Zvese nezve mota brake pads

Hapana mota inogona kunzi yakachengeteka kana iine chakaipa kana isina mabhureki zvachose. Iyi sisitimu inosanganisira zvakawanda zvakasiyana zvinhu. Chikamu cheactuator chinosanganisira brake caliper (maficha echinhu ichi anotsanangurwa mukati akaparadzanisa ongororo) uye block.

Funga maitiro ekusarudza chikamu chitsva, pazvinoda kuchinjwa, uye ndezvipi zvinhu zvakanakira mota.

Ndeapi mota akamedura mapedhi

Iyo bhureki rebhureki chikamu chinotsiviwa cheanomira. Inotaridzika senge ndiro yesimbi ine kukakavara pairi. Chikamu chacho chakabatanidzwa zvakananga mukuderedza kumhanya kwekufambisa. Kune maviri marudzi emapedhi akazara:

• For Disc akamedura hurongwa;
• Kwemadhiramu mabhureki.

Zvichienderana neshanduro yemabhureki, mapedhi anogona kusvina dhisiki kana kuzorora pamadziro edhiramu. Mhando dzakasiyana dzebraking system dzinogona kushandiswa mumotokari. Kazhinji pane zvingasarudzwa kana mitsara yemutsara umo iyo brake fluid inoputirwa yakakamurwa kuita kumberi nekumashure.

Mumota dzakadai, kana iwe ukadzvanya bhureki rekubhurera, ivo vekutanga calipers vanogoneswa kutanga, kozoti vekumashure. Neichi chikonzero, madhiramu mapedhi anoshandurwa zvishoma kazhinji kupfuura epamberi mapedhi.

Pamusoro pekukosha kwakakosha, izvi zvigadzirwa zvinosiyana kubva kune mumwe neumwe mukushanda:

1. Iyo kititi inogona zvakare kusanganisira yekupfeka sensor iyo inobatana kune mota pane-bhodhi magetsi system. Sezvo mapedhi mune chero mota ari pasi pekupfeka, iyo sensor inozivisa mutyairi nezve kudiwa kwekutsiva chikamu.
2. Brake element ine mechiniki yekupfeka chiratidzo. Hunhu hunobatika hunobvumira mutyairi kuti aone kuti zvinhu zvakasakara uye zvinoda kuchinjwa. Rudzi urwu rwepadhi rine mutengo wakaderera uchienzaniswa neyakachinja yapfuura.

Kana mumota muchibatanidzwa mabhureki system, pamberi pacho chinhu ichi chichava disc, uye chemberi chichava dhiramu. Iyi mhando yegadziriro yakaiswa pamabhajeti mota. Imwe mota inodhura ine madiki mabhureki mudenderedzwa.

Chii chinokanganisa mabhureki

Muchina unomira nekuda kwechiitiko chebhuroko pane diski, iyo yakasungirirwa pahubhu yevhiri. Iyo coefficient yekukweshera inowanikwa neinotsiviwa nepadhi inoita basa rakakosha mune izvi. Sezvingatarisirwa, iyo yakakwira kukweshera, iyo yakajeka mabhureki achashanda.

Pamusoro pekupindura sisitimu uye mabhureki mashandiro, hunhu uhwu hunokanganisa zvakananga huwandu hwesimba iro mutyairi anofanirwa kunyorera padiki rekumedura kuitira kuti mota iderere.

Iko kukosha kweiyo coefficient yekukwesana kunokanganiswa nezvinhu izvo panogadzirwa nzvimbo yekukwesana. Zvinoenderana neizvi kuti mabhureki anenge ari akapfava uye akajeka, kana kuti chitiviri chinoda kumanikidzwa nesimba kudzikisa mavhiri.

Brake pad mhando

Sezvambotaurwa, mapedhi ese akapatsanurwa kuita mhando mbiri: yekumisikidza mumadhiramu (mavhiri ekumashure, uye mumotokari dzekare akaiswa kumberi) kana pamadhisiki (mavhiri epamberi kana mune inodhura modhi yekutakura - mudenderedzwa).

Iyo peculiarity yedhiramu rakaputsa system ndeyekuti dhizaini yemuchina inobvumidza kushandiswa kwenzvimbo huru yekubatana kuitira kuwedzera simba rekukakavara panguva yekumisikidza mabhureki. Iyi nadzurudzo inoshanda zvakanyanya mukutakura zvinhu, nekuti rori rinowanzo kurema, uye mabhureki ediski mune ino kesi achave neashoma ekubata pamusoro.

