Simba rinovandudzwa - ndeyezana ramakore rechiXNUMX

PaBP Statistical Ongororo yeWorld Energy webhusaiti, unogona kuwana ruzivo rwekuti panosvika 2030, kushandiswa kwesimba repasi rose kuchapfuura nhanho iripo nechikamu chimwe muzvitatu. Naizvozvo, chishuwo chenyika dzakabudirira ndechekusangana nezvinodiwa zvinokura nerubatsiro rwe "green" tekinoroji kubva kune anodzoreredzwa masosi (RES).

1. Offshore wind farm

MuPoland, panosvika 2020, 19% yesimba inofanira kubva kune akadaro. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aripo, iri harisi simba rakachipa, saka rinokura zvakanyanya nekuda kwerutsigiro rwemari rwenyika.

Zvinoenderana neongororo ya2013 neRenewable Energy Institute, mutengo wekugadzira 1 MWh. renewable simba inosiyana, zvichienderana nekwakabva, kubva pa200 kusvika kunyange 1500 zł.

Kana tichienzanisa, mutengo wakazara we1 MWh yemagetsi muna 2012 yaive ingangoita PLN mazana maviri. Iyo yakachipa muzvidzidzo izvi yaive yekuwana simba kubva kune akawanda-mafuta ekupisa zvidyarwa, i.e. co-firing uye gasi rekurasira. Simba rinodhura zvikuru rinowanikwa kubva mumvura uye mumvura inopisa.

Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa uye inooneka mafomu eRES, i.e. mhepo turbines (1) uye solar panels (2), inodhura zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, nokufamba kwenguva, mitengo yemarasha uye, somuenzaniso, yesimba renyukireya ichakwira zvisingadzivisiki. Zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana (semuenzaniso, ongororo yakaitwa neboka reRWE muna 2012) inoratidza kuti "Conservative" uye "nyika" mapoka, i.e. zvitubu zvesimba zvichawedzera kudhura nekufamba kwenguva (3).

Uye izvi zvichaita renewable simba imwe nzira kwete chete zvakatipoteredza, asiwo zvoupfumi. Dzimwe nguva zvinokanganwika kuti mafuta emafuta anotsigirwawo zvakanyanya nehurumende, uye mutengo wavo, sekutonga, haufungi nezvehuipi husina kunaka huripo pane zvakatipoteredza.

Solar-mvura-mhepo cocktail

Muna 2009, mapurofesa Mark Jacobson (Stanford University) naMark DeLucchi (University of California, Davis) vakaburitsa chinyorwa muScientific American vachipikisa kuti panosvika gore ra2030 nyika yese yaigona kuchinjira ku renewable simba. Muchirimo cha2013, vakadzokorora kuverenga kwavo kuUS state yeNew York.

Mukuona kwavo, inogona kusiya zvachose mafuta efossil nokukurumidza. Ichi chi renewable sources unogona kuwana simba rinodiwa pakutakura, indasitiri uye huwandu hwevanhu. Simba richabva kune iyo inonzi WWS musanganiswa (mhepo, mvura, zuva - mhepo, mvura, zuva).

Inosvika makumi mana kubva muzana yesimba ichabva kumapurazi emhepo ekumahombekombe, ayo anoda kusvika zviuru gumi nezvitatu achada kuendeswa. Pavhu panodiwa vanhu vanopfuura vana. turbines izvo zvinopa imwe 40 muzana yesimba. Inotevera gumi muzana ichauya kubva ingangoita gumi muzana yemapurazi ezuva ane radiation yekusimbisa tekinoroji.

Yakajairika photovoltaic kuiswa kuchawedzera 10 muzana kune mumwe nemumwe. Zvimwe zvikamu gumi nezvisere kubva muzana zvichabva mukuiswa kwezuva - mudzimba, zvivakwa zveveruzhinji uye kumahofisi makuru emakambani. Simba rinoshaikwa rinozadzikiswa nezvidyarwa zvegeothermal, zvidyarwa zvemagetsi emagetsi, majenareta emvura uye mamwe ese anogadziridzwa simba masosi.

