Zvose zvakavanzika zvezuva

Zvakavanzika zvehurongwa hwedu hwenyeredzi zvakakamurwa kuva zvinonyatsozivikanwa, zvakafukidzwa munhau, semuenzaniso, mibvunzo pamusoro pehupenyu paMars, Europa, Enceladus kana Titan, zvimiro uye zviitiko mukati memapuraneti makuru, zvakavanzika zvekure kumucheto kweSystem, uye avo vasina kushambadzwa zvishoma. Tinoda kusvika kune zvese zvakavanzika, saka ngatitarisei pane zvidiki panguva ino.

Ngatitange kubva "kutanga" kweChibvumirano, i.e. kubva The Sun. Sei, semuenzaniso, danda rekumaodzanyemba renyeredzi yedu inotonhora kupfuura yayo yekuchamhembe neinenge 80 zviuru. Kelvin? Mhedzisiro iyi, yakacherechedzwa kare, pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, hairatidziki kuva inotsamira pairimagnetic polarization yezuva. Zvichida chimiro chemukati cheZuva munzvimbo dzepolar chakasiyana neimwe nzira. Asi sei?

Nhasi tinoziva kuti ndivo vane chekuita nemasimba eZuva. electromagnetic phenomena. Sam anogona kunge asingashamisi. Mushure mezvose, yakavakwa ne plasma, chaja particle gasi. Zvisinei, hatinyatsozivi kuti ndeipi dunhu The Sun created simba remaginetikana kuti pane imwe nzvimbo mukatikati make. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zviyero zvitsva zvakaratidza kuti simba reMagineti reZuva rakasimba zvakapetwa kagumi pane zvaimbofungwa, saka iyi puzzle iri kuramba ichiwedzera kunakidza.

Zuva rine makore gumi nerimwe ekuita basa. Munguva yepamusoro penguva (yakanyanya) yekutenderera uku, Zuva rinopenya uye rinowedzera kupenya uye sunspots. Mitsetse yayo yemagineti inogadzira chimiro chinowedzera kuomarara sezvainoswedera kuhukuru hwezuva (1). Kana nhevedzano yekuputika inozivikanwa se coronal mass ejectionmunda wati sandara. Munguva yehushoma hwezuva, mitsetse yesimba inotanga kufamba yakatwasuka kubva padanda kuenda padanda, sezvainoita paNyika. Asi zvino, nokuda kwekutenderera kwenyeredzi, vanomuputira. Pakupedzisira, mitsetse iyi inotambanudzwa uye yakatambanudzwa yemunda "kubvarura" sebhande rerabha rakadhonzwa zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti munda uputika uye unyaradze munda kuti udzokere kumamiriro ayo epakutanga. Isu hatizive kuti izvi zvine chekuita nei nezviri kuitika pasi pedenga reZuva. Zvichida zvinokonzerwa nekuita kwemasimba, convection pakati pezvikamu mukati mezuva?

1. Mitsetse yemagnetic field yeZuva

the next solar puzzle - nei mhepo yezuva inopisa kupfuura pamusoro peZuva, i.e. photosphere? Kupisa zvekuti kunogona kufananidzwa netembiricha mukati zuva musimboti. Solar photosphere ine tembiricha ingangoita 6000 kelvins, uye plasma ingori zviuru zvishoma zvemakiromita pamusoro payo inodarika miriyoni. Izvozvi zvinotendwa kuti iyo coronal yekudziya meshini inogona kunge iri musanganiswa wemagineti maitiro mukati solar atmosphere. Pane tsananguro huru mbiri dzinobvira coronal heat: nanoflari i wave heat. Zvichida mhinduro dzinobva mukutsvagisa uchishandisa Parker probe, rimwe remabasa makuru ekupinda musolar corona uye kuiongorora.

Nezvese masimba ayo, zvisinei, kutonga nedata, kanenge kekupedzisira. Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzeMax Planck Institute, dzakabatana neAustralian University yeNew South Wales nedzimwe nzvimbo, dziri kuita tsvakiridzo yekuona kuti ndizvo here chaizvo. Vatsvagiri vanoshandisa iyo data kusefa kunze-kunge nyeredzi dzezuva kubva ku150 XNUMX catalog. nyeredzi huru dzinotevedzana. Kuchinja mukupenya kwenyeredzi idzi, idzo, seZuva redu, dziri pakati pehupenyu hwadzo, dzakayerwa. Zuva redu rinotenderera kamwe chete mazuva 24,5.saka vatsvakurudzi vakatarisa pane nyeredzi dzine nguva yekutenderera kwemazuva makumi maviri kusvika kumazuva makumi matatu. Rondedzero yacho yakadzikisirwa pasi nekusefa kunze tembiricha yepasi, mazera, uye chikamu chezvinhu zvinonyatsoenderana neZuva. Mashoko akawanikwa nenzira iyi akapupurira kuti nyeredzi yedu zvechokwadi yakanga yakanyarara kupfuura vamwe vose vakararama panguva iyoyo. mwaranzi yezuva inongochinja ne0,07 muzana chete. pakati pezvikamu zvekushanda uye zvisingashande, kuchinja kwedzimwe nyeredzi kwaiwanzowedzera kashanu.