Kuti uwedzere kushanda zvakanaka, zvichave zvakakodzera kuisa imwe yekuwedzera caliper, iyo isinganetsi mune zvehupfumi. Kunaka kwekushandurwa uku ndekwekuti mugadziri wemotokari anogona kuwedzera zvakasununguka hupamhi hwedhiramu nemapedhi, izvo zvichawedzera kuvimbika kwemabhureki. Izvo zvakashata zvemadhiramu mota ndezvekuti hazvina mweya wakakwana, ndosaka zvichikunda kupisa mukati mekureba kwenguva. Zvakare, dhiramu rinogona kupera nekukurumidza, nekuti marara ese semhedzisiro yekuvandudzwa kwepadhi inoramba iri mukati memushini.

Kana iri yekushandurwa kwedhisiki, mapedhi uye disc mukati mawo anofefeterwa nemhepo zviri nani, uye iyo ingress yetsvina uye hunyoro mumabhureki akadaro haina kukoshesesa kutakura. Kukanganisa kwekushandurwa uku ndekwekuti nzvimbo yekutaurirana inogona kuwedzerwa nekuisa disc ine yakawedzera dhayamita, uye, nekudaro, yakakura calipers. Uku kukanganisa, sezvo risiri vhiri rega rinotendera kukwidziridzwa uku.

Iko mashandiro emapads anoenderana neiyo yekukwesana lining. Kune izvi, vagadziri vanoshandisa akasiyana zvinhu. Heano maitiro avo makuru.

Organic akamedura Mapedhi

Iyo yekukweshera rukoko rwezvikamu izvi zvinosanganisira akasiyana zvigadzirwa zve organic mavambo. Inogona kunge irabha yakasanganiswa negirazi, fiberglass, macomponi emakemikari, nezvimwe. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, hushoma zvirimo zvemidziyo yesimbi (isingapfuuri makumi maviri muzana).

Mapadhi ane organic overlays akakosha kune zvine mwero vafambi vemotokari. Pakumhanya kwakaderera, kushushikana kudiki pane bhureki rekumedura kwakaringana kuita kuti zviite.

Zvakanakira shanduko idzi zvinosanganisira kupfava uye kunyarara panguva yekumira. Iyi chivakwa inosimbiswa neinowanikwa kushoma kweabrasives. Izvo zvakanakira mapadhi akadaro chinhu chakadzikira chekushanda zviwanikwa zvichienzaniswa nemamwe akafanana. Iyo yekukwesana rondedzero mavari yakapfava, uye nekudaro inoneta nekukurumidza.

Kumwe kushata kwemakemikari mapedhi ndeyekuti haatsigire kupisa kwakasimba. Neichi chikonzero, ivo vanoiswa pane yakachipa-mutengo kutakura, iyo isingasiyanane musimba simba. Kazhinji kazhinji, zvinhu zvakadaro zvichaiswa pamota diki.

Semi-esimbi akamedura Mapedhi

Iyo yepamusoro yemhando yekukwesana dura ichave iri muchikamu chemapadhi. Ivo anoshandiswa mumotokari zhinji mubhajeti uye yepakati-mutengo chidimbu. Lining yepadhi yakadaro ichave nesimbi (kusvika pamakumi manomwe muzana, zvichienderana nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira). Izvo zvinhu zvakasungirirwa nechinhu chinoumbwa, icho chinopa chigadzirwa chakakodzera simba.

Iko kushandurwa kunoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumakanika maficha. Mapads akadaro anozogadzirirwa nemotokari yevanofamba, crossover, rori diki, van, SUV kana mota inotora chikamu mumakwikwi emitambo yeamateur.

Zvakanakira masemi-esimbi linings ihwo hwakawedzera hupenyu hwekushanda (tichienzanisa neye organic analogue). Zvakare, iyi dura ine coefficient yakakura yekukwesana, inomira kupisa kwakasimba uye nekukurumidza inotonhora.