Masayendisiti akaverenga kuti kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwehurongwa hwakavakirwa pa renewable simba kudiwa kwesimba-nekuda kwekubudirira kukuru kwehurongwa hwakadaro-huchadonha munyika yese nezvikamu makumi matatu nenomwe kubva muzana, uye mitengo yemagetsi ichadzikama.

Mabasa akawanda achagadzirwa kupfuura acharasika sezvo simba rose richagadzirwa muhurumende. Mukuwedzera, zvave zvichifungidzirwa kuti vanhu vanenge 4 33 vachafa gore negore nemhaka yokuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo. vanhu vashoma, uye mutengo wekusvibisa uchadzikira nemabhiriyoni makumi matatu nematatu emadhora pagore.

3. Mitengo yemagetsi kusvika ku2050 - RWE kudzidza

Izvi zvinoreva kuti mari yese ichabhadhara mukati memakore gumi nemanomwe. Zvinokwanisika kuti zvingave zvakakurumidza, sezvo hurumende inogona kutengesa chikamu chesimba. Vakuru veNew York State vanogovera tarisiro yezviverengero izvi here? Ndinofunga zvishoma hongu uye zvishoma kwete.

Mushure mezvose, "havadonhedzi" zvese kuita kuti chikumbiro chive chechokwadi, asi, hongu, vanodyara mukugadzira matekinoroji. Renewable simba. Vaimbove meya weNew York, VaMichael Bloomberg, vakazivisa mwedzi mishoma yadarika kuti nzvimbo huru yekurasira marara pasi rose, yeFreshkills Park iri paStaten Island, ichashandurwa kuita imwe yenzvimbo huru dzemagetsi ezuva.

Uko tsvina yeNew York inoora, 10 megawatts yesimba ichagadzirwa. Mamwe ese enzvimbo yeFreshkills, kana angangoita 600 mahekita, anozoshandurwa kuita nzvimbo dzakasvibira dzemhando yepaki.

Ndeipi mitemo inogona kudzokororwa

Nyika zhinji dzatove munzira kuenda kune ramangwana rakasvibira. Nyika dzeScandinavia dzakapfuura kare 50% pachikumbaridzo chekuwana simba kubva renewable sources. Zvinoenderana nedata rakaburitswa mukudonha kwe2014 nesangano repasi rose rezvakatipoteredza WWF, Scotland inotogadzira simba rakawanda kubva kumagetsi emhepo kupfuura mhuri dzese dzeScotland dzinoda.

Nhamba idzi dzinoratidza kuti muna October 2014, maturbine emhepo ekuScotland akagadzira magetsi akaenzana ne126 muzana yezvinodiwa mudzimba dzeko. Pakazara, 40 muzana yesimba rinogadzirwa mudunhu rino rinobva kune zvinogonekazve.

Ze renewable sources inopfuura hafu yesimba reSpanish rinobva. Hafu yehafu iyoyo inobva mumanyuko emvura. Chikamu chimwe muzvishanu chesimba rose reSpain rinobva kumapurazi emhepo. Muguta reMexico reLa Paz, kunewo nzvimbo yemagetsi ezuva Aura Solar I ine huwandu hwe39 MW.

Pamusoro pezvo, kuisirwa purazi rechipiri re30 MW Groupotec I kwava kuda kupera, nekuda kwekuti guta rinogona kupihwa zvizere simba rinobva munzvimbo dzinogoneka. Muenzaniso wenyika yakagara ichiita mutemo wekuwedzera mugove wesimba kubva kune zvinogonekazve mumakore iGermany.

