma-vibrating wall panels akabatanidzwa newaya uye anotungamira kune control panel. Mimhanzi yakagadzirwa neMetaphone zvakare ine electro-acoustic character. Iwe unogona "kutamba" ichi chiridzwa chikuru. Vagadziri vakaunza muimbi Louis Dandrel kuti agadzire chimiro ichi. Denga rechivako rakafukidzwa zvakanyanya nemagetsi ezuva. Uye kunyange ivo vanoshanda se resonators.

Kune zvimwe zvakawanda zvinonakidza uye zvisingawanzozivikanwa zvivakwa zvemazuva ano. Semuenzaniso, Linked Hybrid (3) inhamba yezvivakwa zvisere zvakabatana zvekugara zvakavakwa pakati pa2003 na2009 muBeijing. Zvivakwa zvacho zvine zvivakwa zvisere zvakabatana zvine 664 dzimba. Mumigero iri pakati pezvivako, iri pakati pegumi nembiri negumi nemasere pasi, pane, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, dziva rekushambira, chikwata chefitness, cafe uye gallery. Iyo yakaoma ine matsime akadzika anopa mukana kune zvitubu zvinopisa.

Chimwe chimiro chitsva chisina kujairika ndeye Absolute World (4), inosanganisira maviri anopfuura makumi mashanu ane nhurikidzwa dzezvivakwa muMississauga, sabhabhu yeToronto. Iko kona yekutenderera kwechivako inosvika 206 degrees. Kunyange zvazvo basa racho rakanga rakarongwa seshongwe imwe chete, makamuri aiva mupurojekiti yokutanga akapera nokukurumidza zvokuti chivako chechipiri chakarongwa. Chimiro chacho chinonziwo Marilyn Monroe towers.

4. Rugare rwakakwana muToronto

Kune akawanda akawanda anonakidza postmodern mapurojekiti munyika anodonha kubva mumabhokisi. semuenzaniso, dzimbahwe reBMW Welt muGermany, Guta reArt and Sciences muValencia, rakagadzirwa nemukurumbira Santiago Calatrava, Casa da Música muPorto kana Elbe Philharmonic muHamburg. Uye iyo Disney Concert Hall (5), kunyangwe yakagadzirwa naFrank Gehry muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, yakagadzirwa mumakumi maviri nekutanga, inoyeuchidza yakakurumbira Guggenheim Museum muBilbao.

5. Disney Concert Hall - Los Angeles

Sezvineiwo, madhaimani anonyanya kushamisa ezvivakwa zvenguva yedu anogadzirwa zvakanyanya muAsia, uye kwete muEurope kana America. Zaha Hadid Opera House muGuangzhou (6) uye Paula Andreu National Center for the Performing Arts muBeijing (7) ingori mimwe yemienzaniso mikuru yakawanda.

6. Guangzhou Opera House

7. National Center for the Performing Arts - Beijing.

, horo dzekonzati uye mamiziyamu. Vagadziri munzvimbo ino vanogadzira zvese zvakaomesesa uye zvimiro zvinopikisa tsanangudzo. Aya anosanganisira magadheni anoyevedza ari pedyo nebay muSingapore (8) kana kuti amburera yeMetropol (9), yakavakwa nemapuranga emubhirch anenge mamita 30 pamusoro pepakati peSeville.

8. Gardens by the Bay - Singapore

9. Metropol Umbrella – Seville

Vagadziri vanosanganisa masitayipi, uye matekinoroji matsva ekuvaka anovabvumira kuti vaite zvakawanda zvakanyanya kana zvasvika pakugadzira zvakaonda uye zvinongedzo. Ingotarisa mapurojekiti mashoma edzimbawo zvadzo dzemazuva ano (10, 11, 12, 13) kuti uone zvaunogona kutenga uye kuona mumavakirwo nhasi.

10. Chivakwa chekugara muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX I

11. Chivakwa chekugara XNUMXth century II

12. Chivakwa chekugara XNUMXth century III

13. Chivakwa chekugara XNUMXth century IV