Hondo yerusununguko rweUkraine 1914-1922.
Muzhizha ra1914, Russia yakatumira mauto mashanu (3rd, 4th, 5th, 8th, 9th) kurwisa Austria-Hungary, maviri (1st uye 2nd) kurwisa Germany, iyo yakabvawo mumatsutso kuenda kuAustria, ichisiya 10th Army pamusoro. Kumberi kweGerman. (6. A akadzivirira Gungwa reBaltic, uye 7. A - Gungwa Dzvuku).
Ukraine yakarwa hondo huru yerusununguko makore zana apfuura. Hondo yakarasika uye isingazivikanwe, nekuti yakatongerwa kukanganwa - shure kwezvose, nhoroondo inonyorwa nevakundi. Zvisinei, yakanga iri hondo yezviyero zvikuru, iyo yakarwiwa nekusindimara uye kutsungirira kwete zvishoma pane kuedza kwePoland mukurwira rusununguko nemiganhu.
Kutanga kwehurumende yeUkraine kunotangira muzana remakore rechi988, uye makore zana gare gare, muna 1569, Muchinda Volodymyr Mukuru akabhabhatidzwa. Iyi nyika yainzi Kievan Rus. Muna XNUMX, Russia yakakundwa nevaTatars, asi zvishoma nezvishoma nyika idzi dzakasunungurwa. Nyika mbiri dzakarwira Rus ', nyika dzine mutauro mumwe wepamutemo, chitendero chimwe, imwe tsika uye tsika dzakafanana nedzekare Kievan Rus: Grand Duchy yeMoscow uye Grand Duchy yeLithuania. Muna XNUMX, Korona yeHumambo hwePoland yakabatanidzwawo mune zveRus '. Mazana emakore mushure meKievan Rus, nyika nhatu dzakatsiva dzakamuka: uko kwaive nesimba rakasimba reGrand Duchy yeLithuania, Belarus yakavambwa, uko kwaive nesimba rakasimba reMoscow, Russia yakasimuka, uye uko kwaive nepesvedzero - kwete zvakadaro. yakasimba - Ukraine yakasikwa kubva kuPoland. Iri zita rakaonekwa nekuti hapana neimwe yenyika nhatu dzakabatanidzwa muDnieper yaida kupa vagari venyika idzodzo kodzero yekunzi Rusyns.
Kuziviswa kweTatu Universal yeUkraine Central Rada, i.e. kuziviswa kweUkraine People's Republic musi waNovember 20, 1917 muKyiv. Pakati iwe unogona kuona chimiro chemadzitateguru eMikhail Khrushevsky, pedyo naye Simon Petlyura.
The solstice yakaitika muna 1772. Chikamu chekutanga chePolish Republic chakasabvisa Poland neGrand Duchy yeLithuania kubva mumutambo wezvematongerwo enyika. Nyika yechiTatar muCrimea yakarasikirwa nedziviriro yeTurkey uye yakakurumidza kubatanidzwa kuMoscow, uye nyika dzayo dzakava nharaunda yehurumende yeRussia. Pakupedzisira, Lviv nenharaunda dzayo dzakava mupesvedzero yeAustria. Izvi zvakadzikamisa mamiriro ezvinhu muUkraine kwemakore anoda kusvika 150.
KuUkraine muzana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe yaive nyaya yemitauro, uye nekudaro yaive yenzvimbo, uye ipapo chete yezvematongerwo enyika. Yakakurukurwa kana kune mumwe mutauro wokuUkraine kana kana iri ndimi yemutauro wokuRussia. Nzvimbo yekushandiswa kwemutauro weUkraine saka yaireva nharaunda yeUkraine: kubva kuCarpathians kumadokero kuenda Kursk kumabvazuva, kubva kuCrimea kumaodzanyemba kuenda kuMinsk-Lithuanian kuchamhembe. Zviremera zveMoscow neSt. Petersburg zvakatenda kuti vagari veUkraine vaitaura "Little Russian" mutauro weRussia uye vaiva chikamu che "Great and Undivided Russia". Uyewo, vagari vakawanda veUkraine vakafunga kuti mutauro wavo wakaparadzana, uye tsitsi dzavo dzakanga dzakaoma zvikuru mune zvematongerwe enyika. Vamwe vekuUkraine vaida kugara mu "Great and Undivided Russia", vamwe vekuUkraine vaida kuzvitonga mukati meMambo weRussia, uye vamwe vaida nyika yakazvimirira. Huwandu hwevatsigiri vekuzvimiririra hwakawedzera nekukurumidza pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, iro raive rakabatana nekuchinja kwemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika muRussia neAustria-Hungary.
Kusikwa kweUkraine People's Republic muna 1917.