Sekureva kwaAgora Energiewende, muna 2014 simba rinodzokororwa rakaita 25,8% yekuwanikwa munyika ino. Pakazosvika 2020, Germany inofanirwa kugamuchira zvinopfuura makumi mana kubva muzana kubva kune aya masosi. Shanduko yesimba reGerman haisi yekungosiiwa kwesimba renyukireya nemarasha mukufarira renewable simba muchikamu chesimba.

Hazvifanirwe kukanganwa kuti Germany zvakare mutungamiri mukusikwa kwemhinduro dze "passive dzimba", iyo inonyanya kuita pasina kudziyisa masisitimu. "Chinangwa chedu chekuti 2050 muzana yemagetsi eGermany abve munzvimbo dzinogonekazve panosvika 80 inoramba iripo," Chancellor weGerman Angela Merkel akadaro nguva pfupi yadarika.

Solar panel itsva

Mumarabhoritari, kune nguva dzose kurwira kuvandudza kugona. renewable energy sources - somuenzaniso, photovoltaic masero. Masero ezuva, ayo anoshandura chiedza chenyeredzi yedu kuva magetsi, ari kusvika pachikamu che50 muzana.

4. Graphene-on-foam ye solar-to-steam kutendeuka neMIT

Nekudaro, masisitimu ari pamusika nhasi anoratidza kushanda kweasingapfuure makumi maviri muzana. State-of-the-art photovoltaic panels inoshandura zvakanyatsonaka solar spectrum simba - kubva kune infrared, kuburikidza nehuwandu hunooneka, kusvika kune ultraviolet - ivo chaizvoizvo vanoumba kwete imwe, asi masero mana.

Semiconductor layers akaiswa pamusoro peumwe neumwe. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane basa rekuwana mutsara wakasiyana wemafungu kubva kune spectrum. Iyi tekinoroji yakapfupikiswa CPV (concentrator photovoltaics) uye yakamboedzwa mudenga.

Gore rakapera, somuenzaniso, mainjiniya kuMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) vakagadzira zvinhu zvinosanganisira graphite flakes yakaiswa pa carbon foam (4). Yakaiswa mumvura uye yakanangidzirwa pairi nemwaranzi yezuva, inoumba mhute yemvura, ichichinja kusvika ku85 muzana yesimba rose remwaranzi yezuva mairi.

Iyo nyowani nyowani inoshanda zvakapusa - porous graphite muchikamu chayo chepamusoro inokwanisa kunyatso tora uye chengetedza simba rezuvauye pazasi pane kabhoni layer, yakazadzwa zvishoma nemhepo mabhubhu (kuitira kuti zvinhu zvigone kuyangarara pamusoro pemvura), zvichidzivirira kupisa kwesimba kupukunyuka mumvura.

5. Photovoltaic antennas mumunda we sunflowers

Mishonga yesolar yakapfuura yaifanira kunangisa mwaranzi yezuva kunyange kane chiuru kuti ishande.

MIT's mhinduro nyowani inongoda zvakapetwa kagumi, ichiita iyo yese setup yakachipa.

Kana kuti pamwe edza kusanganisa satellite dish nesunflower mune imwe tekinoroji? Mainjiniya kuAirlight Energy, kambani yeSwitzerland yakavakirwa muBiasca, inoda kuratidza kuti zvinogoneka.

Vakagadzira mahwendefa mashanu-mita ane solar array complexes akafanana nesatellite TV antennas kana teresikopu yeredhiyo uye vanoteedzera maranzi ezuva sesunflower (5).

Ivo vanofanirwa kuve vaunganidzi vemagetsi akakosha, vachipa kwete chete magetsi kune masero ephotovoltaic, asiwo kupisa, mvura yakachena uye kunyange, mushure mekushandisa pombi yekupisa, kusimbisa firiji.

Magirazi akapararira pamusoro penzvimbo yavo inotapurirana chiitiko chezuva uye inotarisa pane mapaneru, kunyange kusvika kaviri. Imwe neimwe yematanho matanhatu anoshanda ane 2 photovoltaic chips yakatonhodzwa nemvura inoyerera kuburikidza ne microchannels.