Vamwe vakataura kuti izvi hazvireve hazvo kuti nyeredzi yedu inowanzonyarara, asi kuti iri, semuenzaniso, ichipinda nechikamu chisingashande chinotora zviuru zvemakore. NASA inofungidzira kuti takatarisana ne "hushoma" hunoitika kwemazana mashoma emakore. Nguva yekupedzisira izvi zvakaitika pakati pe1672 ne1699, apo chete makumi mashanu ezuva akarekodhwa, zvichienzaniswa ne40 50 - 30 zviuru zvezuva paavhareji makore anopfuura XNUMX. Iyi nguva yakanyarara yakazozivikanwa seMaunder Low mazana matatu emakore apfuura.

Mercury izere nekushamisika

Kusvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura, masayendisiti aifunga kuti haifadzi zvachose. Nekudaro, mishoni kupasi kwakaratidza kuti, kunyangwe nekuwedzera kwekushisa kwepamusoro kusvika 450 ° C, sezviri pachena, Mercury kune chando chemvura. Nyika ino zvakare inoita kunge ine zvakawanda iyo yemukati core yakakura kwazvo pakukura kwayo uye zvishoma zvinoshamisa makemikari anoumbwa. Zvakavanzika zveMercury zvinogona kugadziriswa neEuropean-Japanese mission BepiColombo, iyo inopinda mu orbit yepasi diki muna 2025.

Data kubva NASA MESSENGER chitundumuseremusereiyo yakatenderera Mercury pakati pa 2011 na 2015 yakaratidza kuti zvinhu zviri pamusoro peMercury zvaive ne potassium yakawandisa ichienzaniswa nezvimwe. yakagadzikana radioactive track. Naizvozvo, masayendisiti akatanga kuongorora zvingangoitika izvozvo nemekiyuri aigona kumira kure nezuva, zvakanyanya kana zvishoma, uye yakakandwa pedyo nenyeredzi semugumisiro wekudhumhana nemumwe muviri mukuru. Kurova kwakasimba kungatsanangurawo chikonzero nei nemekiyuri ine musimboti wakakura kudaro uye chipfeko chekunze chakatetepa. Mercury musimboti, ine dhayamita ingangoita makiromita 4000 5000, iri mukati menyika ine dhayamita isingasviki 55 12 km, iyo inopfuura 700 muzana. volume yayo. Kuenzanisa, dhayamita yePasi inenge 1200 km, nepo dhayamita yepakati payo inongova XNUMX km. Vamwe vanotenda kuti Merukri yakanga isina kurwisana kukuru munguva yakapfuura. Kune vanototaura kuti Mercury inogona kunge iri muviri usinganzwisisikiiyo inogona kunge yakarova Nyika makore angangoita mabhiriyoni 4,5 apfuura.

American probe, kuwedzera kune inoshamisa mvura ice munzvimbo yakadai, mu Mercury craters,akaonawo tumapundu twaivepo Crater Gardener (2) Basa racho rakawana zvinhu zvinoshamisa zve geological zvisingazivikanwi kune mamwe mapuraneti. Uku kuora mwoyo kunoratidzika kunge kunokonzerwa nekubuda kwezvinhu kubva mukati meMercury. zvinoita kunge a Kunze kwekunze kweMercury chimwe chinhu chinoputika chinoburitswa, icho chinoiswa munzvimbo yakatenderedza, chichisiya maumbirwo aya anoshamisa. Yakave ichangobva kuratidzwa kuti scythe inotevera Mercury inogadzirwa ne sublimating zvinhu (zvichida kwete zvakafanana). Nekuti BepiColombo ichatanga tsvakiridzo yayo mumakore gumi. mushure mekupera kweMESSENGER mishoni, masayendisiti anotarisira kuwana uchapupu hwokuti makomba aya anochinja: anowedzera, obva aderera. Izvi zvinoreva kuti Mercury ichiri kushanda, nyika inorarama, uye kwete nyika yakafa seMwedzi.

2. Zvimiro zvisinganzwisisike mugomba reKertes paMercury

Venus inorohwa, asi chii?

Sei Venus zvakasiyana neNyika? Yakatsanangurwa semapatya ePasi. Iyo yakawanda kana shoma yakafanana muhukuru uye inorara mune iyo inonzi nzvimbo yekugara yakatenderedza zuvaapo pane mvura ine mvura. Asi zvinozoitika, kunze kwehukuru, hapana zvakawanda zvakafanana. Inyika ine madutu asingaperi ari kukurumidza makiromita mazana matatu paawa, uye greenhouse effect inoipa avhareji tembiricha ye 300 ° celsius. Kunopisa zvekunyungudisa mutobvu. Sei mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro kunze kwePasi? Chii chakakonzera iyi greenhouse effect ine simba?

Atmosphere yeVenus kusvika paw 95 muzana. kabhoni diamoni, gasi rimwe chetero rinonyanya kukonzera kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze paNyika. Kana wafunga izvozvo mhepo panyika inongova 0,04 muzana. CHII₂unogona kunzwisisa kuti sei zviri izvo. Sei kune gasi iri rakawanda paVenus? Masayendisiti anotenda kuti Venus yaimbova yakafanana nePasi, ine mvura yemvura uye CO shoma.₂. Asi pane imwe nguva, kwakadziya zvakakwana kuti mvura inyunguduke, uye sezvo mhute yemvura iriwo gasi rine simba regreenhouse, yakatowedzera kudziyisa. Pakupedzisira kwakapisa zvakakwana kuti kabhoni yakavharirwa mumatombo isunungurwe, pakupedzisira ichizadza mhepo yakapoteredza pasi necarbon dioxide.₂. Nekudaro, chimwe chinhu chinofanira kunge chakakwenya yekutanga domino mumafungu ekudziya anotevedzana. Yakanga iri imwe njodzi here?