Izvo zvakashata zvezvigadzirwa zvakadai zvinosanganisira kuumbwa kweguruva rakawanda (kune rumwe ruzivo rwekuti ungabvisa sei graphite dhipoziti kubva kumatra discs, ona pano). Inofananidzwa neyevamwe organic, iwo masemi-esimbi mapedhi anoita ruzha rukuru panguva yeku braking. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti ichave iine huwandu hwakawanda hwesimbi simbi. Kuti ishande zvakanaka, mapedhi anofanirwa kusvika patembiricha yekushanda

Ceramic akamedura mapedhi

Mutengo wemapadhi akadaro unenge wakakwira kupfuura iwo ese akanyorwa kare. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti mhando yavo iri pamusoro zvakanyanya. Ceramic faibha inoshandiswa seyakaganhurana dura mune izvi zvinhu.

Ceramic pad inobatsira kubva pakakwirira mabhureki kutenderera kwekuteerera. Ivo vane akasiyana siyana ekushanda tembiricha, kunyangwe yavo inotonhora kugona yakaderera. Izvo hazvina zvimedu zvesimbi, saka mabhureki aya haaite ruzha rukuru panguva yekushanda. Yakanakira mota dzemitambo.

Kunyangwe iwo mabhenefiti akajeka pamusoro pemapadhi ataurwa pamusoro, iyo ceramic analog haina kuitirwa kuisirwa pane inononoka kutakura. Iwo kunyanya haakurudzirwe kuti ashandiswe mumarori uye maSUV.

Kuitira kuti mutyairi anogona kuzvimiririra kuona kuti ndezvipi zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira mapedhi, vagadziri vanoshandisa mazita akasarudzika. Kumaka kunogona kuve ruvara uye tsamba.

Kurongwa kwemavara kunoratidza iyo yakanyanya kutenderera tembiricha Iyi paramende inotevera:

• Neruvara dema - rinoshandiswa mune zvakajairwa bhajeti mota, pamwe nemamodeli mune yepakati mutengo chidimbu. Yakanaka yekufamba kwemazuva ese. Chigadzirwa chichava chinoshanda kana chikapisa kwete anopfuura mazana mana emadhigirii.
• Green kukweshera rukoko - kupisa kunobvumidzwa kusvika pamadhigirii mazana matanhatu nemakumi matanhatu.
• Matsvuku matsvuku atove zvigadzirwa zvekupinda-chikamu mota dzemitambo. Iyo yepamusoro inotenderwa kupisa ndeye 750 Celsius.
• Yero Stock - Inoshandiswa pane nyanzvi dzemumhanyisa mota dzino tora chikamu mumijaho senge wedunhu makwikwi kana makwikwi enzira. Mabhureki akadaro anokwanisa kuchengetedza kushanda kwawo kusvika patembiricha mazana mapfumbamwe^оC. Iyi tembiricha renji inogona kuratidzwa mune yebhuruu kana yakajeka bhuruu.
• Iyo padenji yeorenji inoshandiswa chete mune yakanyanya nyanzvi mota dzekumhanya, mabhureki ayo anogona kupisa kusvika churu churu.

Pane rimwe pad, kuwedzera kune ruzivo nezve mugadziri uye chitupa, kambani inogona kuratidza coefficient yekukwesana. Ichi chichava mavara alfabheti. Sezvo iyi paramende ichichinja zvichienderana nekupisa kwepad, iyo inogadzira inogona kunyorera mavara maviri. Imwe inoratidza coefficient yekukwesana (CT) pane tembiricha dzakatenderedza 95^оC, uye wechipiri - anenge 315^оC. Kumaka uku kuchaonekwa padyo nenhamba yenhamba.

Heano ma parameter hunhu hwese hunoenderana ne:

• C - CT kusvika 0,15;
• D - CT kubva pa0,15 kusvika ku0,25;
• E - CT kubva 0,25 kusvika 0,35;
• F - CT kubva pa0,35 kusvika 0,45;
• G - CT kubva 0,45 kusvika 0,55
• H - CT kubva pa0,55 kana kupfuura.

Neruzivo rwekutanga rwekumaka urwu, zvichave nyore kuti mutyairi asarudze akakodzera mhando mapads akakodzera kune chaiwo mashandiro ezvinhu.

Kupatsanura ne "mutengo-mhando"

Sezvo mugadziri wega wega achishandisa yavo yega kukakavhengana, zvakanyanyisa kuoma kuona kuti ndeipi lining iri yakanakisa. Kune akasiyana siyana, kunyangwe mukati mezvigadzirwa zvemugadziri mumwe.