Kutenda kuhuwandu hwesimba, photovoltaic modules inoshanda zvakapetwa kana zvakanyanya. Kana yakashongedzerwa nechirimwa chekuchenesa mvura yegungwa, chikwata chinoshandisa mvura inopisa kugadzira marita 2500 emvura yakachena pazuva.

Munzvimbo dziri kure, midziyo yekusefa mvura inogona kuiswa pachinzvimbo chezvinomera zvekubvisa munyu. Iyo yese 10m ruva antenna chimiro chinogona kupetwa uye kutakurwa zviri nyore nerori diki. Pfungwa itsva ye kushandisa simba rezuva munzvimbo shoma dzakasimukira iSolarkiosk (6).

Iyi mhando yeyuniti inoshongedzerwa neWi-Fi router uye inogona kuchaja anopfuura mazana maviri enharembozha pazuva kana simba mini-firiji umo, semuenzaniso, mishonga yakakosha inogona kuchengetwa. Mazhinji emakiosks akadai akatotangwa. Vainyanya kushanda muEthiopia, Botswana neKenya.

7. Pertamina skyscraper project

Energetic architecture

Imba ine nhurikidzwa 99 inonzi Pertamina (7), iyo yakarongerwa kuvakwa muJakarta, guta guru reIndonesia, inofanirwa kubudisa simba rakawanda sezvainopedza. Ichi ndicho chivakwa chekutanga chekukura kwayo munyika. Chivako chechivako chacho chaive chakabatana zvikuru nenzvimbo - inobvumira chete mhepo inodiwa yezuva kuti ipinde, ichikubvumira kuchengetedza simba rose rezuva.

8. Green Wall muBarcelona

Iyo truncated shongwe inoita senzira yekushandisa simba remhepo. Photovoltaic panels yakaiswa kune rumwe rutivi rwenzvimbo, iyo inobvumira kugadzirwa kwesimba zuva rose, chero nguva yegore.

Chivako ichi chichava neyakasanganiswa geothermal power plant inoenderana nesolar nemhepo simba.

Zvichakadaro, vatsvakurudzi veGermany kubva kuYunivhesiti yeJena vakagadzirira chirongwa che "smart facades" yezvivakwa. Chiedza chekufambisa chinogona kugadziriswa nekudzvanya bhatani. Kwete chete ivo vakashongedzerwa ne photovoltaic masero, asiwo nekukura algae yekugadzira biofuel.

Iyo Large Area Hydraulic Windows (LaWin) purojekiti inotsigirwa nemari yeEurope pasi pechirongwa cheHorizon 2020. Chishamiso chemazuva ano tekinoroji yakasvibira inomera pafaçade yeRaval Theatre muBarcelona haina hukama neiyo iri pamusoro pfungwa (8).

Iro gadheni rakamira rakagadzirwa neUrbanarbolismo rinozvimiririra. Zvirimwa zvinodiridzwa nenzira yekudiridza iyo pombi dzinoshandiswa nesimba rinogadzirwa photovoltaic panels inobatanidza nehurongwa.

Mvura inobvawo pakunaya. Mvura inonaya inoyerera ichidzika mumatangi ichipinda mutangi rokuchengetera, kubva kwainozopombwa nemapombi anofambisa simba nezuva. Hapana magetsi ekunze.

Hurongwa hwakangwara hunodiridza zvirimwa zvinoenderana nezvavanoda. Zvimiro zvakawanda zverudzi urwu zviri kuonekwa pamwero mukuru. Muenzaniso iSolar Powered National Stadium muKaohsiung, Taiwan (9).