Geological uye geophysical research paVenus yakatanga nemoyo wese payakapinda munzira yayo muna 1990. Magellan probe uye yakaramba ichiunganidza data kusvika 1994. Magellan akaronga 98 muzana yepasi uye akatumira zviuru zvemifananidzo inoshamisa yeVenus. Kekutanga, vanhu vanotarisa zvakanaka kuti Venus inotaridzika sei. Chakanyanya kushamisa kwaive kushomeka kwema craters zvichienzaniswa nemamwe akaita seMwedzi, Mars, neMercury. Vazivi venyeredzi vakashamisika kuti chii chaigona kuita kuti pamusoro peVenus chitaridzike sechidiki kudaro.

Sezvo masayendisiti akanyatso kutarisisa dhata rakadzoserwa naMagellan, zvakava pachena kuti nzvimbo yepasi ino inofanira kukurumidza "kutsiviwa", kana "isina kudonhedzwa". Ichi chiitiko chine njodzi chinofanira kunge chakaitika makore 750 miriyoni apfuura, saka munguva pfupi yapfuura Geological categories. Don Tercott kubva kuYunivhesiti yeCornell muna 1993 yakaratidza kuti goko reVenusian rakazopedzisira rave kukora zvekuti rakavharira kupisa kwepasi mukati, richizopedzisira razadza pamusoro nemabota akanyunguduka. Turcott akatsanangura maitiro seanotenderera, zvichiratidza kuti chiitiko mazana emamiriyoni emakore apfuura chinogona kunge chiri chimwe chete munhevedzano. Vamwe vakati kuputika kwemakomo ndiko kukonzeresa "kutsiviwa" kwepasi uye kuti hapana chikonzero chekutsvaga tsananguro mu. njodzi dzomuchadenga.

Vakasiyana zvakavanzika zveVenus. Mapuraneti mazhinji anotenderera achipesana kana achionekwa kubva kumusoro. zuva (kureva, kubva kuNorth Pole yePasi). Nekudaro, Venus anoita zvakapesana, zvichitungamira kune dzidziso yekuti kudhumhana kukuru kunofanira kunge kwakaitika munzvimbo iri kure.

Kuri kunaya madhaimani paUranus?

, mukana wehupenyu, zvakavanzika zvebhandi reasteroid, uye zvakavanzika zveJupiter nemwedzi mikuru inoyevedza zviri pakati pe "zvakavanzika zvinozivikanwa" zvatinotaura pakutanga. Idi rokuti vezvenhau vanonyora zvakawanda pamusoro pavo harisati richireva, chokwadika, kuti tinoziva mhinduro. Zvinongoreva kuti tinoziva mibvunzo yacho zvakanaka. Iyo yazvino munhevedzano iyi mubvunzo wekuti chii chinoita kuti mwedzi weJupiter, Europa, upenye kubva kudivi risingavhenekerwe neZuva (3). Masayendisiti ari kubheja pamusoro pesimba Magineti eJupiter.

3. Kudhirowa kwounyanzvi kwechiedza chemwedzi cheJupiter, Europe

Zvakawanda zvakanyorwa pamusoro paFr. Saturn system. Muchiitiko ichi, zvisinei, zvakanyanya nezvemwedzi yayo uye kwete nezvepasi pacharo. Munhu wese anoroyiwa mamiriro asina kujairika etitan, iyo inovimbisa mvura mukati megungwa reEnceladus, iwo enigmatic kaviri ruvara rweIapetus. Kune zvakawanda zvakavanzika zvekuti kutarisisa kushoma kunobhadharwa kune hofori yegasi pachayo. Zvichakadaro, ine zvakavanzika zvakawanda kupfuura kungoita magadzirirwo emadutu ane hexagonal pamatanda ayo (4).

4. Dutu rine Hexagonal padanda reSaturn.

Masayendisiti anocherechedza mukati kuzunguzika kwemhete dzepasikunokonzerwa nekudengenyeka mukati make, kusawirirana kwakawanda uye kusaenzana. Kubva pane izvi vanogumisa kuti huwandu hukuru hwezvinhu hunofanira kuitika pasi pemvura yakatsetseka (ichienzaniswa neJupiter). Jupiter iri kuongororwa pedyo neJuno spacecraft. Uye Saturn? Haana kurarama kuti aone basa rekuongorora rakadaro, uye hazvizivikanwe kana achamirira imwe mune ramangwana rinoonekwa.