Boka rega rega rezvigadzirwa rakakodzera makirasi akasiyana emotokari. Bhutsu yakachipa inogona kuiswa mumotokari kufekitori, asi pamusoro pezvo, muridzi wemota anogona kutenga analogue yakavimbika iyo inobvumidza mota kuti ishandiswe mumamiriro akaomesesa.

Nenzira, kukakavadzana linings kwakakamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu:

• Yakakwirira (yekutanga) kirasi;
• Pakati (wechipiri) giredhi;
• Yakadzika (yechitatu) kirasi.

Chikamu chekutanga chekirasi chinosanganisira izvo zvinonzi zvekutanga zvipenga zvikamu. Kazhinji kazhinji izvi zvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa nekambani yechitatu-bato yechiratidzo chinozivikanwa. Zvigadzirwa zvaro zvinoshandiswa pamitsara yegungano.

Zvinoitika kuti anogadzira mota anowana mapads emhando iri nani pane ayo anoenda kumusika wezvimotokari. Icho chikonzero cheichi pre-kupisa kurapwa. Kuti mota ibve pamutsetse wegungano kusangana nechitupa, mabhureki emabhureki "akapiswa".

Zvikamu zvega zvega zvezvitoro zviri pasi pechinyorwa "chepakutanga" chichatengesa analogue ine runyorwa rwakareruka uye pasina kutanga kugadzirwa. Nechikonzero ichi, hapana musiyano mukuru pakati peyakazviparadzanisa chikamu uye yakafanana inotengeswa neimwe inozivikanwa brand, uye mapedhi matsva anoda "kukwapurwa" kweanosvika makumi mashanu km.

Mumwe musiyano uripo pakati pe "conveyor" zvigadzirwa kubva kune zvakafanana, izvo zvinotengeswa mumakambani ekutengesa mota, ndiwo mutsauko mukukwana kwekupesana nehupenyu hwayo hwekushanda. Pamachina anouya kubva pagungano mutsara, mabhureki emabhureki ane akakwira CT, asi anomhanya zvishoma. Kana ari maanalogs anotengeswa mumotokari zvikamu zvemusika, ivo vane zvinopesana - CT inotambura, asi vanopera kwenguva refu.

Zvigadzirwa zvekirasi yechipiri ndezvakaderera mhando zvichienzaniswa neidzo dzapfuura. Muchiitiko ichi, kambani inogona kutsauka zvishoma kubva kuhunyanzvi hwekugadzira, asi chigadzirwa chinosangana nechitupa. Kune izvi, zita R-90 rinoshandiswa. Pedyo nechiratidzo ichi nyika nhamba (E) umo chitupa chakaitwa. Germany ine 1, Italy i3, uye Great Britain ine gumi nerimwe.

Yechipiri kirasi mabhureki mapedhi ari kudiwa nekuti iwo ane akakosha mutengo / kuita chiyero

Zvinonzwisisika kuti zvigadzirwa zvekirasi yechitatu zvichave zvehunhu hwakaipisisa kupfuura zvakapfuura. Mapads akadaro anogadzirwa nemabhizinesi madiki anogona kuve chikamu cheboka rekugadzira yeimwe mota brand, kana anogona kunge akapatsanura makambani madiki.

Achitenga mapedhi akadaro, mutyairi anoita zvake nenjodzi, nekuti izvi zvinokanganisa kuchengetedzeka kwekufambisa kana pachidiwa mabhureki echimbichimbi. Muneimwe kesi, iyo yekukwesana lining inogona kupfeka zvisina kuenzana, uye mune imwe, inogona kuve yakaoma zvekuti gumbo remutyairi rinokurumidza kuneta kana iko kudzvanywa kukamanikidzwa kazhinji.

Ndezvipi zvinogadzira

Usati watenga mapedhi, iwe unofanirwa kutarisisa kurongedza kwayo. Rakajairika kadhibhokisi bhokisi risina kuzivikanwa mamakisi chikonzero chekunetsekana, kunyangwe kana ichiratidza inozivikanwa zita. Mugadziri, achishushikana nezvezita rayo, haazoregere mari pane zvakapetwa zvemhando yepamusoro. Icharatidzawo chiratidzo chechitupa (90R).