Hondo Yenyika I yakatanga muzhizha ra1914. Chikonzero chaive kufa kweAustria neHungary mugari wenhaka pachigaro, Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Akaronga shanduko yeAustria-Hungary iyo yaizopa vashoma vaimbodzvinyirirwa kodzero dzezvematongerwo enyika. Akafira mumaoko evaSerbia, avo vaitya kuti kuvandudzwa kwechinzvimbo chevashoma veSerbia muAustria kwaizokanganisa kusikwa kweSerbia huru. Anogonawo kuwira pasi pevaRussia, vanotya kuti kuvandudzwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu evashoma vekuUkraine muAustria, kunyanya muGalicia, kuchadzivirira kusikwa kweRussia huru.
Chinangwa chikuru chemauto eRussia muna 1914 chaiva kubatanidzwa kwevose "Russian", kusanganisira avo vanobva kuPrzemysl neUzhgorod, vachitaura mutauro weUkraine, mukati memiganhu yenyika imwe: Great and Undivided Russia. Uto reRussia rakaisa mauto aro mazhinji pamuganhu neAustria uye akaedza kubudirira ikoko. Kubudirira kwake kwaiva kusarura: akamanikidza mauto eAustro-Hungarian kusiya nharaunda, kusanganisira Lvov, asi akakundikana kuiparadza. Uyezve, kubatwa kwemauto eGermany semuvengi asinganyanyi kukosha kwakatungamirira vanhu vokuRussia kukurirwa kwakatevedzana. Muna Chivabvu 1915, maAustria, maHungarian nemaGermans vakakwanisa kupaza nepakati peGorlice ndokumanikidza maRussia kuti adzokere. Mumakore mashomanana akatevera, rutivi rwokumabvazuva rweHondo Huru rwakatambanudzwa kubva kuRiga paGungwa reBaltic, nomuPinsk pakati, kusvikira kuChernivtsi pedyo nomuganhu weRomania. Kunyangwe kupinda kwehumambo hwekupedzisira muhondo - muna 1916 parutivi rweRussia uye Entente inoti - haina kuita zvishoma kuchinja mamiriro ehondo.
Mamiriro ezvinhu ehondo akachinja nokuchinja kwemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika. Muna March 1917, February Revolution yakatanga, uye munaNovember 1917, October Revolution (kusiyana kwemazita kunokonzerwa nekushandiswa kwekarenda yaJulian muRussia, uye kwete - seEurope - karenda yaGregory). IFebruary Revolution yakabvisa tsar kubva pasimba uye yakashandura Russia kuita republic. Kupandukira kwaOctober kwakaparadza republic ndokuunza Bolshevism muRussia.
IRussia Republic, yakagadzirwa semhedzisiro yeChimurenga chaFebruary, yakaedza kuve nyika yakabudirira, ine demokrasi, ichicherekedza tsika dzepamutemo dzebudiriro yekuMadokero. Simba raifanirwa kupfuudzwa kuvanhu - vakarega kuva tsarist nyaya uye vakava mugari we republic. Kusvikira zvino, zvisarudzo zvose zvakaitwa namambo, kana kuti, vanoremekedzwa vake, zvino vagari vaigona kusarudza kuguma kwavo munzvimbo dzavaigara. Nokudaro, mukati memiganhu yeHumambo hweRussia, marudzi akasiyana-siyana ematare emunharaunda akagadzirwa, kune rimwe simba rakapiwa. Paive nedemocratization uye humanization yeuto reRussia: maumbirwo enyika akagadzirwa, kusanganisira maUkraine.
Musi waKurume 17, 1917, mazuva mapfumbamwe mushure mekutanga kweChimurenga chaFebruary, Ukraine Central Rada, inomiririra maUkraine, yakavambwa muKyiv. Sachigaro waro aiva Mikhail Grushevsky, ane biography inonyatsoratidza kuguma kweUkraine mafungiro enyika. Akazvarwa muChelm, mumhuri yemudzidzisi weOrthodox seminary, akaunzwa kubva pasi pehumambo kuenda kuRussian Poland. Akadzidza muTbilisi neKyiv, ndokubva aenda kuLvov, uko kuAustria University, uko kudzidzisa kwaiva chiPolish, akadzidzisa muchiUkraine panyaya inonzi "History yeUkraine-Little Russia" (akakurudzira kushandiswa kwezita " Ukraine" munhoroondo yeKivan Rus). Mushure mekumukira muRussia muna 1905, akabatanidzwa muhupenyu hwemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika eKyiv. Hondo yakamuwana muLvov, asi "nemiganhu mitatu" akakwanisa kusvika kuKyiv, akazotumirwa kuSiberia kuti abatane neAustria. Muna 1917 akava sachigaro weUCR, akazobviswa pachigaro, pashure pa1919 akagara kwenguva yakati muCzechoslovakia, kwaakabva achienda kuSoviet Union kunopedza makore okupedzisira oupenyu hwake ari mujeri.