Nekudaro, kunyangwe zvakavanzika zvavo, Saturn inoratidzika kunge iri padhuze uye yakapfava pasi kana ichienzaniswa nepasi riri padyo nezuva, Uranus, a weirdo chaiye pakati pemapuraneti. Mapuraneti ose ari muchadenga anotenderera zuva munzira imwe chete uye mundege imwe chete, maererano nevanoongorora nyeredzi, mucherechedzo wemaitiro ekugadzira zvese kubva kudhisiki inotenderera yegasi neguruva. Mapuraneti ese, kunze kweUranus, ane axis yekutenderera yakanangana ne "kumusoro", kureva, perpendicular kune ndege ye ecliptic. Ukuwo, Uranus akaita seakarara mundege iyi. Kwenguva refu kwazvo (makore makumi mana nemaviri), kuchamhembe kana kumaodzanyemba pole inonongedza kuZuva.

Axis isina kujairika yekutenderera kweUranus ichi chingori chimwe chezvinhu zvinokwezva izvo nzanga yayo yemuchadenga inopa. Pasina nguva refu yapfuura, zvinoshamisa zvimiro zveayo angangoita makumi matatu anozivikanwa satellite akawanikwa uye ring system yakagamuchira tsananguro itsva kubva kunyanzvi dzemuchadenga dzemuJapan inotungamirwa naProfessor Shigeru Ida kubva kuTokyo Institute of Technology. Tsvagiridzo yavo inoratidza kuti pakutanga kwenhoroondo yedu Solar system Uranus yakadhumhana nepasi guru rine chandoizvo zvakabvisa zvachose pasi diki. Maererano neongororo yakaitwa naProf Ida nevamwe vake, kubonderana kukuru nemapuraneti ari kure, anotonhora uye ane chando kuchasiyana zvachose nekudhumhana nemapuraneti ane matombo. Nekuda kwekuti tembiricha inoitwa mazaya emvura yakadzikira, marara akawanda eUranus's shock wave uye chando chayo chinogona kunge chanyungudika panguva yekudhumhana. Zvakadaro, chinhu ichi chakambokwanisa kutenderedza axis yepasi, ichichipa nguva yekutenderera inokurumidza (zuva raUranus rave kutenderera maawa gumi nemanomwe), uye marara madiki kubva mukudhumhana kwakagara munzvimbo ine gasi kwenguva refu. Zvisaririra zvinozopedzisira zvaita mwedzi midiki. Huyero hwehuremu hweUranus kuhuwandu hwemasatelliti ayo hwakakura zvakapetwa kazana kupfuura reshiyo yehuremu hwePasi kune satellite yayo.

Nguva yakareba Uranus akanga asingarangarirwi zvikuru anoshanda. Izvi zvakaitika kusvika muna 2014, apo nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzakarekodha mapoka makuru emadutu emethane akatsvaira pasi rose. Kare zvaifungwa izvozvo madutu kune mamwe mapuraneti anofambiswa nesimba rezuva. Asi simba rezuva harina kusimba zvakakwana panyika iri kure seUranus. Sekuziva kwedu, hakuna kumwe kunobva simba ringakuchidzira madutu akasimba kudaro. Masayendisiti anotenda kuti madutu eUranus anotangira mumhepo yakadzika, kusiyana nemadutu anokonzerwa nezuva riri kumusoro. Zvikasadaro, zvisinei, chikonzero nemagadzirirwo emadutu aya zvinoramba zviri chakavanzika. Uranus Atmosphere inogona kusimba zvakanyanya kupfuura inoratidzika kubva kunze, ichigadzira kupisa kunopisa madutu aya. Uye kunogona kudziya zvakanyanya ipapo kupfuura zvatinofungidzira.

Sezvakaita Jupiter uye Saturn Mhepo yeUranus yakapfuma muhydrogen uye helium.asi kusiyana nevazukuru vayo, uranium inewo yakawanda methane, ammonia, mvura, uye hydrogen sulfide. Gasi remethane rinotora chiedza mumagumo matsvuku echitarisiko., zvichipa Uranus ruvara rwegirinhi. Pakadzika pasi pemhepo pane mhinduro kune chimwe chakavanzika chikuru cheUranus - kusadzoreka kwayo. simba remagineti yakarereka madhigirii 60 kubva paaxis yekutenderera, ichiva yakasimba zvakanyanya pane rimwe danda kupfuura pane rimwe. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitumbi yomudenga dzinodavira kuti nzvimbo yakamonyoroka ingava mugumisiro wezvinwiwa zvihombe zveayoni zvakavigwa pasi pemakore akasvibira akazadzwa nemvura, ammonia, uye kunyange madonhwe edhaimondi.

Ari munzira yake 27 mwedzi inozivikanwa uye 13 mhete dzinozivikanwa. Vese vanoshamisa sepasi ravo. Zvindori zveUranus hazvina kugadzirwa neaizi inopenya, sezvakatenderedza Saturn, asi nemarara ematombo neguruva, saka dzakasviba uye dzakaoma kuona. Mhete dzesaturn kuparara, vazivi venyeredzi vanofungidzira, mumamiriyoni mashoma emakore zvindori zvakatenderedza Uranus zvicharamba zvakareba. Kunewo mwedzi. Pakati pavo, zvichida "chinhu chakarimwa chezuva", Miranda (5). Chii chakaitika kumutumbi wakaremara uyu, isu hatiziviwo. Pakutsanangura mafambiro emwedzi yeUranus, masayendisiti anoshandisa mazwi akadai se "random" uye "kusagadzikana". Mwedzi inogara ichisundana uye ichikweverana pasi pesimba regiravhiti, ichiita kuti nzira dzayo refu dzisatarisike, uye dzimwe dzacho dzinotarisirwa kubonderana kwemamiriyoni emakore. Zvinotendwa kuti imwe yezvindori zveUranus yakaumbwa nekuda kwekukonana kwakadaro. Kusatarisika kwehurongwa uhu nderimwe rematambudziko ekufungidzira kwechinangwa chekutenderera pasi rino.