Iyo mabhureki emabhureki emakambani anotevera anozivikanwa:

• Kazhinji kazhinji, kuyemura pakati pevatyairi ndiko kunyorwa kweBrembo;
• Pamitambo yemitambo yeamateur level, Ferodo inogadzira mapedhi akanaka;
• Mapedhi eATTE brand anoonekwa seyekutanga zvigadzirwa;
• Bendix ine zita repasirese pakati pevanogadzira emhando yepamusoro mabhureki masystem;
• Iyo yakanyanya kunaka sarudzo yeguta reguta inogona kusarudzwa pakati pezvinhu zvinotengeswa naRemsa;
• Mugadziri weGerman Jurid anoshandisa matekinoroji epamberi mukugadzira, nekuda kwekuti zvigadzirwa zvinozivikanwa pakati pevatyairi;
• Pagid inogadzira "gungano mutsara" zvigadzirwa zvegungano remotokari dzakadai seVolkswagen Golf, Audi TT uye Q7, pamwe nemamwe mamodheru ePorsche;
• Kune vateveri vechimiro chemitambo yekutyaira, pane zvigadzirwa zvakavimbika zvinogadzirwa neiyo Textar brand;
• Mumwe mugadziri wechiGerman anogadzira kwete chete epamusoro mabhureki emhando yepamusoro, asi zvakare yakawanda yemhando dzese dzemidziyo ndeye Bosch;
• Nepo Lockheed ichinyanya kugadzira injini dzendege, iye anogadzira zvakare anopa mhando yemabhureki ekupwanya;
• Kana mota nyowani yakatengwa, saka pachinzvimbo cheyakajairika zvinhu, unogona kuisa zvakafanana kubva kunaLucas / TRW.

Pad kusakara uye akamedura disc kusakara

Mabhureki ekupfeka pad anoenderana nezvinhu zvakawanda. Iyo yekutanga chigadzirwa chemhando. Takatofunga nezvenyaya iyi. Chinhu chechipiri kuwanda kwemotokari. Iyo yakakwira iyo, iyo inokwana coefficient yekukwesana inofanira kunge iri pane yekukwikwidzana chikamu chechikamu, nekuti inertia simba remota yakadaro yakakwira.

Chimwe chinhu chinogona kudzikisira zvakanyanya kana zvinopesana - kuwedzera hupenyu hwekushanda hwemapads ndiwo mutyairi wekutyaira maitiro. Kune vatyairi, avo vanonyanya kutyaira zvakapima uye vasingabhureki zvakanyanya, zvikamu izvi zvinogona kufamba makiromita zviuru makumi mashanu kana kudarika. Iyo inowanzo kazhinji mutyairi paanoshandisa mabhureki, iyo inokurumidza iyo yekukwesana lining inopera. Ichi chinhu chinopera zvakare nekukurumidza kana hurema hukaonekwa padhiski.

Kana pari yemabhureki (kunyanya yakachipa, yakaderera-mhando imwe) inogona kukundikana nekukasira, saka mune yedhisiki, izvi zvinoitika zvakanyanya kufanofungidzirwa. Pasi pemamiriro ekushanda, chikamu ichi chinoramba chiri mumamiriro akanaka kudzamara muridzi wemota achinja 2 seti yemapads. Kana diski ikapfeka mamirimita maviri, inofanirwa kutsiviwa neimwe nyowani. Iyi paramende inogona kutemerwa nekureba kweiyo chamfer yakaumbwa pachikamu.

Vamwe vanhu vanoongorora mamiriro edhisiki nekubata nekunamira ruoko pakati pemaspuru evhiri, asi zviri nani kubvisa vhiri zvachose kuita izvi. Chikonzero cheichi ndicho chinokwanisika kuwedzerwa kwepasi kupfeka mukati mechikamu. Kana paine kudonhedza pane dhisiki, asi mapedhi haasati asakara, ipapo kutsiva kwechikamu chekutanga kunogona kumisikidzwa kwenguva pfupi, kunyanya kana mutyairi achityaira zvakanaka.

Kana ari madhiramu emabhureki, iwo anononoka kupera zvishoma nezvishoma, asi anokurawo. Pasina kubvisa dhiramu casing, mamiriro ehukama hwepasirese haigone kuongorora. Kana ukobvu hwemadziro hwe dhiramu hwasakara ne millimeter imwe, inguva yekuitsiva.