Yakagadzirwa nemugadziri wechiJapan Toyo Ito uye akatumirwa kumashure muna 2009, inofukidzwa ne8844 photovoltaic maseru uye inogona kugadzira anosvika 1,14 gigawatt-maawa esimba pagore, ichipa 80 muzana yezvinodiwa munharaunda.

9. Nhandare yeSolar muTaiwan

Munyu wakanyunguduka uchawana simba here?

Kuchengetedza simba muchimiro chemunyu wakanyunguduka hauzivikanwi. Iyi tekinoroji inoshandiswa mumagetsi makuru ezuva, senge ichangobva kuvhurwa Ivanpah muMojave Desert. Maererano nekambani ichiri isingazivikanwe yeHalotechnics kubva kuCalifornia, nzira iyi inovimbisa zvokuti kushandiswa kwayo kunogona kuwedzerwa kune yese simba remagetsi, kunyanya kudzorerwazve, hongu, apo nyaya yekuchengetedza zvakasara pamberi pekushaya simba idambudziko guru.

Vamiririri vekambani vanoti kuchengetedza simba nenzira iyi hafu yemutengo wemabhatiri, marudzi akasiyana-siyana emabhatiri makuru. Panyaya yemutengo, inogona kukwikwidza nemapombi ekuchengetedza masisitimu, ayo, sezvaunoziva, anogona kungoshandiswa pasi pemamiriro emunda akanaka. Zvisinei, teknolojia iyi ine zvipingamupinyi zvayo.

Somuenzaniso, 70 muzana chete yesimba rinochengetwa mumunyu wakanyungudutswa rinogona kushandiswazve semagetsi (90 muzana mumabhatiri). Halotechnics parizvino iri kushanda pakubudirira kweaya masisitimu, kusanganisira kushandisa pombi dzekupisa uye dzakasiyana musanganiswa munyu.

10. Matangi emunyu akanyungudutswa kuitira kuchengetedza simba

Chimiro chekuratidzira chakatumirwa kuSandia National Laboratories muArbuquerque, New Mexico, USA. kuchengetedza simba nomunyu wakaumbwa. Yakagadzirirwa chaizvo kushanda neCLFR tekinoroji, iyo inoshandisa magirazi anochengeta simba rezuva kupisa mvura yekupfapfaidza.

Munyu wakanyungudutswa mutangi. Iyo sisitimu inotora munyu kubva mutangi inotonhora (290 ° C), inoshandisa kupisa kwemirazi uye inopisa mvura kusvika kune tembiricha ye550 ° C, mushure meiyo inoendesa kune inotevera tangi (10). Pazvinenge zvichidiwa, tembiricha yepamusoro yakanyungudutswa munyu inopfuudzwa nemuchinjisa kupisa kuti ibudise chiutsi chekugadzira magetsi.

Pakupedzisira, munyu wakanyungudutswa unodzoserwa kumudziyo unotonhora uye nzira yacho inodzokororwa muchiuno chakavharwa. Zvidzidzo zvekuenzanisa zvakaratidza kuti kushandisa munyu wakanyungudutswa semvura inoshanda inobvumira kushanda pakupisa kwakanyanya, kunoderedza huwandu hwemunyu unodiwa pakuchengetedza, uye kunobvisa kudiwa kwemaseti maviri ekupisa kupisa muhurongwa, kuderedza mutengo wehurongwa uye kuoma.

Mhinduro inopa kuchengetedza simba pachiyero chidiki, zvinokwanisika kuisa bhatiri reparafini rine vateresi vezuva padenga. Iyi tekinoroji yakagadziridzwa kuSpanish University yeBasque Country (Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Uniberstitatea).

Inotarisirwa kushandiswa neavhareji yemhuri. Muviri mukuru wemudziyo wakagadzirwa nemahwendefa ealuminium akanyudzwa muparafini. Mvura inoshandiswa senzira yekufambisa simba, kwete senzira yekuchengetera. Basa iri ndereparafini, iyo inotora kupisa kubva kune aruminiyamu mapanera uye inonyunguduka patembiricha ye60°C.