Mwedzi wakadzinga mimwe mwedzi

Isu tinoita setinoziva zvakawanda nezve zviri kuitika paNeptune pane paUranus. Isu tinoziva nezvedutu rekodhi rinosvika 2000 km / h uye isu tinogona kuona nzvimbo dzakasviba dzemadutu pamusoro payo yebhuruu. Uyezve, zvishoma zvishoma. Tinoshamisika kuti sei blue planet inopa kupisa kwakawanda kupfuura kwainogamuchira. Zvinoshamisa kuti Neptune iri kure neZuva. NASA inofungidzira kuti musiyano wetembiricha pakati penzvimbo yekupisa nemakore ekumusoro i160°C.

Hapana zvishoma zvisinganzwisisike kutenderedza pasi rino. Masayendisiti anoshamisika chii chakaitika kumwedzi weNeptune. Isu tinoziva nzira mbiri huru idzo ma satellite anowana mapuraneti - ingave setiraiti inoumbwa nekuda kwekukanganisa kukuru, kana kuti anosiiwa kubva kuumbwa kwezuva, yakaumbwa kubva pa orbital shield yakapoteredza hofori yegasi yenyika. nyika i march vangangove vakawana mwedzi yavo kubva mukukanganisa kukuru. Pakati pehofori dzegasi, mwedzi mizhinji inotanga kuumbwa kubva kune orbital disk, nemwedzi mikuru yese ichitenderera mundege imwechete uye ring system mushure mekutenderera kwayo. Jupiter, Saturn naUranus vanokodzera mufananidzo uyu, asi Neptune haadaro. Pane mwedzi mukuru pano TraitonParizvino unova mwedzi wechinomwe pakukura munyika yose (6). Zvinoita kunge chinhu chakabatwa inopfuura Kuyperiyo nenzira yakaparadza inenge yose Neptune system.

6. Kuenzanisa kwehukuru hwemasatelliti makuru uye mapuraneti maduku ezuva.

Orbit Trytona inotsauka kubva kumusangano. Mamwe ese makuru masetelliti anozivikanwa kwatiri - Mwedzi Wepasi, pamwe chete nemasetelliti makuru makuru eJupiter, Saturn uye Uranus - anotenderera angangoita mundege imwechete nepasi pavari. Uyezve, ese anotenderera akananga kugwara rakafanana nemapuraneti: kutarisana newachi kana tikatarisa "pasi" kubva padanda rekuchamhembe reZuva. Orbit Trytona ine kurerekera kwe157° zvichienzaniswa nemwedzi, iyo inotenderera neNeptune kutenderera. Inotenderera mune inodaidzwa kunzi retrograde: Neptune inotenderera newachi, nepo Neptune nemamwe mapuraneti ese (pamwe nemasatelliti ese ari mukati meTriton) anotenderera akatarisana (7). Mukuwedzera, Triton haisi kunyange mundege imwechete kana pedyo nayo. inotenderera Neptune. Inorereka ingangoita 23° kundege umo Neptune inotenderera paaxis yayo pachayo, kunze kwekunge inotenderera ichienda kwakaipa. Imureza mutsvuku muhombe unotiudza kuti Triton haana kubva kune imwechete dhisiki yepuraneti yakagadzira mwedzi yemukati (kana mwedzi yemamwe magiant gasi).

7. Triton's orbital inclination yakatenderedza Neptune.

Nehuremu hunosvika 2,06 gramu pa cubic centimita, density yaTriton yakakwira zvisingaite. Pane yakafukidzwa neaizikirimu yakasiyana: Naitrojeni yakaomeswa nechando inovhara zvidimbu zvekabhoni dhiokisaidhi yakaomeswa (aizi yakaoma) uye jasi rechando chemvura, zvichiita kuti ive yakafanana mukuumbwa nepamusoro pePluto. Nekudaro, iyo inofanirwa kunge iine denser rock-metal core, iyo inopa iyo yakakura density kupfuura Pluto. Chinhu chimwe chete chatinoziva chakaenzana neTriton ndiEris, chinhu chikuru cheKuiper bhandi, pa27 muzana. yakakura kupfuura Pluto.

Pane chete 14 mwedzi inozivikanwa yeNeptune. Iyi ndiyo nhamba diki pakati pehofori dzegasi mukati zuva. Zvichida, sezvakaita Uranus, nhamba huru yemasatelliti maduku anotenderera Neptune. Nekudaro, hapana masatellite akakura ipapo. Triton iri padyo neNeptune, ine avhareji yenhambwe yekutenderera yemakiromita 355 chete, kana gumi muzana. pedyo neNeptune pane Mwedzi uri paNyika. Mwedzi unotevera, Nereid, uri makiromita 000 mamiriyoni kubva panyika, Galimede iri makiromita mamiriyoni 10 kubva. Aya madaro marefu zvikuru. Nehuwandu, kana ukapeta ese masatellite eNeptune, Triton i5,5%. kuwanda kwezvinhu zvese zvinotenderera Neptune. Pane fungidziro yakasimba yekuti mushure mekupinda kweNeptune's orbit, iye pasi pesimba regiravhiti akakanda zvimwe zvinhu mukati. Kuiper's Pass.