Ndinofanira kuchinja riini mabhureki angu?

Kazhinji, ma automaker anoratidza akadaro kutsiva nguva - kubva pamakumi matatu kusvika makumi mashanu ezviuru makiromita akafamba (zvinopesana ne oiri shanduko yenguva paramende inoenderana nemiraira). Vazhinji vatyairi vanotsiva izvi zvinopedzwa kunyangwe zvasakara kana kwete.

Kunyangwe kana muridzi wemota zviwanikwa zvemari zvakaganhurirwa, hazvikurudzirwe kutenga zvigadzirwa zvakachipa, nekuti hutano nekuchengetedzeka kwete kwete chete kwemutyairi nevanomutakura, asiwo vamwe vashandisi vemugwagwa kunoenderana nezvinhu izvi.

Diagnostics

Mamiriro emabhureki emabhureki anogona kutemerwa nehunhu hwakawanda. Usati "watadza" pamabhureki, unofanirwa kutanga waona kuti mavhiri ese ane vhiri rakaringana (kana mabhureki emota, kumanikidza kusingaenzaniswi mune rimwe rematairi kungaratidzika kunge kwakafanana nekutadza kwemabhureki).

Hezvino izvo zvekutarisa kana iyo bhureki rebhureki rakaora mwoyo:

1. Kana bhureki rikaiswa zvine hukasha, kurova kunonzwika muchivharo. Izvi zvinogona kuitika, semuenzaniso, nekumanikidza kushoma kana uchisvika parobhoti. Munguva yekushanda, iyo yekukwesana rukoko pane ese mapedhi inopfeka zvisina kufanira. Icho chinhu pane iyo padhi yakatetepa chichagadzira kurova. Inogona zvakare kuratidza isina kuenzana disc kupfeka.
2. Kana iyo pad ikasakara kusvika pakakwirira, inorira zvine ruzha pakusangana ne disc. Mhedzisiro yacho hainyangarike mushure mekudzvanywa kwakati wandei. Izwi iri rinoburitswa neakakosha chiratidzo cheyadhi, iyo yakashongedzwa nemarubber mazhinji emazuva ano.
3. Kukweshera kwepad kupfeka kunogona kukanganisa kubata kwekunzwa. Semuenzaniso, mabhureki anogona kuoma kana zvinopesana - zvakapfava. Kana iwe uchifanira kuita zvakanyanya kuedza kudzvanya chitiviri, saka unofanirwa kunyatsoteerera mapedhi. Panyaya yekuvharirwa kwemavhiri kwakapinza, kutsiva kunofanirwa kuitwa nekukurumidza sezvazvinogona, nekuti izvi zvinogona kazhinji kuve chiratidzo chekupfeka kwakazara kwetambo, uye simbi yatove kusangana nesimbi.
4. Iko kuvapo pamarimu eiyo yakasimba dhipoiti ye graphite yakasanganiswa nesimbi zvikamu. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti iyo yekukwesana rukoko rwasakara, uye kusakara kunoumbwa padhisiki pachayo.

Aya maitiro ekuongorora haana kunangana. Chero zvazvingava, pasina kubvisa mavhiri, uye kana iri madhiramu, pasina kunyatsobvarura mashandiro, hazvibviri kuongorora zvizere mamiriro emabhureki. Izvi zviri nyore kuita izvi kunzvimbo yebasa, uko nyanzvi dzinoongorora system yese panguva imwe chete.

Pakupera kwekutarisa, isu tinopa diki kuenzanisa vhidhiyo yemamwe marudzi emapadhi emota bhajeti:

Kuenzanisa kunoshanda kweakasiyana mabhureki mapedhi, hafu yavo squeak.

Mibvunzo nemhinduro:

Ndeapi mhando yemabrake pads aripo? Mhando dzemabhureki mapedhi emota: yakaderera-simbi, semi-simbi, ceramic, asbestos-isina (organic). Imwe neimwe yadzo ine zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira.

Unoziva sei kana mabrake pads ako asakara? Soti parimu iyunifomu uye marasha, mapedhi achiri akanaka. Kana pane zvimedu zvesimbi mu soot, inenge yatosakara uye inotanga kukwenya bhureki disc.