Muchigadzirwa ichi, simba remagetsi rinoburitswa nekutonhodza wakisi, izvo zvinopa kupisa kune matete mapaneru. Masayendisiti ari kushanda kuti awedzere kuvandudza kushanda kwemaitiro kuburikidza nekutsiva parafini nechimwe chinhu, senge fatty acid.

Simba rinogadzirwa mukati mechikamu chekuchinja. Kuiswa kunogona kuva nechimiro chakasiyana maererano nezvinodiwa zvekuvaka zvivako. Unogona kunyange kuvaka anonzi enhema ceilings.

Mazano matsva, nzira itsva

Mwenje yemumugwagwa, yakagadzirwa nekambani yeDutch Kaal Masten, inogona kuiswa chero kupi, kunyange munzvimbo dzisina magetsi. Havadi network yemagetsi kuti ishande. Vanopenya chete nekuda kwemagetsi ezuva.

Mbiru dzemarambi aya dzakafukidzwa nemagetsi ezuva. Mugadziri anoti masikati vanogona kuunganidza simba rakawanda zvekuti vanobva vapenya husiku hwese. Kunyange kuine makore hakuzodzimi. Inosanganisira mabhatiri anoyevedza marambi ekuchengetedza simba CHIEDZA-EMITTING DIODE.

Mweya (11), sezita raidanwa tochi iyi, inoda kutsiviwa makore mashoma ega ega. Zvinofadza, kubva pane zvakatipoteredza maonero, mabhatiri aya ari nyore kubata.

Zvichakadaro, miti yezuva iri kudyarwa muIsrael. Pangadai pasina chinhu chinoshamisa mune izvi dai pasina chokwadi chekuti panzvimbo yemashizha, solar panels yakaiswa mukudyara uku, iyo inogamuchira simba, iro rinozoshandiswa kubhadharisa nharembozha, mvura inotonhorera uye kutepfenyura chiratidzo cheWi-Fi.

Dhizaini, inonzi eTree (12), ine "trunk" yesimbi inobuda kunze, uye pamapazi. solar panel. Simba rinogamuchirwa nerubatsiro rwavo rinochengetwa munharaunda uye rinogona "kuendeswa" kumabhatiri emafoni efoni kana mahwendefa kuburikidza ne USB port.

12. Electronic muti muti

Ichashandiswawo kugadzira manyuko emvura kumhuka uye kunyange vanhu. Miti inofanirawo kushandiswa semwenje usiku.

Ivo vanogona kuve vakashongedzerwa neruzivo liquid crystal displays. Zvivako zvekutanga zverudzi urwu zvakaonekwa muKhanadiv Park, pedyo neguta reZikhron Yaakov.

Iyo 1,4-panel vhezheni inogadzira 35 kilowatts yesimba, iyo inogona kusimbisa makumi matatu neshanu avhareji malaptops. Zvichakadaro, mukana wesimba rinowanikwazve uchiri kuwanikwa munzvimbo itsva, sekuti nzizi dzinodira mugungwa uye dzinosangana nemvura ine munyu.

Boka revasayendisiti kubva kuMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) rakasarudza kudzidza chiitiko che reverse osmosis munzvimbo umo mvura dzemhando dzakasiyana dzemunyu dzakasanganiswa. Pane mutsauko wekumanikidza pamuganhu wenzvimbo idzi. Kana mvura ikapfuura nepamuganhu uyu, inomhanya, inova manyuko esimba rakakosha.

Masayendisiti kubva kuyunivhesiti iri muBoston haana kuenda kure kuti aone chokwadi chechiitiko ichi. Vakaverenga kuti mvura dzeguta iri, dzinoyerera dzichipinda mugungwa, dzaigona kuunza simba rinokwana kugutsa zvinodiwa nevagari vemo. zvivako zvekurapa.