Izvi zvinofadza pachazvo. Mapikicha ega epanzvimbo yaTriton atiinawo akatorwa Sondi Voyager 2, ratidza makumi mashanu emabhandi erima ayo anofungidzirwa kuva cryovolcanoes (8). Kana dziri dzechokwadi, saka iyi ingave imwe yenyika ina dziri mumhepo yezuva (Earth, Venus, Io neTriton) inozivikanwa kuva nekuputika kwemakomo pamusoro. Rudzi rweTriton zvakare haruenderani nemimwe mwedzi yeNeptune, Uranus, Saturn kana Jupiter. Pane kudaro, inobatana zvakakwana nezvinhu zvakaita sePluto naEris, hombe Kuiper bhandi zvinhu. Saka Neptune akamutora kubva ipapo - saka vanoti nhasi.

Mhiri kweKuiper Cliff uye Beyond

Za orbit yeNeptune Mazana ezvitsva, zvidiki zvinhu zverudzi urwu zvakawanikwa kutanga kwa2020. mapuraneti maduku. Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzeDark Energy Survey (DES) dzakashuma kuwanikwa kwemitumbi 316 yakadai kunze kwekutenderera kweNeptune. Pakati peizvi, 139 yakanga isingazivikanwe zvachose pamberi pechidzidzo chitsva ichi, uye 245 yakaonekwa mune yekutanga DES kuona. Ongororo yeongororo iyi yakatsikiswa munhevedzano yezvekuwedzera kujenari renyeredzi.

Neptun inotenderera Zuva pachinhambwe chingangoita makumi matatu AU. (I, Nyika-Zuva chinhambwe). Kupfuura Neptune nhema Pkufanana Kuyper - bhendi rezvinhu zvakaomeswa nechando (kusanganisira Pluto), kometi uye mamirioni emitumbi madiki, ane matombo uye esimbi, ane huwandu kubva makumi akati wandei kusvika mazana akati wandei kupfuura huwandu. kwete asteroid. Isu pari zvino tinoziva zvinhu zvinosvika zviuru zvitatu zvinonzi Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) mumhepo yezuva, asi nhamba yese inofungidzirwa kuva pedyo ne100 9 (XNUMX).

9. Kuenzanisa kwehukuru hwezvinhu zvinozivikanwa zve trans-Neptunian

Kutenda kune iri kuuya 2015 New Horizons inoongorora kuenda kuPlutozvakanaka, tinoziva zvakawanda pamusoro pechinhu ichi chakasvibiswa kupfuura pamusoro peUranus neNeptune. Zvechokwadi, nyatsotarisa uye dzidza izvi ipuraneti kwakamutsa zvakavanzika zvakawanda nemibvunzo, nezve geology ine simba rinoshamisa, nezvemamiriro ekunze asinganzwisisike, nezve methane glaciers uye akawanda ezvimwe zviitiko zvakatishamisa munyika ino iri kure. Zvisinei, zvakavanzika zvePluto zviri pakati pe "zvinozivikanwa zviri nani" mupfungwa iyo yatatotaura kaviri. Kune zvakawanda zvakavanzika zvisingazivikanwe munzvimbo inotamba Pluto.

Semuenzaniso, comets dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzakatangira uye dzakashanduka munzvimbo dziri kure dzechadenga. muKuiper belt (kuseri kwekutenderera kwePluto) kana kupfuura, munharaunda isinganzwisisike inonzi Oort cloud, mitumbi iyi nguva nenguva kupisa kwezuva kunoita kuti aizi inyunguduke. Kometi zhinji dzinorova Zuva zvakananga, asi dzimwe dzine rombo rakanaka rekuita kutenderera kupfupi (kana dzaibva kuKuiper belt) kana kuti refu (kana dzaibva kuOrtho cloud) dzakatenderedza zuva.

Muna 2004, chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa chakawanikwa muguruva rakaunganidzwa panguva yeNASA Stardust mishoni kuPasi. Comet Wild-2. Zviyo zveguruva kubva mumuviri wakaoma nechando uyu zvairatidza kuti wakagadzirwa pakupisa kwakanyanya. Wild-2 inotendwa kuti yakatanga uye yakashanduka muKuiper Belt, saka twunhu twudiki twungaite sei munzvimbo inodarika chiuru cheKelvin? Iwo masampuli akaunganidzwa kubva kuWild-1000 aingogona kunge akabva munzvimbo yepakati yeaccretion disk, padyo neZuva diki, uye chimwe chinhu chakavatakura kuenda kunzvimbo dziri kure. zuva kuKuiper belt. Iye zvino?

Uye sezvo takadzungaira ikoko, pamwe tinofanira kubvunza chikonzero nei Kwete Kuiper zvakangoerekana zvapera here? Kuiper belt inzvimbo hombe yesolar system inoumba mhete yakatenderedza zuva kunze kwekutenderera kweNeptune. Huwandu hweKuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) huri kuderera kamwe kamwe mukati me50 AU. kubva kuzuva. Izvi zvinotoshamisa, sezvo mamodheru edzidziso anofanotaura kuwedzera kwenhamba yezvinhu munzvimbo ino. Kudonha uku kunoshamisa zvekuti kwave kunzi "Kuiper Cliff".

Pane dzidziso dzakawanda pamusoro peizvi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti hapana "mawere" chaiwo uye kuti kune zvakawanda zveKuiper belt zvinhu zvinotenderera zvakatenderedza 50 AU, asi nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero zvidiki uye hazvionekwe. Imwe pfungwa, ine gakava ndeyekuti maCSO ari kuseri kwe "mawere" akakukurwa nemutumbi wepuraneti. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzenyeredzi dzinopikisa pfungwa iyi, dzichitaura kushaikwa kweuchapupu hwekucherechedza kuti chimwe chinhu chikuru chiri kutenderera bhandi reKuiper.

Izvi zvinokwana ese "Planet X" kana Nibiru hypotheses. Asi ichi chinogona kuva chimwe chinhu, sezvo resonant zvidzidzo zvemakore achangopfuura Konstantin Batygina i Mike Brown vanoona pesvedzero ye "nyika yepfumbamwe" muzviitiko zvakasiyana zvachose, v eccentric orbits zvinhu zvinonzi Extreme Trans-Neptunian Objects (eTNOs). Nyika inofungidzira inokonzeresa "Kuiper cliff" haingave yakakura kupfuura Nyika, uye "nyika yepfumbamwe", sekureva kwevazivi venyeredzi vataurwa, yaizova pedyo neNeptune, yakakura kwazvo. Zvichida vari vaviri varipo uye vakavanda murima?

Nei tisingaone iyo yekufungidzira Planet X kunyangwe iine hukuru hwakakosha kudaro? Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zano idzva rabuda rinogona kutsanangura izvi. Sezvineiwo, isu hatizvione, nekuti haisi nyika zvachose, asi, pamwe, iro rekutanga dema gomba rakasara mushure. Big Bang, asi akabatwa zuva giravhiti. Kunyange zvazvo yakakura kudarika Nyika, ingangoita masendimita mashanu mudhayamita. Iyi hypothesis, inova Ed Witten, nyanzvi yefizikisi paPrinceton University, yakabuda mumwedzi ichangopfuura. Musayendisiti anoronga kuyedza fungidziro yake nekutumira kune imwe nzvimbo yatinofungidzira kuvepo kwegomba dema, boka re laser-powered nanosatellites, yakafanana neyakagadzirwa muBreakthrough Starsshot purojekiti, ine chinangwa chekubhururuka pakati penyeredzi kuenda kuAlpha Centauri.

Chikamu chekupedzisira chesolar system chinofanira kunge chiri Oort Cloud. Chete havasi vese vanoziva kuti iripo. Igore rekufungidzira rakatenderedzwa reguruva, marara madiki, uye maasteroids anotenderera Zuva ari chinhambwe chezvikamu mazana matatu kusvika 300 zvemuchadenga, zvakanyanya kuumbwa neaizi nemagasi akaomeswa akadai seammonia nemethane. Inotambanukira kweinenge kota yechinhambwe kuenda Proxima Centavra. Miganho yekunze yeOort Cloud inotsanangura muganho wesimba rinokwevera renyika. Iyo Oort gore inosara kubva pakuumbwa kwesolar system. Iyo ine zvinhu zvakaburitswa kubva muSitimu nechisimba chegiravhiti yehofori yegasi munguva yekutanga yekuumbwa kwayo. Kunyangwe kusati kwave kusati kwave kwakasimbiswa kucherechedzwa kwakananga kweOort Cloud, kuvepo kwayo kunofanirwa kuratidzwa neakareba-nguva comets uye zvinhu zvakawanda kubva muboka recentaur. Iyo yekunze Oort Cloud, isina kusimba yakasungwa negiravhiti kune solar system, yaizove nyore kukanganiswa negiravhiti pasi pesimba renyeredzi dziri pedyo uye.

Mweya yemuchadenga

Kunyura muzvakavanzika zveSystem yedu, takaona zvinhu zvakawanda zvaimbofungidzirwa kuti zvaivepo, zvaitenderera neZuva uye dzimwe nguva zvakakanganisa zvakanyanya zviitiko padanho rekutanga mukuumbwa kwedunhu redu remuchadenga. Aya ndiwo akasarudzika "zvipoko" zvesolar system. Zvakakodzera kuti titarise zvinhu zvinonzi zvakambovapo pano, asi iye zvino zvinenge zvisisipo kana kuti hatizvione (10).

10. Kufungidzira kushaikwa kana zvisingaoneki zvinhu zvezuva

Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi vakamboturikira humwe chete Orbit yeMercury sechiratidzo chenyika yakavanda mumirazi yezuva, iyo inonzi. Volcano. Dzidziso yaEinstein yegiravhiti yakatsanangura kutenderera kwepasi kwepasi pasina kushandisa imwe nyika, asi panogona kunge paine maasteroid ("makomo anoputika") munzvimbo ino yatisati tamboona.

Inofanirwa kuwedzerwa kune rondedzero yezvinhu zvisipo nyika Theya (kana Orpheus), inofungidzira nyika yekare mukutanga kwesolar system iyo, maererano nekukura kwedzidziso, yakabonderana nyika yekutanga Makore angangoita mabhiriyoni mana nemazana mashanu apfuura, mamwe emarara akagadzirwa nenzira iyi akaiswa pasi pesimba regiravhiti mukutenderera kwepasi redu, kuumba Mwedzi. Dai izvozvo zvaitika, tingadai tisina kumboona Thea, asi neimwe nzira, Earth-Moon system ingadai iri vana vake.

Tichitevera nzira yezvinhu zvisinganzwisisike, tinogumburwa Planet V, fungidziro yepasi yechishanu yesolar system, iyo yaifanirwa kunge yakambotenderera Zuva pakati peMars nebhandi reasteroid. Kuvapo kwayo kwakakurudzirwa nemasayendisiti anoshanda kuNASA. John Chambers i Jack Lissauer setsananguro inobvira yekubhomba kukuru kwakaitika munguva yeHadhean pakutanga kwepasi redu. Maererano nekufungidzira, panguva yekuumbwa kwemapuraneti c zuva mapuraneti mashanu emukati medombo akaumbwa. Nyika yechishanu yaive mune diki eccentric orbit ine semi-major axis ye 1,8-1,9 AU.Obiti iyi yakakanganiswa nekuvhiringika kubva kune mamwe mapuraneti, nyika yakapinda mu eccentric orbit ichiyambuka inner asteroid belt. Asteroids akapararira akapedzisira ave munzira dzinoyambuka orbit yeMars, resonant orbits, pamwe nekuyambuka. kutenderera kwepasi, kuwedzera kwekanguva kuwanda kwemaitiro paPasi neMwedzi. Pakupedzisira, pasi rakapinda mukutenderera kunorira kwehafu yehukuru hwe2,1 A ndokuwira muZuva.

Kutsanangura zviitiko uye zviitiko zvenguva yekutanga yekuvapo kwezuva, mhinduro yakarongwa, kunyanya, inonzi "jump theory of Jupiter" (). Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Jupiter orbit zvakabva zvachinja nekukurumidza nekuda kwekudyidzana neUranus neNeptune. Kuti kuenzanisira kwezviitiko kutungamirira kumamiriro ezvinhu epanguva ino, zvakakosha kufungidzira kuti muzuva rezuva pakati peSaturn neUranus munguva yakapfuura kwaiva nepasi rine uwandu hwakafanana neNeptune. Nekuda kwe "kusvetuka" kwaJupiter kupinda munzira inozivikanwa kwatiri nhasi, hofori yechishanu yakakandwa kunze kwehurongwa hwemapuraneti hunozivikanwa nhasi. Chii chakatevera kupasi rino? Izvi zvichida zvakakonzera kusagadzikana muKuiper belt, kukanda zvinhu zviduku zvakawanda mumhepo yezuva. Vamwe vavo vakatorwa semwedzi, vamwe vakarova pamusoro mapuraneti ane matombo. Zvichida, ndipo pakatanga kuumbwa makoronga akawanda ari pamwedzi. Zvakadini nenyika yakadzingwa? Hmm, izvi zvinoenderana netsanangudzo yePlaneti X nenzira isinganzwisisike, asi kudzamara tacherekedza, uku kungofungidzira.

Mune izvo zvinyorwa kuchine runyararo, nyika inofungidzira inotenderera Oort Cloud, kuvapo kwacho kwakarongwa zvichienderana nekuongororwa kwemaitiro emakometi enguva refu. Inotumidzwa zita raTyche, mwarikadzi wechiGreek werombo uye rombo, hanzvadzi ine mutsa yaNemesis. Chinhu cherudzi urwu hachikwanisike asi chaifanira kunge chichionekwa mumifananidzo ye infrared yakatorwa netelescope yemuchadenga yeWISE. Ongororo yezvaakaona, yakabudiswa muna 2014, inoratidza kuti muviri wakadaro haupo, asi Tyche haisati yabviswa zvachose.

Catalog yakadaro haina kukwana pasina Nemesis, nyeredzi diki, zvichida dzvuku dzvuku, yaiperekedza zuva munguva dzakare, ichiumba bhinari system kubva kuzuva. Pane dzidziso dzakawanda pamusoro peizvi. Stephen Staller kubva kuYunivhesiti yeCalifornia kuBerkeley yakaratidza kuverenga muna 2017 zvichiratidza kuti nyeredzi zhinji dzinoumba mbiri mbiri. Vazhinji vanofungidzira kuti iyo yakareba satellite yeZuva yakagara yataura zvakanaka kwairi. Kune dzimwe pfungwa, dzinoti inosvika kuZuva kwenguva yakareba kwazvo, senge makore miriyoni makumi maviri nenomwe, uye haigone kusiyaniswa nekuda kwekuti idiki rinopenya rakajeka uye rine diki muhukuru. Iyo yekupedzisira sarudzo hainzwi zvakanaka kwazvo, kubva pakusvika kwechinhu chikuru chakadaro zvinogona kutyisidzira kugadzikana kweSystem yedu.

Zvinoita sekuti dzimwe dzenyaya dzezvipoko idzi dzingave dzechokwadi nekuti dzinotsanangura zvatiri kuona izvozvi. Zvizhinji zvezvakavanzika zvatinonyora pamusoro zvakadzika midzi pane zvakaitika kare kare. Ndinofunga zvakawanda zvakaitika nekuti pane zvakavanzika zvisingaverengeki.